Association between Periodontitis and HbA1c Levels in Non-Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) · Version of record, publisher-supplied full-text XML archived in Europe PMC; correction notices linked where present.

DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192649

© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Mostly case-control and cross-sectional evidence cannot establish temporal direction or treatment effects. A pooled HbA1c difference is not a diagnosis in an individual. Screening decisions require appropriate clinical confirmation and do not justify assuming diabetes from periodontal status alone.

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Verification date: 2026-10-22

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