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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License evidence Interpretation limitsMost included studies were case-control studies; few independent datasets supported each putative marker, limiting pooled estimates and validation. Discovery of consistent protein expression does not establish a clinically approved test or prove improved patient outcomes.
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Verification date: 2026-10-22
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