License & editionCC BY 4.0Copyright © 2024 Zainab J. Raheem and Hayder Raad Abdulbaqi.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
License evidence Interpretation limitsHigh accuracy in 135 selected participants may be optimistic outside the study setting. Thresholds need independent prospective validation across prevalence, comorbidity and assay conditions. Case-control accuracy is not evidence that testing improves outcomes or predicts systemic disease.
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Verification date: 2026-10-22
Edition changesNarrative text with normalized layout; original references retained. Figures, tables, displayed equations and separately licensed third-party material are omitted. Consult the original for definitive pagination and visual evidence.
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5,391 words in this edition.