[{"pmcid":"PMC13036395","element":"trust","title":"Annual Research Review: The role of caregiver sensitivity in children's developmental outcomes – an umbrella review","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70087","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13036395/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Umbrella review","ageRange":"Childhood; age ranges vary across included meta-analyses","population":"Seventeen meta-analyses of caregiver sensitivity and related parenting constructs","rationale":"This broad synthesis connects responsive caregiving with attachment and developmental outcomes. It offers a research foundation for the Trust theme while showing that associations differ across outcomes.","parentQuestion":"What does the wider evidence say about noticing and responding to a child’s signals?","readingPrompts":["How did the review define caregiver sensitivity?","How did the associations differ for attachment, language, cognition and socioemotional problems?","Why can this umbrella review not establish that sensitivity alone caused these outcomes?"],"limitations":"The synthesized findings are correlational. Overlapping primary evidence, varied sensitivity constructs and the limitations of the included meta-analyses constrain causal and individual-family conclusions.","id":"PMC13036395","authors":"Marissa D Nivison; Pasco Fearon; Jennifer M Jenkins; Sheri Madigan","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-01-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70087","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13036395","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13036395-c61a84a83fac5d8c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c61a84a83fac5d8c44303e9e4a4a2bac7a1dc990ea7579709b4484fcfe874d93","sourceTextSha256":"d6d8222a5a954bbfac61c5633bb5afbf8b4ceae21aab916016612aed442cdb2b","sourceXmlSha256":"95986fd5efdf72022fe11165744c6e81c289fbfb9da2bcdd4767c446751e369b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a6a7c53c4d591c43c5a9696876297ddd54eaa6f18114e6a35f9da7fad92303ee","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":78756,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractCaregiver sensitivity is the extent to which a caregiver notices a child's signal, interprets it correctly, and responds quickly and appropriately. Although originally introduced to developmental science as the key antecedent of attachment security, decades since its conception, hundreds of studies have been conducted examining the predictive significance of caregiver sensitivity to a broad range of developmental outcomes. The literature on caregiver sensitivity and related constructs (e.g., warmth, responsivity, negative parenting) has grown exponentially and is now the focus of several meta‐analyses. We conducted an umbrella review – a systematic review of reviews – to examine the extent to which caregiver sensitivity and related constructs are associated with child attachment, socioemotional, and cognitive outcomes. Searches in EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Medline and yielded 2,157 abstracts. Studies were included if they were a meta‐analysis of caregiver sensitivity or a related construct, focused on children's developmental outcomes, were available in English, French, or Spanish, and were published between 2010 and 2024. Conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 17 meta‐analyses were identified. Using the metaumbrella package in R, we conducted quantitative analyses which demonstrated that caregiver sensitivity was moderately associated with attachment security (r = .25, k = 253, n = 37,444), cognition (r = .23, k = 44, n = 6,777), language skills (r = .26, k = 54, n = 11,136), and weakly associated with socioemotional problems (r = −.07, k = 135, n = 33,305). Narrative analysis of other meta‐analyses on caregiver warmth, responsivity, positive and negative parenting, and child outcomes also showed associations in the expected direction. Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of caregiver sensitivity on children's socioemotional and cognitive development, supporting caregiver sensitivity as an important target for early childhood prevention and intervention programs.Keywords: Caregiver sensitivity, umbrella review, meta‐analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marissa D Nivison","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pasco Fearon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer M Jenkins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sheri Madigan","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.70087","publisherEvidenceSha256":"bceb1e367408e000e25147140cce8cdc68f3567e77f31a466e343d3300dc886c","issueOrder":1,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7822304","element":"trust","title":"The longitudinal and concurrent relationship between caregiver sensitivity and preschool attachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0245061","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7822304/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review and meta-analysis","ageRange":"Preschool children","population":"Thirty-six studies representing 21 samples and 3,847 children","rationale":"The paper examines whether consistent, appropriately responsive care is associated with preschool attachment security, a developmental expression of a dependable relationship.","parentQuestion":"How is sensitive caregiving related to preschool children’s sense of security?","readingPrompts":["How were sensitivity and preschool attachment actually observed?","How did unidimensional and multidimensional sensitivity measures change the estimates?","Which languages, attachment systems and study designs were outside the review’s scope?"],"limitations":"The review was restricted to English/French studies and selected observational attachment systems. Measurement differences and limited reliability statistics affect synthesis; associations do not establish causation.","id":"PMC7822304","authors":"Monica C. O’Neill; Shaylea Badovinac; Rebecca Pillai Riddell; Jean-François Bureau; Carla Rumeo; Stefano Costa","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2021-01-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245061","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7822304","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7822304-7b823701d5db1db7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7b823701d5db1db7107cc65e518d2331df5b84daddbc77a6d6ee0907409ace76","sourceTextSha256":"a0c486349a424ce1c4a8a3878d3e8424e267b744e311df7780ec8d27c00032b8","sourceXmlSha256":"ba9a9ba0142662ee74b725826da3d3a2e8f838a1c96b929ffbbc0e6a660aaa9d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"064fe646409d790225ed2cb1d2791f9cbafa62b8de5ad27c0f0a4e2e0cbf37bf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":82505,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The present study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the concurrent and longitudinal relationship between caregiver sensitivity and preschool attachment measured using the Main and Cassidy (1988) and Cassidy and Marvin (1992) attachment classification systems. This review was pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; Registration Number CRD42017073417) and completed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The present review identified 36 studies made up of 21 samples (N = 3, 847) examining the relationship between caregiver sensitivity and preschool attachment. Eight primary meta-analyses were conducted separately according to the proximity of the assessment of sensitivity to attachment (i.e., concurrent versus longitudinal), operationalization of caregiver sensitivity (i.e., unidimensional versus multidimensional) and attachment categorizations (i.e., secure-insecure versus organized-disorganized). Overall, the meta-analyses revealed higher levels of caregiver sensitivity among caregivers with secure and organized preschoolers, relative to insecure and disorganized preschoolers, respectively. Medium effect sizes (g = .46 to .59) were found for both longitudinal and concurrent associations between caregiver sensitivity and preschool attachment when a unidimensional measure of caregiver sensitivity was employed, compared to small to medium effect sizes (g = .34 to .49) when a multidimensional measure of caregiver sensitivity was employed. Child age at attachment measurement was a significant moderator of the longitudinal association between unidimensional caregiver sensitivity and preschool attachment. Future directions for the literature and clinical implications are discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Monica C. O’Neill","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shaylea Badovinac","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Pillai Riddell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jean-François Bureau","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carla Rumeo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stefano Costa","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":2,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7000490","element":"trust","title":"The Relation Between Attachment and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7000490/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Multilevel meta-analysis","ageRange":"Children and adolescents","population":"123 independent samples contributing 643 effect sizes","rationale":"This synthesis extends the Trust theme into later childhood and adolescence by examining the association between attachment to primary caregivers and depressive symptoms.","parentQuestion":"How does relationship security relate to young people’s emotional wellbeing?","readingPrompts":["How were attachment security and depression measured?","Which study and sample characteristics moderated the association?","Why is a risk association different from proof that changing attachment prevents depression?"],"limitations":"The meta-analysis establishes an association, not a causal mechanism. Measurement, study design and national context varied; attachment is not a substitute for assessment or treatment of depression.","id":"PMC7000490","authors":"Anouk Spruit; Linda Goos; Nikki Weenink; Roos Rodenburg; Helen Niemeyer; Geert Jan Stams; Cristina Colonnesi","journal":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2020-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7000490","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7000490-c9f8c0777869909d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c9f8c0777869909d02ef197031eb73e026d0ff8fee8c19e1f75383dd2658ff1b","sourceTextSha256":"4ec308c5e60523f2863ebadb2ce18082f08effbecd6be7f9b089708ff00fea16","sourceXmlSha256":"40f1ec9c000d0db3e41fc4f038630961b0199ee8a00ef38b6b28af1e7df6b3f2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b9dff60dbad5cd3bfe0851090dbeb56e688efcad8918844638f33f8c6d7ecfb4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":61239,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractInsecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with the development of depression symptoms in children and youth. This association has been shown by individual studies testing the relation between attachment and depression and by meta-analyses focusing on broad internalizing problems instead of depression or adult samples only. We therefore meta-analytically examined the associations between attachment security and depression in children and adolescents, using a multilevel approach. In total, 643 effect sizes were extracted from 123 independent samples. A significant moderate overall effect size was found (r = .31), indicating that insecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with depression. Multivariate analysis of the significant moderators that impacted on the strength of the association between attachment security and depression showed that country of the study, study design, gender, the type of attachment, and the type of instrument to assess attachment uniquely contributed to the explanation of variance. This study suggests that insecure attachment may be a predictor of the development of depression in children and adolescents. When treating depression in children, attachment should therefore be addressed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.Keywords: Attachment, Depression, Children, Adolescents, Multilevel meta-analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anouk Spruit","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linda Goos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikki Weenink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Roos Rodenburg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen Niemeyer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Geert Jan Stams","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina Colonnesi","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10567-019-00299-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"9b18d50dc30a9312a4ba60eb9a6b099eacbd30414049382c0ff208ac6344f7c8","issueOrder":3,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7216154","element":"trust","title":"The Effect of Maternal Depression on Infant Attachment: A Systematic Review","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17082675","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7216154/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Infancy; attachment measured before 24 months","population":"Twenty-nine empirical studies of maternal depression and infant attachment","rationale":"The review provides an important counterweight to simplistic blame: the relationship between maternal depression and attachment was mixed and depended on how and when depression was measured.","parentQuestion":"Does parental depression automatically determine an infant’s attachment?","readingPrompts":["How did interview-based and questionnaire-based depression measures differ?","Why did the timing of depression assessment matter?","What other caregiving and family factors were insufficiently addressed?"],"limitations":"The studies used diverse methods and some were cross-sectional. The review found an equivocal, dynamic relationship; it does not justify predicting any individual baby’s attachment from a parent’s diagnosis.","id":"PMC7216154","authors":"Andrzej Śliwerski; Karolina Kossakowska; Karolina Jarecka; Julita Świtalska; Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2020-04-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082675","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7216154","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7216154-879b87f61700c260.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"879b87f61700c260f15766eabb125bf14570fc4ea8a707f360567720b38a4b8c","sourceTextSha256":"acc9a675ae37d2b2834936b6fdfdcac780df2b0e9c39013f17f7be2a93d2209c","sourceXmlSha256":"2afe9af5cb7a7bb96153eedac793bce9b0a75813f4334265dacd64ddbff7bf4d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0eb01d910600af52f558f93df8c13362e6d023f99e6759e88c0442f8c7531181","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45574,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Aims and objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the key findings of empirical studies assessing the influence of maternal depression on child attachment security measured before 24 months after birth. Method: The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. A literature search was conducted on the EBSCO (Academic Search Complete; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; PsycARTICLES) and PubMed databases, with infant attachment AND depression as search terms with Boolean operators. Study design or sample size did not affect inclusion. After screening, 29 of the 1510 unique publications originally identified were included in the review. Results: The studies reveal an equivocal association between maternal depression and child attachment security. Our findings indicate that depression had a significant influence on the attachment style almost only when diagnosed by structured interview: Depression measured by self-descriptive questionnaires was unrelated to attachment style. Furthermore, postpartum depression was found to be significant only when measured up to six months after childbirth. Conclusion: The relationship between maternal depression and infant attachment is both complex and dynamic, and the possible negative effects of depression might be compensated by maternal involvement in childcare. Therefore, further studies in this area should employ a reliable methodology for diagnosing depression and a suitable time point for measuring it; they should also adopt a multifactorial and prospective approach. It is important to note that breastfeeding/formula feeding was omitted as a factor in the majority of studies.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andrzej Śliwerski","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karolina Kossakowska","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karolina Jarecka","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julita Świtalska","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":4,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11885378","element":"trust","title":"Manualised Attachment-Based Interventions for Improving Caregiver-Infant Relationships: A Two-Stage Systematic Review","doi":"10.1007/s10567-024-00497-0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11885378/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Two-stage systematic review","ageRange":"Conception to two years","population":"Manualised attachment-based caregiver–infant interventions; 40 relational-outcome studies","rationale":"The review helps parents and practitioners distinguish a reassuring intervention name from actual evidence about caregiver–infant relationships.","parentQuestion":"What evidence sits behind structured attachment-based parenting support?","readingPrompts":["Which interventions had studies of actual caregiver–infant relational outcomes?","Which outcomes were observer-rated rather than reported by parents?","Why were the studies too diverse for a single pooled effectiveness estimate?"],"limitations":"English-language journal restrictions, varied designs/outcomes and a predominantly UK/US evidence base limit generalization. Promising interventions still have methodological limitations and require appropriate professional delivery.","id":"PMC11885378","authors":"A Wittkowski; C Crompton; M W Wan","journal":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-11-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-024-00497-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11885378","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11885378-d20435db72de9c50.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d20435db72de9c50519850f5ed009f8700d7aa142082741e8d3ed8bb0f74a5ad","sourceTextSha256":"2fc02720e779040f414c54140a52fa60e286f7032b05b1f05810600da445a02c","sourceXmlSha256":"7464779cba2fb76c01f82efa31a12b6e1ca77b58218212eff4dd6670b042f6a4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bcaab3f4456f93c5218c461a696d6ac5c0ec5f7533973331119627c4fe1f882","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47059,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAs attachment-based interventions can improve caregiver-infant relationships and their subsequent psychological outcomes, the identification of relevant and effective interventions can facilitate their implementation into clinical practice. This systematic review aimed to a) provide an overview of manualised attachment-based interventions, without video-feedback as the main component, for caregivers and infants from conception to two years, and b) determine which of these interventions were effective in demonstrating improvements in caregiver-infant relational outcomes. To identify eligible interventions and their empirical evidence base, two search stages were conducted for 1) relevant interventions and 2) studies of interventions identified in the first stage that focussed on caregiver-infant relational outcomes. All studies included in Stage 2 were quality assessed and findings analysed. Twenty-six interventions were eligible for inclusion at Stage 1 but studies reporting on relational outcomes were identified for 16 interventions only. Forty studies reporting on those 16 interventions met inclusion criteria and were synthesised at Stage 2. Most studies were of good quality. Observer-rated measures were used in 90% of studies. There was evidence for these interventions in relation to improving caregiver-infant relational outcomes: 80% of studies reported a statistically significant positive change in a relational outcome for the intervention compared to pre-intervention or control group. The most promising evidence was identified for Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC), Minding the Baby (MTB) and Circle of Security (COS). This systematic review offers guidance to healthcare professionals, commissioners and policymakers within perinatal sectors in relation to the training, delivery and implementation of evidenced manualised attachment-based interventions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10567-024-00497-0.Keywords: Attachment, Parent, Child, Infant, Perinatal, Intervention effectiveness","authorEntries":[{"name":"A Wittkowski","type":"Person"},{"name":"C Crompton","type":"Person"},{"name":"M W Wan","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10567-024-00497-0","publisherEvidenceSha256":"1c77c92245daa8fb23d7e73bf324706402cb153fa7f4dd6c6b9318b93ca40715","issueOrder":5,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC13695515","element":"trust","title":"A systematic review of observational and report‐based measures of caregiver sensitivity: A Latin American perspective","doi":"10.1002/imhj.70120","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13695515/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Measurement-focused systematic review","ageRange":"Caregivers of children aged 0–6 years","population":"Sixteen frequently used sensitivity instruments evaluated across 616 papers, with a Latin American lens","rationale":"A trustworthy parenting evidence base must recognize that attentive care can be expressed differently across cultures. This review examines whether common sensitivity measures capture those differences.","parentQuestion":"Do research measures recognize the ways care is expressed in my cultural context?","readingPrompts":["What counted as alignment with Ainsworth’s definition of sensitivity?","How might a focus on positive affect miss proximity or routine-based responsiveness?","What training-access and regional-validation gaps did the review identify?"],"limitations":"The frequency threshold may omit local or emerging tools. Publicly documented evidence was incomplete, and the review did not conduct study-level quality appraisal. It is a measurement review, not an intervention efficacy test.","id":"PMC13695515","authors":"Olenka Retiz; Katherine Fourment; Lucía Marquez; Magaly Noblega","journal":"Infant Mental Health Journal","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-11-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.70120","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13695515","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13695515-c69ec7d436004b1b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c69ec7d436004b1b3aa9d5a8e738154c830f16bfa4fa5dbc5276b131cba3852e","sourceTextSha256":"87f6b1570589678b295bccb11e79f2255b0461fdd1394f32084ac247b230aede","sourceXmlSha256":"c2af3c5f1a6f895d7678d2767ede322f34e7b29193e699e405c33c7db8b81c0e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a45075a11c16cb57faa01e7de75cf1ff73ac7d7ca3a4c1a2a3cce3e8c6e44e38","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53210,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSensitivity is a cornerstone of early childhood mental health; however, its measurement relies heavily on tools developed in English‐speaking, high‐resource contexts. This systematic review identified observational and report‐based instruments used to assess sensitivity in caregivers of children aged 0–6 years. It evaluated the methodological robustness and usability of these instruments within Latin American contexts. Following a systematic search in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Redalyc, 732 eligible studies were identified. Based on a frequency‐of‐use threshold, 16 instruments (14 observational and 2 report‐based) represented across 616 papers were selected for in‐depth evaluation. Measures were coded for theoretical alignment with Ainsworth's sensitivity definition, psychometric evidence, and usability—specifically training accessibility, administration complexity, and evidence of use with diverse Latin American populations (e.g., caregivers in rural settings or with lower educational levels). Results revealed that only a minority of measures adhered explicitly to Ainsworth's original definition. Most instruments prioritized warmth and positive affect, potentially leading to cross‐cultural underdetection in contexts where responsiveness is expressed through proximity and routine‐based care. While observational tools predominated, report‐based measures showed limited validation and minimal regional use. These findings highlight the urgent need for culturally grounded validation and the development of accessible training programs for the region.Keywords: caregiver–child interaction, Latin America, measurement, observational coding, sensitivity, systematic review","authorEntries":[{"name":"Olenka Retiz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine Fourment","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucía Marquez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Magaly Noblega","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fimhj.70120","publisherEvidenceSha256":"f44e913d6e4c12fc3ddae85b86559aa8c470562a2443f7f45b86620f0c0caa6b","issueOrder":6,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC5826058","element":"trust","title":"Testing an Attachment-Based Parenting Intervention-VIPP-FC/A in Adoptive Families with Post-institutionalized Children: Do Maternal Sensitivity and Genetic Markers Count?","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00156","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5826058/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5826058/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Young children; mean age approximately 33 months","population":"Eighty adoptive mother–child dyads with post-institutionalized children","rationale":"The trial examines a video-feedback intervention intended to improve sensitive parenting and emotional availability in adoptive relationships.","parentQuestion":"Can supported reflection on everyday interaction help build connection after adoption?","readingPrompts":["What did the intervention and comparison sessions involve?","How were mother and child emotional availability assessed?","Which genetic-moderator findings were null and why did sample size matter?"],"limitations":"The modest sample limited the genetic-moderation analyses. The study focused on adoptive mothers and post-institutionalized children; it cannot establish the same effects for other caregivers or settings.","id":"PMC5826058","authors":"Lavinia Barone; Virginia Barone; Antonio Dellagiulia; Francesca Lionetti","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2018-02-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00156","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5826058","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5826058-54114f9d480686b6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"54114f9d480686b6c882ac933e02d36dc13de9ab503499376111386d0c317d41","sourceTextSha256":"6a25cc01e86ec842c79d943b7ba7092a63132c5e0c54c2b2ecc620c9f1fe8068","sourceXmlSha256":"ff5360415c56e04ed3a293bfdc552f6a23ba774c10f3bad35c343ea7823876bb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bf4ad879b4cec19958514d1ba0e9198c34515796f0a173ee7b3b35c42d0c6b3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34525,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study investigated the effectiveness of a newly integrated version of an intervention targeting adoptive mothers’ positive parenting for promoting children’s emotional availability, by testing the moderating role of both two maternal genetic polymorphisms (i.e., 5HTTLPR and DRD4-VNTR) and emotional availability-EA on intervention outcomes. Mothers with their children (N = 80; Mage = 42.73 years, SD = 3.79; Mage = 33.18 months, SD = 16.83 months) participated in a RCT testing the Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline-VIPP-FC/A effectiveness. Mixed effects regression models showed a significant improvement in mother–child EA for the VIPP-intervention vs. the dummy intervention condition, with a moderating role of maternal EA on children’s outcomes. No significant moderating effect was found for the two genetic polymorphisms inquired. Children’s and mother’s outcomes obtained are discussed.Keywords: VIPP-FC/A parenting intervention, RCT, adoption, emotional availability, neurobiological markers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lavinia Barone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Virginia Barone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antonio Dellagiulia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francesca Lionetti","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":7,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6491830","element":"trust","title":"Evaluating Mindful With Your Baby/Toddler: Observational Changes in Maternal Sensitivity, Acceptance, Mind-Mindedness, and Dyadic Synchrony","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00753","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6491830/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Quasi-experimental nonrandomized intervention study","ageRange":"Children aged 0–48 months","population":"Fifty clinically referred mothers and their babies or toddlers","rationale":"The study moves beyond reassuring self-report by observing acceptance, attunement and responsiveness in mother–child interactions during a mindful parenting program.","parentQuestion":"What changes in parent–child interaction were actually observed after this support program?","readingPrompts":["How did the waitlist, pretest and posttest observations differ?","Which observed parenting changes were supported, and which were not?","How does nonrandom assignment limit interpretation of improvement?"],"limitations":"The design was not randomized and involved a small clinically referred sample. Some findings were parent-reported; improvements cannot confidently be attributed to the training alone or generalized to all families.","id":"PMC6491830","authors":"Moniek A.J. Zeegers; Eva S. Potharst; Irena K. Veringa-Skiba; Evin Aktar; Melissa Goris; Susan M. Bögels; Cristina Colonnesi","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-04-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00753","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6491830","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6491830-b38c68b572211737.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b38c68b572211737fa51353357c6213c3bf6125c2a0578edd8192b475261e285","sourceTextSha256":"a899c70a9058f955d8722eaed08a5485ec9a44c8b5acdd0aab5dc8b2e12dbd3e","sourceXmlSha256":"e6658c688f0d2b455420fb529c76109724ee831358a86850fe5b642da9c2ff95","rightsEvidenceSha256":"050fcedc522ae4fb4d771e8c6f13ec7afea173ddac4a210ccdd33d02add6ac81","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59536,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Studies on the effectiveness of mindful parenting interventions predominantly focused on self-report measures of parenting, whereas observational assessments of change are lacking. The present study examined whether the Mindful with your baby/toddler training leads to observed changes in maternal behavior and mother–child interaction quality. Mindful with your baby/toddler is a 8- or 9-week mindful parenting training for clinically referred mothers of young children (aged 0–48 months), who experience parental stress, mother–child interaction problems, and/or whose children experience regulation problems. The study involved a quasi-experimental non-random design including a sample of 50 mothers who were diagnosed with a mood disorder (n = 21, 42%), an anxiety disorder (n = 7, 14%), post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 6, 12%), or other disorder (n = 7, 14%). Mothers completed a parental stress questionnaire and participated in home observations with their babies (n = 36) or toddlers (n = 14) during a waitlist, pretest, and posttest assessment. Maternal sensitivity, acceptance, and mind-mindedness were coded from free-play interactions and dyadic synchrony was coded from face-to-face interactions. Sensitivity and acceptance were coded with the Ainsworth’s maternal sensitivity scales. Mind-mindedness was assessed by calculating frequency and proportions of appropriate and nonattuned mind-related comments. Dyadic synchrony was operationalized by co-occurrences of gazes and positive facial expressions and maternal and child responsiveness in vocal interaction within the dyad. Coders were blind to the measurement moment. From waitlist to pretest, no significant improvements were observed. At posttest, mothers reported less parenting stress, and were observed to show more accepting behavior and make less nonattuned comments than at pretest, and children showed higher levels of responsiveness. The outcomes suggest that the Mindful with your baby/toddler training affects not only maternal stress, but also maternal behavior, particularly (over)reactive parenting behaviors, which resulted in more acceptance, better attunement to child’s mental world, and more “space” for children to respond to their mothers during interactions. Mindful with your baby/toddler may be a suitable intervention for mothers of young children with (a combination of) maternal psychopathology, parental stress, and problems in the parent–child interaction and child regulation problems.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Moniek A.J. Zeegers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva S. Potharst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Irena K. Veringa-Skiba","type":"Person"},{"name":"Evin Aktar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melissa Goris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan M. Bögels","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina Colonnesi","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":8,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7003526","element":"trust","title":"The effectiveness of Nurture and Play: a mentalisation-based parenting group intervention for prenatally depressed mothers","doi":"10.1017/S1463423619000914","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7003526/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Pregnancy through the infant’s first year","population":"Forty-five pregnant women with depressive symptoms; Nurture and Play versus usual care","rationale":"This preliminary trial explores a relationship-focused approach that combines reflective parenting support with attention to parental wellbeing.","parentQuestion":"What can a relationship-focused support group add during pregnancy and early parenthood?","readingPrompts":["What were the group and usual-care conditions?","How were sensitivity and reflective functioning assessed at the baby’s first birthday?","Why do the authors describe the findings as preliminary?"],"limitations":"The sample was small and restricted to mothers with prenatal depressive symptoms. Fathers did not take part in the group sessions, and larger replication is needed.","id":"PMC7003526","authors":"SJ Salo; M Flykt; J Mäkelä; Z Biringen; M Kalland; M Pajulo; RL Punamäki","journal":"Primary Health Care Research & Development","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publishedDate":"2019-12-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423619000914","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7003526","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7003526-60ff040c33b9f540.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"60ff040c33b9f540d234edb0dc54aca3820bb02c32b4d2bb179fc6961ba4ff1a","sourceTextSha256":"60a98315e66cb6164439adea315694c536c884c038d80a047575ef1fd5d73d1e","sourceXmlSha256":"db8f164e2d42d467c70e5b6addb955c8115b0d9df9734523529cfa6ba39e41f5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"218987bbd3f75736c78916194a48e1d5593c04454293e214d7141242625e72b8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42667,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAim:This randomised control trial (RCT) study examined the effectiveness of a mentalisation-based perinatal group intervention, Nurture and Play (NaP), in improving mother–infant interaction quality and maternal reflective functioning and in decreasing depressive symptoms.Background:Few preventive prenatal interventions have been developed for primary health care settings for mothers with depressive symptoms. Furthermore, previous prenatal intervention studies have only concentrated on reducing depressive symptoms and have not directly addressed enhancing optimal parenting qualities.Methods:The participants were 45 pregnant women with depressive symptoms. Women in the randomly assigned intervention group (n = 24) participated in the manualised, short-term NaP intervention group from pregnancy until the baby’s age of seven months, whereas control group women received treatment as usual (TAU). Maternal emotional availability (EA), reflective functioning (RF) and depressive symptoms were measured before the intervention and at the infants’ 12 months of age, and changes were evaluated using repeated measure analyses of variances (ANOVAs).Findings:The results showed that the intervention group displayed higher maternal sensitivity and RF and more reduction in depressive symptoms than the control group when babies were 12 months old. These findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of the NaP intervention.Key words: depressive symptoms, early intervention, emotional availability, reflective functioning","authorEntries":[{"name":"SJ Salo","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Flykt","type":"Person"},{"name":"J Mäkelä","type":"Person"},{"name":"Z Biringen","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Kalland","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Pajulo","type":"Person"},{"name":"RL Punamäki","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":9,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12924691","element":"trust","title":"Shared Pleasure in Early Mother‐Infant Interactions Predicts Infant Attachment Security: A Brief Report","doi":"10.1111/infa.70066","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12924691/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational brief report","ageRange":"Infants observed at 4 months and assessed at 13 months","population":"Sixty-seven mother–infant dyads, including mothers with postpartum depression","rationale":"The study considers shared positive moments as one observable feature of a dependable early relationship, rather than treating trust as an abstract parental intention.","parentQuestion":"What can researchers learn from shared moments of delight with a baby?","readingPrompts":["How did researchers define and micro-code shared pleasure?","Was attachment associated with the presence or duration of those moments?","Why should a three-minute laboratory interaction not become a parenting scorecard?"],"limitations":"The sample was small, mother-only, mostly Danish and well-educated. The short coded interaction and indirect construction of shared pleasure limit construct validity and generalizability; the design is not causal.","id":"PMC12924691","authors":"Ida Egmose; Emilie Klein; Cecilie Arentz Munch; Anne C Stuart; Johanne Smith‐Nielsen; Mette Væver","journal":"Infancy","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-01-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.70066","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12924691","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12924691-6aa021e3c0cc3a77.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6aa021e3c0cc3a7794f37a0db9270a303e0fe6679209e36b8a6fbb31bff11456","sourceTextSha256":"80fb76f49aa3d2f905145a82e07807c5bffcdf1ce5c0609701f4942aae3e3474","sourceXmlSha256":"cd8264b70f442e4a41cee59791c25a3a2c244ba7c0239b7841c4a62f0d07abc5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6fcc397839c99128cd9f3e45c6ada6f14ba0c072364b0e2e22cb4cd5566856f5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":18323,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTSharing emotions is a fundamental aspect of human interactions. Shared pleasure refers to moments where caregiver and infant engage in mutual smiling while making eye contact. This study examined shared pleasure in early mother‐infant interactions as a predictor of infant attachment security. Associations between shared pleasure and maternal depressive symptoms were also investigated. The sample included 67 mother‐infant dyads, of whom 22 mothers were diagnosed with postpartum depression. Shared pleasure was assessed through micro‐coding of 3‐min mother‐infant interactions recorded in the laboratory at 4 months. Infant attachment security was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure at 13 months. Generalized linear models showed that the mean duration of shared pleasure moments, but not their mere presence, was associated with infant attachment security, with a medium‐sized effect. Maternal depressive symptoms were not associated with shared pleasure. These findings suggest that shared pleasure may be an important early interaction dynamic to foster the development of secure attachment relationships.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ida Egmose","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emilie Klein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cecilie Arentz Munch","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne C Stuart","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johanne Smith‐Nielsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mette Væver","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Finfa.70066","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6c4b72712158eadc36b7c37e1573f3cd3b0e0e40e90c8f7f0d582a0aa25d0608","issueOrder":10,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12312075","element":"trust","title":"Exploring Associations Between Infant Attachment, Maternal Sensitivity, and Attention to Maternal Emotion Expressions","doi":"10.1111/desc.70057","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12312075/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational neurodevelopmental study","ageRange":"Infants at 7 and 12 months","population":"Eighty-eight infants initially assessed; 69 with later attachment assessment","rationale":"This study links early relationship security with infants’ processing of their mother’s emotional signals. It offers a mechanistic research perspective, not a practical diagnostic test.","parentQuestion":"How do infants attend to emotional signals from a familiar caregiver?","readingPrompts":["Which neural and attention measures were taken at seven months?","Which findings differed by later attachment classification?","Why do the neural measures not diagnose the quality of an individual family relationship?"],"limitations":"The sample limited analysis of specific insecure attachment patterns. The ERP design lacked unfamiliar-face comparison and direct data-quality metrics; several results were inconclusive.","id":"PMC12312075","authors":"Mikko J. Peltola; Szilvia Biro; Rens Huffmeijer; Hanneli Sinisalo; Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg; Marinus H. van IJzendoorn","journal":"Developmental Science","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-09-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.70057","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12312075","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12312075-1db29facf502eab2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1db29facf502eab2a32f0d7e34cae940e2a74f76dece860c98bc5e241a7f755d","sourceTextSha256":"f84fcd070799daf42f035f3b320da3cc21afdb33d89b045e64efba0b03390ec0","sourceXmlSha256":"c0f5d00435e5c840c3059de71e1c284d03dde21cedc9026dd11605f1eb73eb42","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5448f478dc8728918beef9af67e62ed6289ae8574bcf3ccea8feb4b9714567f8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50227,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTRecent studies have indicated that patterns of infant‐caregiver attachment are associated with differences in infants’ processing of social signals of emotion, such as facial expressions. In the current longitudinal study we extended this line of research to social signals of actual attachment figures by investigating whether 7‐month‐old infants’ neural and attentional responses to their mother's angry and happy facial expressions are associated with infants’ attachment security to the mother at 12 months of age. At 7 months (n = 88), we measured event‐related potentials (ERP) to the mother's angry and happy faces and attention dwell times to the mother's and a stranger's angry and happy faces, and maternal sensitivity was assessed during free play. At 12 months (n = 69), infant attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure. In infants who were later classified as having secure attachment, the Nc ERP component indexing attention allocation was larger to maternal happy than angry expressions, whereas no difference in Nc amplitudes to maternal facial expressions was observed in infants with later insecure attachment. We speculate that this may indicate greater approach motivation triggered by the reward value of happy faces in securely attached infants through repeated experiences of positive interaction with the caregiver.Summary Studies have indicated that different patterns of infant‐caregiver attachment are associated with infants’ processing of emotion expressions.We investigated whether infants’ attachment security is related to attentional and neural responses to their mother's facial expressions.Infants with secure attachment displayed larger attention‐related brain responses to their mother's happy than angry faces, no difference was found in insecurely attached infants.This may indicate greater reward value associated with happy faces in securely attached infants through repeated experiences of positive interaction with the caregiver.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mikko J. Peltola","type":"Person"},{"name":"Szilvia Biro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rens Huffmeijer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hanneli Sinisalo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marinus H. van IJzendoorn","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fdesc.70057","publisherEvidenceSha256":"dfe0a6cf209bd190eebbfdab547d5deb7ad7539a439cf6aa6e3292ec443a86e2","issueOrder":11,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12849182","element":"trust","title":"Efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy with mothers with postpartum mental disorder: results from a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s13034-025-01013-0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12849182/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Infants under one year at enrollment","population":"120 mothers with postpartum mental disorders; brief parent–infant psychotherapy versus usual care","rationale":"This trial strengthens the issue by reporting mixed and null results: relationship-focused support should be judged by measured outcomes, not by an appealing theory alone.","parentQuestion":"How should parents read a trial when the new support was not better than usual care?","readingPrompts":["What was the prespecified primary outcome?","Which outcomes showed no clear between-group difference?","How did dropout and the follow-up attachment measures affect certainty?"],"limitations":"The intervention was not superior on maternal sensitivity or attachment security. High attrition, small effective follow-up samples, mixed diagnoses and differing attachment measures constrain conclusions, including subgroup findings.","id":"PMC12849182","authors":"Lars Kuchinke; Janna Mattheß; Melanie Eckert; Katharina Richter; Gabriele Koch; Carola Bindt; Julia Schweitzer; Karsten Krauskopf; Christine Rummel-Kluge; Mona Katharina Theil; Mirijam-Griseldis Galeris; Thomas Reinhold; Petra Vienhues; Anne Berghöfer; Stephanie Roll; Thomas Keil; Franziska Schlensog-Schuster; Kai von Klitzing; Christiane Ludwig-Körner","journal":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-01-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-01013-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12849182","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12849182-945537fb83f5df1d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"945537fb83f5df1d9833f17c3b7d8c0331a1bf34bc2c74d716103c06623d852d","sourceTextSha256":"7b7fab148b3e7299e14aabff8b16f9cb68e897dd4b503213383f50a46b0e4cda","sourceXmlSha256":"b7fa7e957d96ad8dc1474e21e77d7ec4ab89c858d1eacc85d8044d8c3080452e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b05652585a9bbbe562da5ef5e08f82e4edaa9e4420c9759729dcba7b4d55d641","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44025,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundPostpartum maternal mental health problems affect the development of mother-child interaction and of children’s attachment security. Focus-based brief parent-infant psychotherapy (PIP-f) was developed to support parents ‘mentalize’ their child’s affective states and promote a healthy parent-child relationship and child development. Efficacy of PIP-f was evaluated against care-as-usual (CAU) in a randomized controlled trial within the SKKIPPI project.MethodN = 120 mothers diagnosed with an ICD-10 psychopathological disorder and their infants under one year were randomly assigned to PIP-f (n = 57) or CAU (n = 63). Primary outcome was maternal sensitivity in mother-child interaction after 6 weeks of intervention. Secondary outcomes include maternal and child psychopathological symptoms, child development, parenting stress, emotional availability, parental reflective functioning and child attachment after 6 weeks and 12 months.ResultsPIP-f was not superior to CAU in maternal sensitivity (b = 0.129, 95%CI [-0.161, 0.418], p = 0.378) at post-intervention, nor in maternal symptoms (b =-0.702, [-2.603, 1.198], p = 0.463) or child symptoms of regulatory disorder (b = 1.079, [-2.344, 4.502], p = 0.531). Attachment security assessed at 12 months did not differ between intervention groups (OR = 2.0, [0.64, 6.33], p = 0.226). Moderator analyses suggest that emotional availability and parental reflective functioning improve up to 12 months for more severe cases.ConclusionDifferences between PIP-f and CAU were smaller than expected, but PIP-f seemed to reduce symptoms of mental health problems. Some evidence exists that mothers with higher symptom burden benefit from PIP-f. High dropout rates and initially high emotional availability prevent generalizability.Trial registration: The trial was registered in the German Register for Clinical Studies (DRKS00016353) on January 16, 2019.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13034-025-01013-0.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lars Kuchinke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janna Mattheß","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melanie Eckert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katharina Richter","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gabriele Koch","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carola Bindt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia Schweitzer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karsten Krauskopf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christine Rummel-Kluge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mona Katharina Theil","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mirijam-Griseldis Galeris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thomas Reinhold","type":"Person"},{"name":"Petra Vienhues","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne Berghöfer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie Roll","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thomas Keil","type":"Person"},{"name":"Franziska Schlensog-Schuster","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kai von Klitzing","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane Ludwig-Körner","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":12,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC13373599","element":"trust","title":"Comparing the effectiveness of master’s-level clinicians and peer supports for the delivery of attachment and biobehavioral catchup","doi":"10.1017/cts.2026.10764","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13373599/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Secondary comparative analysis of randomized-trial data","ageRange":"Young children in an early-childhood parenting intervention","population":"Seventy-nine caregiver–child dyads receiving ABC from peer specialists or master’s-level clinicians","rationale":"The paper considers access to relationship-focused support by examining different kinds of parent coaches working with families connected to child welfare.","parentQuestion":"Who can deliver sensitive-parenting support, and what evidence is needed to compare providers?","readingPrompts":["Was coach qualification itself randomly assigned?","Which parenting outcomes were compared between delivery groups?","What does the modest secondary-analysis sample allow the authors to conclude?"],"limitations":"This was a small secondary comparison of provider groups within trial data, not a universal test of coach qualifications. Results from these settings should not be generalized to all programs or child outcomes.","id":"PMC13373599","authors":"Elisabeth Conradt; Claire Dahl; Kristen Cotton; Erin Hoffman; Evette Horton; Mary Dozier; Danielle S Roubinov","journal":"Journal of Clinical and Translational Science","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publishedDate":"2026-06-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2026.10764","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13373599","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13373599-0ded27c0abdd4ec3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0ded27c0abdd4ec3db5a716c5c7244da8af4f7674a993b83e67508c0483d6ceb","sourceTextSha256":"e459b7355e67c2efd1c9e482a5c99d6f34032974cbebf9acb2cd02a631f7b517","sourceXmlSha256":"9efad853f986e96d66eb10ed7f75e837c058d374738d0969659b5358b7ffd07c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e1640bebba2f0f2a76257eeb3ae522155d1c63efe198173876029ca94a03babf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":20456,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe goal of this study was a re-analysis of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catchup (ABC), an early childhood parenting intervention. We compared the effectiveness of ABC for enhancing parental sensitivity and child behavior among 79 dyads who received the intervention as delivered by peer support specialists (n = 49 dyads) or master’s-level clinicians (n = 30 dyads). Peer support parent coaches were non-inferior at enhancing parental sensitivity and parental intrusiveness as parent coaches with a master’s degree. This research has important clinical implications for increasing access to ABC for parents involved in the child welfare system.Keywords: Comparative effectiveness, peer support, foster care, parental sensitivity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elisabeth Conradt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Dahl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kristen Cotton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Erin Hoffman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Evette Horton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary Dozier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Danielle S Roubinov","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":13,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC13038729","element":"trust","title":"Differential Effects of In-person and Telehealth Implementation of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up on Parental Sensitivity and Intrusiveness","doi":"10.1007/s10995-026-04232-9","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13038729/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Community implementation pre-post comparison","ageRange":"Children from birth to 48 months","population":"201 families receiving Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up in person or by telehealth","rationale":"The study examines whether sensitive, less intrusive interaction can be supported through different delivery formats, a practical access question for families.","parentQuestion":"What do we know about remote versus in-person relationship-focused parenting support?","readingPrompts":["How were sensitivity and intrusiveness observed before and after the program?","Were delivery formats randomized or compared with a no-treatment group?","Which child outcomes were not measured in this implementation study?"],"limitations":"There was no randomization or untreated comparison group, and no child outcome measures. Other services and unmeasured family/agency factors could explain differences between delivery formats.","id":"PMC13038729","authors":"Kirsten McLaughlin; Regina M Fasano; Mary Dozier","journal":"Maternal and Child Health Journal","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-02-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-026-04232-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13038729","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13038729-ee36ccdd16fdca38.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ee36ccdd16fdca38b273205954f59ce5ee39efb23988bee1be7d0bc2a4c8e07b","sourceTextSha256":"4210b62aa50f7b797607d98b2e05a557ca76ec64b167c3ca9c51cdb51c7d4b35","sourceXmlSha256":"ae67d4cf00600ebe3eb1fbde264bb40f0356bcb54c94e2ebd20ffc60ad8ccb2e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27611,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundAttachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) is a home visiting program designed for parents of children between birth and 48 months of age who have experienced early adversity. Previous research demonstrated that ABC enhances parental sensitivity and reduces parental intrusiveness through both in-person and hybrid delivery methods (Roben et al.in Child Development 88(5):1447–1452, 2017, 10.1111/cdev.12898; Schein et al. in Child Maltreatment28(1):24–33, 2023, 10.1177/10775595211072516). However, the relative effectiveness of in-person versus exclusive telehealth implementation had yet to be explored. MethodsThe current study examined changes in parental sensitivity and intrusiveness from pre- to post-intervention in community implementation settings among 201 families receiving ABC either in-person or via telehealth. Parenting behaviors were analyzed through coded video recordings of parent-child free play interactions, collected before and after the intervention. ResultsParental sensitivity increased for both implementation methods, with in-person delivery showing significantly greater improvement than telehealth. Parental intrusiveness also decreased for both groups, with no significant difference between the two implementation methods.ConclusionsABC was effective in improving parenting behaviors when delivered both in person and via telehealth in real-world community settings. Findings suggest that while telehealth delivery is a viable implementation option, in-person services may offer additional benefits for enhancing parental sensitivity, with implications for service delivery decisions in home visiting programs.Keywords: Telehealth, Parenting behaviors, Early intervention, Risk, Community sample\n\nSignificanceThis study examined the effectiveness of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), a program designed to enhance parental responsiveness among parents facing adversity. By comparing in-person and telehealth implementation methods, the study provides insights regarding the effectiveness of these implementation methods. This work contributes to understanding intervention accessibility for parents of infants and young children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kirsten McLaughlin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Regina M Fasano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary Dozier","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10995-026-04232-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"984d7894400ecf2f5ab58c21240808c67731308171b58ac59c8d4ec9bddba147","issueOrder":14,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11647561","element":"trust","title":"On the Broader Significance of Maternal Sensitivity: Mothers’ Early and Later Sensitive Parenting Matter to Children's Language, Executive Function, Academics, and Self‐Reliance","doi":"10.1111/desc.13594","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11647561/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational cohort analysis","ageRange":"Infancy through age 15","population":"National longitudinal dataset of 1,364 children; 80% White","rationale":"The paper follows sensitive caregiving across developmental stages, offering a longer view of how dependable relationships coexist with growing skills and self-reliance.","parentQuestion":"Does sensitive parenting matter beyond the baby years?","readingPrompts":["How did the analysis separate stable between-family differences from within-family changes?","Which developmental stages and outcomes were examined?","Why do stable associations not prove that a specific parenting change caused an outcome?"],"limitations":"The analysis was observational, maternal-focused and did not examine cultural processes or time-varying risk factors. Measurement timing also constrained some early cross-domain models.","id":"PMC11647561","authors":"Joan E Foley; Thomas M Olino; Marsha Weinraub","journal":"Developmental Science","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-01-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13594","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11647561","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11647561-d42d1b47a6eb4cb0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d42d1b47a6eb4cb066bbd3988ef7a6ada281688f010083a0d6bd4542884bca1e","sourceTextSha256":"2f214081e27072d184c8dec904013eeb9c51fda93d72d489357609f76d3031d0","sourceXmlSha256":"e8f80aa30e8623ee22d60fa4137b76e4721156f400dd08d137be2b48321c8c55","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4147de6aa6f0977078ae75b5668caddbba939df046620ecb2d17ec8d0c2a8df6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62005,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTResearchers have demonstrated the important contribution of mothers’ sensitive parenting to children's developing cognition over the first 5 years of life, yet studies examining sensitivity beyond the early years, controlling for earlier effects, are limited. In this exploratory study, we examined the developmental pathways through which mothers’ early and later sensitive parenting transacted with children's language, executive function, academics, and self‐reliance to predict child outcomes from infancy to adolescence. To a national longitudinal dataset (n = 1364; 52% male; 80% white), we applied random intercept cross‐lagged panel modeling to examine between‐person and within‐person associations for maternal sensitivity and child outcomes. Our findings show that over the first 15 years of life relations between maternal sensitivity and these child outcomes are best characterized by stable, trait‐like associations that persist over time with limited state‐like time‐varying associations. Importantly, we found that maternal sensitivity at both early and later developmental stages is associated with these between‐person differences. Given the nature of these associations over four developmental stages, we extend prior research by demonstrating that mothers’ sensitivity is enduring because of its consistency both early and later in development.Keywords: academics, executive function, language, middle childhood, parenting, self‐reliance","authorEntries":[{"name":"Joan E Foley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thomas M Olino","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marsha Weinraub","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fdesc.13594","publisherEvidenceSha256":"f9c506b460f654ef93d1e2e0557e1501f1d77418eab2c1dddb350262f5d993c8","issueOrder":15,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12894135","element":"trust","title":"A Longitudinal Study of Parental Solicitation, Rule-Setting, and Psychological Control as Predictors of Adolescent Disclosure across More Individualistic and More Collectivistic Countries","doi":"10.1007/s10964-025-02311-8","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12894135/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Multinational longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescents assessed at ages 13, 15 and 16","population":"1,215 adolescents across eight countries","rationale":"The study directly connects the Trust theme with adolescents’ voluntary disclosure and their perceptions of warmth, neglect and overcontrol.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of parental involvement are associated with teenagers choosing to talk?","readingPrompts":["How did the study distinguish solicitation, rule-setting and psychological control?","How did conclusions change when secrecy items were removed from disclosure?","Why should longitudinal associations not be interpreted as a guaranteed communication technique?"],"limitations":"Self-report and measurement choices constrain interpretation. Disclosure and secrecy were combined in the main measure, and observational mediation does not establish causal pathways or account for every cultural difference.","id":"PMC12894135","authors":"Şule Selçuk; Christy M. Buchanan; Ann T. Skinner; Jennifer E. Lansford; Dario Bacchini; Marc H. Bornstein; Lei Chang; Kirby Deater-Deckard; Laura Di Giunta; Kenneth A. Dodge; Sevtap Gurdal; Qin Liu; Qian Long; Paul Oburu; Concetta Pastorelli; Emma Sorbring; Sombat Tapanya; Laurence Steinberg; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong; Liane Peña Alampay; Suha M. Al-Hassan","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-01-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02311-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12894135","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12894135-6c52554a8089e680.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6c52554a8089e680f0f4920d639b963985a361eb6fe1e9dac384ad1b138f365f","sourceTextSha256":"e575ee57051c816f5563988e0673fea6eebb41864462f5e41acdfa17af4afa9d","sourceXmlSha256":"6d9769e6342499116ee3d814fa9fa3c00c5de1bae1cc84e62bf47a653d075001","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":74785,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Although autonomy-relevant parenting practices (solicitation, rule-setting, and psychological control) have been linked to adolescent disclosure, little is known about how these practices operate across cultural contexts. Existing studies often examined these practices in isolation or relied on cross-sectional designs, limiting understanding of their unique relations over time. This study examined these associations longitudinally across eight countries differing in average individualism and collectivism, focusing on the mediating role of adolescents’ perceptions of parental warmth, neglect, and overcontrol. Participants were 1,215 adolescents (50.3% girls) assessed at ages 13, 15, and 16. Perceived psychological control predicted greater perceived neglect and overcontrol, and perceived overcontrol, in turn, significantly predicted lower disclosure; this indirect effect was significant. Neither solicitation nor rule-setting predicted disclosure over time. However, when focusing only on voluntary disclosure (excluding secrecy items), solicitation predicted greater disclosure. Findings highlight the differential impact of parenting practices on disclosure over time, with psychological control as a risk factor and solicitation potentially facilitating disclosure depending on its measurement.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Şule Selçuk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christy M. Buchanan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann T. Skinner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E. Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H. Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater-Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenneth A. Dodge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qin Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qian Long","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul Oburu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Sorbring","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sombat Tapanya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurence Steinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liane Peña Alampay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suha M. Al-Hassan","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-025-02311-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"0fad53f450e7808d6124cd8441008bf68c992d360b80d4b525c5f0163c5f63e1","issueOrder":16,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC5258752","element":"trust","title":"Prospective Relations among Low-Income African American Adolescents’ Maternal Attachment Security, Self-Worth, and Risk Behaviors","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00033","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5258752/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5258752/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescents aged 13–17 years","population":"901 low-income African American adolescents","rationale":"The paper examines secure-base relationships and self-worth in an underrepresented adolescent population, extending trust beyond early-childhood research.","parentQuestion":"How are a dependable parental relationship, self-worth and adolescent risk behavior connected?","readingPrompts":["What sequence of attachment, self-worth and risk behavior was tested?","Whose reports were used for the measures?","Which families and caregiver relationships were not represented?"],"limitations":"The measures relied on adolescent self-report and followed annual change over a limited period. Findings concern low-income African American mother–adolescent relationships and do not establish causality or universal mechanisms.","id":"PMC5258752","authors":"Ginger Lockhart; Samantha Phillips; Anneliese Bolland; Melissa Delgado; Juliet Tietjen; John Bolland","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-01-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00033","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5258752","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5258752-9d589b4db3a83bab.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9d589b4db3a83bab34cb6f561b3e9e23546445b2c63bc7b895db7d927d7da455","sourceTextSha256":"7e63d79b0501beabf2ea4912d8cb1fcc54a03f39c59a899e122e5a7fdcd5aea3","sourceXmlSha256":"755518fca2f36411bc76b83e9b18c277bb5f3f7579a841c0e70e95bd94c2d82d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7d9293fb373e1fc6bb01a7434da55c3d63f924a96438e78236ee8ac43536a670","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37947,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined prospective mediating relations among mother-adolescent attachment security, self-worth, and risk behaviors, including substance use and violence, across ages 13–17 in a sample of 901 low-income African American adolescents. Path analyses revealed that self-worth was a significant mediator between attachment security and risk behaviors, such that earlier attachment security predicted self-worth 1 year later, which in turn, predicted substance use, weapon carrying, and fighting in the 3rd year. Implications for the role of the secure base concept within the context of urban poverty are discussed.Keywords: attachment, adolescent, poverty, self-worth, substance use, violence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ginger Lockhart","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samantha Phillips","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anneliese Bolland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melissa Delgado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juliet Tietjen","type":"Person"},{"name":"John Bolland","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":17,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6907180","element":"trust","title":"Attachment to mothers and fathers during middle childhood: an evidence from Polish sample","doi":"10.1186/s40359-019-0361-5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6907180/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional observational study","ageRange":"Children aged 8–12 years","population":"132 Polish children and their mothers","rationale":"This paper treats trust as relationship-specific, comparing children’s felt security with mothers and fathers during middle childhood.","parentQuestion":"Can a child experience their relationships with each caregiver differently?","readingPrompts":["How were felt security and coping strategies assessed?","How did age and caregiver relationship relate to the findings?","Why should differences within this sample not become cultural or gender stereotypes?"],"limitations":"The study was cross-sectional and based on a single national sample. Child and maternal questionnaires cannot establish developmental causation or represent all Polish families or other cultures.","id":"PMC6907180","authors":"Anna Kamza","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2019-12-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0361-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6907180","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6907180-d159b6d8d0ab69b2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d159b6d8d0ab69b2f7becc1f690cfaaad74dba8df0e6ab6db761d6c76600fa90","sourceTextSha256":"a5858d2f1d918c8321c50994c3270a1a4a1fbc380d265168fcf3a0438e5bb9e7","sourceXmlSha256":"4fa35c573540fc4e9ad70a1ed5041f07e9e2ededd5fea3c107eda24726799212","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4c53e0b5c8e0ed84e9beed6b73ad7f2be0b04e59f04d0cc4c1fab4570567380a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":68053,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundMiddle childhood is a significant period of change both for a child’s cognition and social functioning. Considering that the primary developmental theme of attachment in middle childhood is the balance between child’s growing autonomy and the constant need of relatedness, cultural differences in developmental trends in the attachment might be considered as a function of individualism and collectivism orientations. However, little is known about whether the findings on predictors of individual differences in the attachment in middle childhood found in Western cultures, hold within the non-Western ones. Moreover, still little is known about differences between attachment to mothers and fathers in middle childhood. Hence, one goal of the present study was to investigate the role of a child’s age, sex, and emotionality in a middle-childhood attachment to mothers and fathers in the Polish sample. The second aim was to compare obtained results to the attachment research that focused on Western cultures.MethodsThe sample consisted of 132 children aged 8–12 years (51% boys). They completed the Kern’s Security Scale and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Mothers completed a child’s EAS-C and short sociodemographic questionnaire. Pearson’s correlations were conducted to test relationships between a child’s age, sex, emotionality, SES, and attachment-related variables. A paired-samples t-test was used to compare the intensity of preoccupied and avoidant coping strategies with parents in the whole sample. The effects of a child’s age, sex, temperament, and attachment figure were tested with separate repeated-measures ANOVA.ResultsSome of the results replicated prior studies conducted in Western cultures. Similarly to the individualistic cultures, older Polish children reported less preoccupied and more avoidant coping strategies with their parents than younger children. Second, older girls reported higher felt-security with their fathers than with mothers, which suggests some significant changes in attachment relationships regarding the child’s sex. However, as opposed to Western cultures, there were no links between the child’s sex and preoccupied and avoidant coping. Polish children also reported higher rates of preoccupied coping than the avoidant one. Finally, children with relatively lower emotionality reported higher attachment security with both parents than children with relatively higher emotionality.ConclusionsThe current study extends previous work on attachment in middle childhood, the area of rather sparse research, as compared to other developmental periods. The findings reveal the existence of both some specificity in the middle-child attachment in the Polish sample, as well as some culture-universal developmental trends. However, as many questions remain unanswered, they also highlight the strong need for future cross-cultural and comparative studies.Keywords: Attachment, Security, Avoidant coping, Preoccupied coping, Middle childhood","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anna Kamza","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":18,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4138774","element":"trust","title":"Predictors of mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security in at-risk families","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4138774/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4138774/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Pregnancy through 18 months of child age","population":"Forty first-time mothers with psychosocial or sociodemographic risk factors","rationale":"The study examines how families’ wider circumstances accompany emotional availability and attachment, discouraging an explanation based on parental attitude alone.","parentQuestion":"How do stressful circumstances and available resources shape early relationship research?","readingPrompts":["Which risk factors were examined individually and cumulatively?","How were emotional availability and attachment observed?","How does the small sample limit comparison among risk subgroups?"],"limitations":"The small sample and very small risk subgroups restricted analysis. Other relevant factors were unmeasured; the results cannot isolate causes or be generalized beyond similar local families.","id":"PMC4138774","authors":"Simona De Falco; Alessandra Emer; Laura Martini; Paola Rigo; Sonia Pruner; Paola Venuti","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2014-08-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4138774","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4138774-2dfba23bc372f6ba.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2dfba23bc372f6ba27cf0093638ed9c02848f9db12948104dde7e280f48d3124","sourceTextSha256":"90312086400f1b6450bee95a57ddd4e34913ea65cbbd5b24c53f2c42d8419b65","sourceXmlSha256":"ed9b49fa949a90fda327044f30e437fe9bc24b443a24f7c581db718a08643a3d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c7e32f94637837064412673578257e1fb669fab38622946adabd151c940cdf56","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34969,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChild healthy development is largely influenced by parent–child interaction and a secure parent–child attachment is predictively associated with positive outcomes in numerous domains of child development. However, the parent–child relationship can be affected by several psychosocial and socio-demographic risk factors that undermine its quality and in turn play a negative role in short and long term child psychological health. Prevention and intervention programs that support parenting skills in at-risk families can efficiently reduce the impact of risk factors on mother and child psychological health. This study examines predictors of mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security in a sample of first-time mothers with psychosocial and/or socio-demographic risk factors. Forty primiparous women satisfying specific risk criteria participated in a longitudinal study with their children from pregnancy until 18 month of child age. A multiple psychological and socioeconomic assessment was performed. The Emotional Availability Scales were used to measure the quality of emotional exchanges between mother and child at 12 months and the Attachment Q-Sort served as a measure of child attachment security at 18 months. Results highlight both the effect of specific single factors, considered at a continuous level, and the cumulative risk effect of different co-occurring factors, considered at binary level, on mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security. Implication for the selection of inclusion criteria of intervention programs that support parenting skills in at-risk families are discussed.Keywords: attachment, emotional availability, psychosocial risk, parenting, psychosocial prevention","authorEntries":[{"name":"Simona De Falco","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Emer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Martini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paola Rigo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sonia Pruner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paola Venuti","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":19,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6033174","element":"trust","title":"Maternal sensitivity to distress, attachment and the development of callous‐unemotional traits in young children","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.12867","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6033174/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational birth-cohort study","ageRange":"Parenting in infancy; child outcomes from 2.5 to 5 years","population":"Stratified cohort subsample of 272 families, predominantly White British","rationale":"The study examines responses to infant distress and later social-emotional development, while explicitly testing rather than assuming attachment as the explanatory pathway.","parentQuestion":"What does research distinguish between responding to distress, warmth and attachment?","readingPrompts":["Which parenting dimensions were observed in infancy?","Was the predicted attachment-mediated pathway supported?","How do maternal reports, shared influences and sample composition limit conclusions?"],"limitations":"The study was observational, child outcomes were mother-reported, and shared genetic influences could not be excluded. The sample was largely White British, and attachment did not mediate the measured outcome.","id":"PMC6033174","authors":"Nicola Wright; Jonathan Hill; Helen Sharp; Andrew Pickles","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2018-01-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12867","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6033174","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6033174-0c2c2a14a694b4b7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0c2c2a14a694b4b7ef374de04295558213dff0ca39b30eafc46dcab39c7961dd","sourceTextSha256":"308f637d2b1785cbd8453afe835499e43bd9310c145f0d45bf2789ed75f5d9a0","sourceXmlSha256":"63b8dd0650d1d3a0734457895845931784145f94bfa8c7174294d40c6dca4ece","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f2d8fef01b5d3abf4d0545c4a88d2af0df0b759e413466bb2407b8bb63f9d61e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39438,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundCallous‐unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by a lack of responsiveness to the emotions of others, particularly negative emotions. A parenting environment where the child's own distress emotions are sensitively responded to may help foster the child's ability to respond to the emotions of others. We tested whether maternal sensitivity to distress, and other parenting characteristics, were associated with CU traits over the preschool period, and examined whether this was mediated via infant attachment status.MethodIn an epidemiological cohort, CU traits were assessed at age 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 years by mother report. Dimensions of parenting were assessed in free play at age 29 weeks in a stratified subsample of 272, and attachment status at 14 months (n = 265). Structural equation modelling with maximum likelihood estimation was used to examine predictions from parenting dimensions and attachment status.ResultsA parenting factor comprised of sensitivity to distress (n = 207), sensitivity to non‐distress, positive regard toward the infant (or warmth), and intrusiveness, predicted child CU traits (p = .023). This effect was accounted for mainly by sensitivity to distress (p = .008) and positive regard (p = .023) which showed a synergistic effect as evidenced by a significant interaction (p = .01). This arose because the combination of low sensitivity to distress and low positive regard created the risk for elevated CU traits. Although sensitivity and positive regard predicted attachment security and disorganization, there were no associations between attachment status and CU traits.ConclusionsThe finding of contributions from both sensitivity to distress and positive regard to reduced CU traits suggests that children's responsiveness to others’ emotions may be increased by their own mothers’ responsiveness to them and their mothers’ warmth. There was no evidence that this was mediated via attachment status. Implications for intervention and future directions are discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nicola Wright","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonathan Hill","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen Sharp","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrew Pickles","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12867","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e1df52caa5e7b2240b24c514669521539a85c1fe558e9553eb392bd382eef440","issueOrder":20,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9406957","element":"respect","title":"The Influence of Parents on Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood: A Systematic Review","doi":"10.3390/children9081200","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9406957/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Middle childhood","population":"Fifty papers on modifiable parental emotion-socialization processes","rationale":"The review links respectful attention to children’s emotions with parents’ own regulation, beliefs and the family emotional climate. It emphasizes attunement rather than one rigid response.","parentQuestion":"What helps a parent take a child’s feelings seriously while guiding behavior?","readingPrompts":["What four modifiable emotion-socialization domains did the review identify?","Why did the authors describe helpful responses as child- and context-specific?","How heavily did the evidence rely on subjective measures?"],"limitations":"Many included studies used subjective measures and varied constructs. The review calls for replication; it does not establish a single universally effective emotion-coaching script.","id":"PMC9406957","authors":"Karen De Raeymaecker; Monica Dhar; Dora Isabel Fialho Pereira","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-08-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081200","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9406957","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9406957-6ecbc28fea251a49.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6ecbc28fea251a49eaee537962625e324400de00b675253e0e8bf78d82c4bb7d","sourceTextSha256":"5a9ee9f6e64cd125354c3755095b8270c177fe29ef133695a137b53331c40fca","sourceXmlSha256":"a555355ceb8bc8f79ff1804a28c2b8519309ad5401fe6251ee216134bd595700","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":63799,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEmotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, making it an ideal target for prevention and treatment. This study explores how parents can nurture the development of child ER. In April 2022, a systematic review was executed focusing on malleable factors in the parental emotion-socialization process during middle childhood. Papers in PubMed, Web of Science and Medline were screened on content-related and methodological criteria. Their methodological quality was assessed. Knowledge was assembled using a summarizing framework encompassing four factors involved in emotion socialization. Fifty papers shed light on modifiable factors at the level of parental meta-emotion philosophy, emotion-related socialization behaviors, the ER skills of parents and the emotional climate of the family. Adaptive socialization appears to be context- and child-specific, thereby taxing parents’ ER skills and their ability to put them into practice flexibly. The four changeable factors in the emotion-socialization process are highly intertwined, resulting in four possible entries for parent-directed interventions. Importantly, time should be devoted to the ER capacities of parents and their ability to attune to the situation and their child. Regarding the latter, replication studies are necessary. Recommendations for clinical interventions are provided.Keywords: middle childhood, parents, emotion socialization, parental meta-emotion philosophy, emotional climate","authorEntries":[{"name":"Karen De Raeymaecker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Monica Dhar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dora Isabel Fialho Pereira","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":21,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9656315","element":"respect","title":"Harsh Physical Discipline and Externalizing Behaviors in Children: A Systematic Review","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192114385","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9656315/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Children; ages vary across included studies","population":"Twenty-two studies of harsh physical discipline and child externalizing behavior","rationale":"This review places dignity and nonviolent guidance within the Respect theme, while distinguishing strong associations from evidence that can establish causal direction.","parentQuestion":"What does research show about physical punishment and children’s behavior?","readingPrompts":["How did the reviewed studies define physical discipline and externalizing behavior?","What was learned about cultural norms and parental warmth as moderators?","Which designs and measurement limitations prevent simple causal conclusions?"],"limitations":"The underlying studies relied substantially on self-report and correlational analyses. Definitions and populations varied, and the review’s limited scope omitted some possible moderators.","id":"PMC9656315","authors":"Marthe Wiggers; Fred Paas","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-11-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114385","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9656315","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9656315-15185b331949b278.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"15185b331949b27844b2f47595e8e9f8c122b006587e0225fc9a27939569f6ce","sourceTextSha256":"98dd853e5cf0581cb6845bb75275dff880aa6b378b2ffa0360a3d678f9440398","sourceXmlSha256":"09fc4729b43855867e5e82eb4cba3ba65f8a44e21f78c281ddd773bc44b910c1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57189,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"There is growing debate in the parenting literature as to whether using physical punishment to discipline children is an effective strategy or leads to the development of aggressive behaviors and other antisocial attributes. The aim of the current literature review is to examine the association between harsh physical discipline and the development of externalizing behaviors in children, as well as the suggested moderators of this relationship. Secondly, the findings regarding the effects of harsh physical discipline on children’s educational outcomes are reviewed. Articles were selected from relevant databases while maintaining an inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a total of 22 articles included in this review. Strong associations between parental corporal punishment and a range of child behaviors were indicated by the literature, and cultural normativeness was implicated as a moderator of these effects. Results regarding the role of parental warmth as a moderator did not provide a firm conclusion. Finally, the findings suggest that when a child is subjected to physical discipline in the home, their life at school may be adversely affected by impaired cognitive performance, peer isolation, and behavioral problems. The primary limitation of the studies reviewed is the use of self-report data and correlational analyses, ruling out the possibility of inferring causal relations. Nonetheless, the results indicate the necessity of encouraging parents and caregivers to avoid physical punishment as a disciplinary tactic while providing them with the tools to explore alternative practices.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marthe Wiggers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fred Paas","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":22,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11593925","element":"respect","title":"Parenting Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Physical Punishment: A Scoping Review †","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21111539","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11593925/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Scoping review","ageRange":"Children and young people; age ranges vary","population":"Eighty-one studies of parenting interventions addressing physical punishment","rationale":"The review maps alternatives to physical punishment and highlights the need to include children’s own perspectives when evaluating respectful parenting support.","parentQuestion":"How have programs aimed at reducing physical punishment been studied?","readingPrompts":["Which populations and delivery settings dominate the evidence?","How often did studies include feedback from children or young people?","What distinguishes mapping an evidence base from estimating a pooled causal effect?"],"limitations":"The scoping review excluded purely qualitative studies and was dominated by Western-country evidence. It does not establish comparative effectiveness or automatic applicability to low-resource settings.","id":"PMC11593925","authors":"Isabel Garces-Davila; Ashley Stewart-Tufescu; Janice Linton; Julie-Anne McCarthy; Sonya Gill; Aleksandra Ciochon Newton; Samantha Salmon; Tamara Taillieu; Tracie O Afifi; Alan Apter","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-11-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111539","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11593925","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11593925-94b62c57fe1c290e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"94b62c57fe1c290eb94e1679036efcb6a063fccf76749b35222e80b2eaae53b2","sourceTextSha256":"28bb8d7464887616586faaa3bb00591441554871a5188209a6f02e5d3b6f234e","sourceXmlSha256":"c788e38de285f16841c298f03b591734fcbbd75784b7a1799a52e52b5177938d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":60380,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPhysical punishment is the most common form of violence against children worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of long-term adverse outcomes. Interventions targeting parents/caregivers are frequently implemented to prevent and reduce the use of physical punishment. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature on evidence-informed parenting interventions targeting physical punishment. A scoping review following the World Health Organization (WHO) Review Guide, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) 2020 Guide for scoping reviews, was conducted to address the objective of this review. An academic health sciences librarian systematically searched electronic databases (EBSCO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS) for peer-reviewed journal articles. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text review according to inclusion and exclusion criteria following the Participants, Concept, and Context framework. Eighty-one studies were included for full-text eligibility. The results suggest that most interventions examined were conducted in North America, targeted mothers and fathers, and were delivered in person. The results from this scoping review describe the state of evidence-informed parenting interventions to prevent and reduce physical punishment. This review found opportunities for future research to implement effective parenting interventions on a larger societal scale and use mixed methods approaches to evaluate parenting interventions.Keywords: parenting interventions, physical punishment, scoping review","authorEntries":[{"name":"Isabel Garces-Davila","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ashley Stewart-Tufescu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janice Linton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julie-Anne McCarthy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sonya Gill","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aleksandra Ciochon Newton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samantha Salmon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tamara Taillieu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tracie O Afifi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alan Apter","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":23,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10904363","element":"respect","title":"The Tuning in to Kids parenting program delivered online improves emotion socialization and child behavior in a first randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-55689-z","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10904363/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Children aged 3–6 years","population":"141 parents in Switzerland; online Tuning in to Kids versus waitlist","rationale":"The trial evaluates whether parents can learn less dismissive, more responsive approaches to children’s emotions through an interactive online group program.","parentQuestion":"Can an online group help parents respond differently to preschoolers’ emotions?","readingPrompts":["What did the six-week program teach and what was the comparison condition?","Which parenting and child outcomes changed through six-month follow-up?","How does a waitlist comparison differ from another active parenting program?"],"limitations":"Outcomes relied on parent questionnaires in a specific Swiss sample. A waitlist comparison, pandemic-era delivery and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about mechanisms and broad applicability.","id":"PMC10904363","authors":"Susan C A Burkhardt; Patrizia Röösli; Xenia Müller","journal":"Scientific Reports","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2024-02-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55689-z","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10904363","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10904363-4293e4072c610725.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4293e4072c610725312d2abc2445a8363bef71e16358be7ec5cbeb9cf0bd644a","sourceTextSha256":"aff4ef123d3000f36d46209d7f16f8c1dc426b1f13d9f3b9942cb0f3c3089ff6","sourceXmlSha256":"9c80d96d17858bf82485146693a135cd7d927cc7ba0ef45d05c67b1af8ee8592","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bcaab3f4456f93c5218c461a696d6ac5c0ec5f7533973331119627c4fe1f882","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47346,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEmotion-focused parenting interventions have only rarely been evaluated systematically in Europe. This study investigates the effectiveness of “Tuning in to Kids” (TIK) from Australia delivered online in a randomized controlled trial. TIK is a six-week emotion-focused group parenting program that has shown to improve many aspects of parent emotion socialization as well as child problem behavior in several different countries across cultures. Parents (N = 141) of children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study and randomly assigned to an intervention and wait-list control group. The intervention was delivered online due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2021 (intervention group) and one year later (control group) in Switzerland. Parents’ beliefs about emotions, their reported reactions to the child’s negative emotions, family emotional climate, and child behavior (internalizing and externalizing) improved after the intervention and stayed better until the 6 months follow-up in the intervention group, but not in the wait-list controls. Adherence to the program was very high. This study shows that parent emotion socialization practice is changeable with small effects even on child behavior and even after online delivery. This possibly makes Tuning in to Kids a promising emotion-focused parenting intervention when delivered online as an interactive group webinar.Subject terms: Psychology, Randomized controlled trials","authorEntries":[{"name":"Susan C A Burkhardt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrizia Röösli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xenia Müller","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":24,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8554311","element":"respect","title":"A Pilot Study of a Parent Emotion Socialization Intervention: Impact on Parent Behavior, Child Self-Regulation, and Adjustment","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730278","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8554311/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8554311/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small controlled pilot intervention study","ageRange":"Preschool children aged 5–6 years","population":"Twenty intervention parents and 19 waitlist controls in a Scandinavian setting","rationale":"The pilot usefully separates parents’ reported emotion-coaching changes from children’s task-based self-regulation, avoiding an assumption that all outcomes improve together.","parentQuestion":"When parents report better emotion coaching, what changed for children on independent tasks?","readingPrompts":["Which outcomes were reported by parents and which used behavioral tasks?","Which improvements were not different between intervention and control groups?","How did nonrandom recruitment and the small sample affect confidence?"],"limitations":"The sample was small and not individually randomized. Selection, self-report and multiple comparisons limit certainty; children’s executive-control improvement was not greater than controls.","id":"PMC8554311","authors":"Evalill Bølstad; Sophie S Havighurst; Christian K Tamnes; Egil Nygaard; Rune Flaaten Bjørk; Maria Stavrinou; Thomas Espeseth","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-10-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730278","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8554311","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8554311-b9fc5161fbcc463f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b9fc5161fbcc463fa6151b98e9802c7cf88471698befa88445a1386436d54c0c","sourceTextSha256":"ad91de9e705d0e6b26e0c958221f0657286c1249b2840853c80406fc3293f2b2","sourceXmlSha256":"80a4cd005c706a0754d5cf846c4b71c5d0cbaa5740797fdc1eb1b2741a0fa4ad","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5aff051fdaf7d13b41656306672f4f801f6b90de3d88ca538b27e7cbf874cf48","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":63890,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdequate emotion regulation in children is crucial for healthy development and is influenced by parent emotion socialization. The current pilot study aimed to test, for the first time in a Scandinavian population, whether an emotion-focused intervention, Tuning in to Kids (TIK), had positive effects on parent emotion-related socialization behaviors (ERSBs), and children's self-regulation, anxiety, and externalizing behavior problems. We conducted a controlled trial of the 6-week evidence-based TIK parenting program with 20 parents of preschool children aged 5–6 years and 19 wait-list controls. Assessments at baseline and 6 months after the intervention included parent-report questionnaires on parent ERSBs and child adjustment, as well as aspects of children's self-regulation assessed with two behavioral tasks, the Emotional Go/No-Go task (EGNG) and the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Results showed a significant increase in reported parent emotion coaching behavior and an uncorrected significant decrease in parents' report of child externalizing problems in intervention participants compared to controls. The behavioral data showed an uncorrected significant improvement in child emotion discrimination in the control condition compared to the intervention condition, while measures of children's executive control improved from baseline to follow-up for both conditions but were not significantly different between conditions. These findings suggest that this emotion-focused parenting intervention contributed to improvement in parents' emotion coaching and their appraisal of child externalizing problems, while children's self-regulation showed mainly normative developmental improvements. Further research with a larger sample will be the next step to determine if these pilot findings are seen in an adequately powered study.Keywords: emotion socialization, parent intervention, self-regulation, externalizing, AX-CPT","authorEntries":[{"name":"Evalill Bølstad","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie S Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christian K Tamnes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Egil Nygaard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rune Flaaten Bjørk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Stavrinou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thomas Espeseth","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":25,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11390426","element":"respect","title":"A self-paced online emotion socialization intervention for parents of children with challenging behavior: Tuning in to Kids OnLine","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393708","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11390426/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11390426/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Children aged 4–10 years with challenging behavior","population":"150 parents assigned to self-paced Tuning in to Kids OnLine or a waitlist","rationale":"This study examines whether flexible, self-paced delivery can support empathic responses and reduce emotional dismissiveness, alongside the importance of actual engagement.","parentQuestion":"What evidence exists for a self-paced emotion-focused parenting program?","readingPrompts":["What did parents and teachers report at follow-up?","How were emotion dismissiveness, coaching and child behavior assessed?","Why does the association between program engagement and improvement not prove a dose effect?"],"limitations":"Independent behavioral observation and a demographically broader sample were needed. Some key outcomes were parent-reported, and engagement was not randomly assigned.","id":"PMC11390426","authors":"Sophie S Havighurst; Shaminka N Mangelsdorf; Nikki Boswell; Jonathon Little; Abby Zhang; Kate Gleeson; Aniqa Hussain; Ann Harley; Alessandra Radovini; Christiane E Kehoe","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-08-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393708","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11390426","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11390426-c079b64eea8de43f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c079b64eea8de43f3e04e0034c668222e82c4f6ff95c9d58fe9a881420e84ea8","sourceTextSha256":"3810f37388f3e2d2229d4106f2b26681ddc8f67a93ff6afc28414008d3998c62","sourceXmlSha256":"0bc8ea60330860ca6ac603bac0cb2237168e45173255dbbf6b37672afc119b2f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"889b78592c4f06c9c80fe245b8a4cebc6fda104e77e343fcacdf710b4c8eb58b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":60055,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundEvidence-based parenting programs delivered using online technology are an important way to enhance program uptake. To date, programs that address emotion socialization processes, such as Tuning in to Kids, have always been delivered in person, via group or one-to-one delivery. This study used a randomized control design to examine the efficacy of the self-paced Tuning in to Kids OnLine (TIKOL).MethodParticipants were 150 parents of children aged 4-10 years old with challenging behaviors, randomized into intervention or 10-month waitlist control. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires at baseline and 6 months after the intervention (equivalent time points for controls) measuring parent wellbeing, parent emotion socialization, parent efficacy, child behavior, and anxiety.ResultsAnalyses, using mixed methods multilevel modeling, showed that intervention parents reported significantly reduced emotion dismissiveness and increased emotion coaching, empathy and efficacy compared to controls who did not. Parents participating in TIKOL also reported that their children's behavior problems and anxiety were significantly improved. Greater engagement (modules watched and duration of support calls) was associated with more significant improvements.ConclusionFindings provide preliminary support for the efficacy of TIKOL in improving parents' emotion socialization and reducing child behavior problems and anxiety, especially when efforts to support online engagement are utilized. Further evaluation using independent observations and a sample representing a wider demographic would strengthen these findings.Clinical trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry No. ACTRN12618000310268.Keywords: online, parenting, child, emotion socialization, intervention, behavior, Tuning in to Kids","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sophie S Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shaminka N Mangelsdorf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikki Boswell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonathon Little","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abby Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kate Gleeson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aniqa Hussain","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann Harley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Radovini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane E Kehoe","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":26,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11276376","element":"respect","title":"“Our Generation Is Trying to Break Some of That Resistance to Emotions”—A Mixed-Methods Pilot Examination of Tuning in to Kids for Black Parents of Preschoolers in the United States","doi":"10.3390/children11070803","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11276376/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods randomized pilot study","ageRange":"Preschool children","population":"Twenty-one Black parents in the United States; Tuning in to Kids versus waitlist","rationale":"The study brings Black parents’ experiences and cultural context into the evaluation of an emotion-focused program rather than assuming evidence from other groups transfers unchanged.","parentQuestion":"How can parenting research take Black families’ experiences seriously?","readingPrompts":["What did parents’ interviews add to the numerical outcomes?","Which barriers affected participation and implementation?","Why are descriptive changes and effect sizes in a pilot not definitive effectiveness evidence?"],"limitations":"The sample was very small, some parents dropped out, and follow-up lasted only one month. The findings are preliminary and cannot establish broad effectiveness or the necessity of specific adaptations.","id":"PMC11276376","authors":"Briana J. Williams; John S. Carlson","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-06-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070803","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11276376","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11276376-c6220b08f01b8d7f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c6220b08f01b8d7f745e50a1e21f5337235935acbf0ccbe34bdc449209500a69","sourceTextSha256":"34e8941e5de6e0b1673e959d59859d3de8e3a381810868ace0bc61cb8364bcbb","sourceXmlSha256":"7af0a6d3d2858e41e8c40bea1b2c071b75e8daab5f3ccbadeec3b6973b3b980f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":73384,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: A growing body of literature examines the utility of emotion-focused parenting programs, as behaviorally based programs currently dominate the parenting literature. Few of those studies examine differences in how Black parents may benefit. This mixed-methods pilot study examined preliminary fidelity, efficacy, and acceptability of Tuning in to Kids (TIK), an emotion-focused parenting program targeting parenting practices and children’s emotion regulation through a strengths-based approach. Methods: Pre, post, and one-month follow-up measurements were collected from 21 parents in the United States who were randomly assigned to a treatment (i.e., TIK) or waitlist control group. They were assessed across several self-report parent measures (parental emotion regulation, emotion socialization parenting practices and beliefs) and parent-report of children’s social-emotional competence. Parents in the TIK group completed interviews to further understand their experience participating in the intervention. Results: Descriptive analyses showed general improvements and positive change in parenting practices, beliefs, parental emotion regulation, and children’s self-regulation. Large effect sizes indicate reductions of parents emotion dismissing and distressed reactions to children’s negative emotions. TIK was overall rated as a highly acceptable intervention. Parent interviews offer essential information to provide context to Black parents’ experiences utilizing TIK as well as themes related to challenges in raising Black children with self-regulation difficulties. Conclusions: Overall, these preliminary mixed-methods outcomes suggest that TIK is a promising parenting program to improve Black parents’ emotion regulation, emotion coaching beliefs and positive parenting practices. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of TIK and other emotion-focused parenting programs with Black parents and assess the necessity of future cultural adaptations.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Briana J. Williams","type":"Person"},{"name":"John S. Carlson","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":27,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9407904","element":"respect","title":"A Preliminary Evaluation of the Cultural Appropriateness of the Tuning in to Kids Parenting Program in Germany, Turkey, Iran and China","doi":"10.3390/ijerph191610321","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9407904/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Qualitative cultural-adaptation evaluation","ageRange":"Children aged 4–6 years","population":"Pilot Tuning in to Kids programs in Germany, Turkey, Iran and China","rationale":"The paper examines what respectful delivery requires across cultural settings, including language, trust, pacing and opportunities to practice.","parentQuestion":"What needs to change when a parenting program moves between cultural contexts?","readingPrompts":["What culture-specific challenges were identified?","Which delivery adaptations were distinguished from changes to program content?","Why did the authors call for subsequent randomized evaluations?"],"limitations":"The evaluation was retrospective and pilot samples were relatively well-educated. Facilitator experience and involvement of the original program team may have influenced interpretation; efficacy was not established.","id":"PMC9407904","authors":"Sophie S Havighurst; Rachel Choy; Ayca Ulker; Nantje Otterpohl; Fateme Aghaie Meybodi; Forough Edrissi; Chen Qiu; Kathy Kar-man Shum; Alessandra Radovini; Dana A Hosn; Christiane E Kehoe; Paul B Tchounwou; Jitse P van Dijk","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-08-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610321","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9407904","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9407904-988f87e48e0ac4f5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"988f87e48e0ac4f514b5b1000ca42d3f65a476832742e11f6877baa8bcd000c5","sourceTextSha256":"f6bbc8a37b034c98ebcd41107587f71bb0a11f0049288a3847e251ee05ec2ded","sourceXmlSha256":"020cead073c0947ab38a42f2a477078015cbb6d933e4ff3b59667b1ef50c3759","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58391,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: Parenting interventions based on emotion socialization (ES) theory offer an important theoretically driven approach to improve children’s emotional competence and behavioral functioning. Whether such approaches are effective in different cultural contexts, and whether the methods of delivery used are appropriate and acceptable, is an important empirical question. This paper reports on the preliminary evaluation of an ES parenting intervention, Tuning in to Kids (TIK), in Germany, Turkey, Iran, and China. Pilot studies of TIK have been conducted in each country with mothers of 4–6-year-old children. Method: The current study used qualitative methods with thematic analysis to explore the cultural appropriateness of the program in each site. Results: Culture-specific challenges were found across all sites in changing parents’ beliefs about the value of encouraging children’s emotional expression and supportive emotion discussions. Emotion literacy of parents depended on their access to emotion terms in their language, but also to parents’ experiences with emotions in their family of origin and culture-related beliefs about emotions. Adaptations were required to slow the speed of delivery, to address issues of trust with parents in seeking help, and to provide more opportunities to practice the skills and integrate different beliefs about parenting. Conclusion: While this ES parenting intervention has been developed in a Western cultural context, slight adaptations to the delivery methods (rather than change to the content) appeared to contribute to cultural appropriateness. The next step will be to quantitatively evaluate these adaptations of TIK in the different countries using randomized controlled studies.Keywords: emotion socialization, emotion coaching, parenting, culture, intervention, adaptation, Tuning in to Kids","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sophie S Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachel Choy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ayca Ulker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nantje Otterpohl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fateme Aghaie Meybodi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Forough Edrissi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chen Qiu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathy Kar-man Shum","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Radovini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dana A Hosn","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane E Kehoe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jitse P van Dijk","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":28,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10766705","element":"respect","title":"Being sensitive in their own way: parental ethnotheories of caregiver sensitivity and child emotion regulation across five countries","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283748","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10766705/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10766705/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-national cross-sectional study","ageRange":"Children aged 6–7 years","population":"472 mothers in India, Nepal, Korea, the United States and Germany","rationale":"This study supports a culturally attentive reading of Respect by examining different meanings of proactive and reactive sensitivity instead of equating one national style with good parenting.","parentQuestion":"Can attentive parenting look different across cultures?","readingPrompts":["How did the study distinguish reactive from proactive sensitivity?","Which associations varied between the five samples?","Why is nationality an incomplete measure of an individual family’s cultural values?"],"limitations":"The study used questionnaires and one-city samples, and did not directly measure individual cultural-value endorsement. Cross-sectional associations cannot establish direction or represent entire countries.","id":"PMC10766705","authors":"Ju-Hyun Song; Sook In Cho; Gisela Trommsdorff; Pamela Cole; Shanta Niraula; Ramesh Mishra","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-12-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283748","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10766705","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10766705-99a961e7154b9f8a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"99a961e7154b9f8a67f082802e1b9a7b697ffe0e6662074ef4f45b68e641b309","sourceTextSha256":"4940c77dfc7d741de288dddd2b64b6ae1290e6e1dda0ad161692672f092828dd","sourceXmlSha256":"cec10d7319a4b5086a9d06ccbe6c9dcc30f4cbfcfc333e22002e3c6912c61de1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5b552492f98dc3369effe881cf1e4d6e4a04f6b5b3c0f5ed61c86fd234f22a56","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":64807,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractCaregiver sensitivity builds a basis for children’s sense of security and effective emotion regulation during their development. Applying a cross-cultural lens, caregiver sensitivity can be divided into two subtypes, reactive and proactive, and its prevalence and meaning may differ across cultures. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of developmental niche and parental ethnotheories, the current study examines culture-specific meanings of caregiver sensitivity across five countries: India, Nepal, Korea, the United States of America (USA), and Germany. We examine the prevalence of maternal reactive and proactive sensitivity, children’s emotional lability and regulation, and how mothers’ sensitivity types are related to children’s emotional characteristics. Participants included 472 mothers from the five countries with children aged between 6 and 7 years. Mothers reported their sensitivity preference in multiple vignettes and completed an emotion regulation checklist to report their children’s emotional lability and regulation. A set of analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) found cultural differences in mothers’ preference for proactive and reactive sensitivity. Mothers in India and Nepal reported the highest preference for proactive sensitivity followed by Korea and the USA, while German mothers reported the lowest preference for proactive sensitivity. Consequent regression analyses revealed varying associations between proactive sensitivity and child emotional characteristics in all five countries either directly or as moderated by child sex. These results evidence that parental ethnotheories are part of the developmental niche embedded in a larger cultural context. Findings on the differential links between the types of sensitivity and child emotion regulation provide cultural models of parental emotion socialization and children’s emotional functioning.Keywords: culture, developmental niche, parental ethnotheories, caregiver sensitivity, emotion regulation, emotion socialization","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ju-Hyun Song","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sook In Cho","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gisela Trommsdorff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pamela Cole","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shanta Niraula","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ramesh Mishra","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":29,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10447894","element":"respect","title":"Profiles of parents’ emotion socialization within a multinational sample of parents","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161418","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10447894/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10447894/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional latent-profile study","ageRange":"Children aged 4–10 years","population":"869 parents in the multinational Child and Parent Emotion Study","rationale":"The paper explores how parents’ beliefs, regulation and practices cluster, showing why respectful emotion responses may not fit a simple good-parent/bad-parent binary.","parentQuestion":"What patterns sit behind emotion coaching, dismissing and disengagement?","readingPrompts":["Which indicators were used to construct the parenting profiles?","How were reliability and validity of the profiles examined?","Why should research profiles not be used as labels for individual parents?"],"limitations":"All measures were self-reported. The affluent Western sample underrepresented LGBTQI+, First Nations and socioeconomically disadvantaged families; profiles may not generalize or establish causal effects.","id":"PMC10447894","authors":"Gabriella L King; Jacqui A Macdonald; Christopher J Greenwood; Christiane Kehoe; Julie C Dunsmore; Sophie S Havighurst; George J Youssef; Tomer S Berkowitz; Elizabeth M Westrupp","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-08-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161418","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10447894","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10447894-4c425070f55d2b4e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4c425070f55d2b4ee774ab1dd6ee4cf83483c84c938a76e161e041e83820fb35","sourceTextSha256":"0e740a6beab61e718671c7848dfd4f572ac44d714a07c44ba8daf9b524b3a175","sourceXmlSha256":"14bda4fbff97b9136745e062b73409c091cee14e72d0f26ae506b6eb2628288a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bf14474bd6a32db9438096fbf5ead87d56cf0d6f92119867f7eaaddcb4f99f81","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":69652,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionSeminal emotion socialization theories classify parents according to two patterns of parent emotion socialization processes: ‘emotion coaching’ (i.e., parents validate and teach children about emotions) versus ‘emotion dismissing’ parenting (i.e., parents minimize and dismiss their children’s emotions). However, empirical evidence supporting this binary distinction of parents remains limited. Our objective was to investigate whether parents can be differentiated by distinct patterns in their (1) beliefs about children’s emotions, (2) emotion regulation, and (3) emotion-related parenting practices.MethodParticipants were parents of children aged 4–10 years from the Child and Parent Emotion Study (N = 869) (https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e038124). Parents completed self-reported measures of emotion socialization processes via an online survey, which took 20–30 min to complete. Data included in the current study were collected May–August 2019. We conducted a latent profile analysis of parents’ emotion socialization (13 indicators). To assess reliability of the profiles, we examined stability of the profiles across (1) parents of children in early versus middle childhood, and (2) fathers versus mothers, via measurement invariance testing. Further, to assess for construct validity of the profiles, we examined concurrent associations between six criterion constructs and parents’ emotion socialization profiles.ResultsA three-profile model emerged characterizing parents by: (1) emotion coaching; (2) emotion dismissing; (3) emotion disengaged. There was strong support for construct validity and reliability.DiscussionOur study provides empirical support for distinct differentiated classifications of emotion coaching and emotion dismissing parenting, aligned with emotion socialization theories. We further extend on extant theory and suggest a third ‘emotion disengaged’ classification, describing parents with moderate levels of emotion dismissing parenting and low levels of emotion coaching parenting. It should be noted that the profiles were derived with self-report data, therefore, data may have been biased by contextual factors. Furthermore, the study sample consisted of Western families from affluent backgrounds. The field should focus efforts on conducting person-centered studies with more diverse samples in future.Keywords: emotion socialization, child emotion development, meta-emotion theory, latent profile analysis, multiple-group latent profile analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Gabriella L King","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jacqui A Macdonald","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christopher J Greenwood","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane Kehoe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julie C Dunsmore","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie S Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"George J Youssef","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tomer S Berkowitz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth M Westrupp","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":30,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10115305","element":"respect","title":"Parents’ emotion socialization behaviors in response to preschool-aged children’s justified and unjustified negative emotions","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0283689","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10115305/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional self-report study","ageRange":"Preschool children","population":"234 mothers and fathers of 146 children","rationale":"The study investigates a common respect challenge: whether a parent’s judgment that an emotion is unreasonable changes how the child is treated.","parentQuestion":"Do I respond differently when I think my child’s feelings are unjustified?","readingPrompts":["How did parents’ feelings differ when they judged a child’s emotion justified or unjustified?","Which feelings were associated with process-oriented versus outcome-oriented responses?","Why can the data not show which feeling or behavior came first?"],"limitations":"The measures were cross-sectional, self-reported and drawn from one instrument. Parents may judge justifiability differently; directionality and universal standards were not established.","id":"PMC10115305","authors":"Lauren G. Bailes; Garrett Ennis; Sarah M. Lempres; David A. Cole; Kathryn L. Humphreys","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2023-04-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283689","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10115305","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10115305-7a57318d1b0d5064.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7a57318d1b0d5064ba50a11a80ce801fd11d0d920d2467831181a6b0f0d071ea","sourceTextSha256":"c994b2eba674e687b6df1dd191038822f5523ab1b359367fcd1b679461e2f9f9","sourceXmlSha256":"b54b0d53fdc38fc96536b85673a74858d3b733896b2af092a5f50da0df3026db","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c9ad71f0b98a7e195908b85a8b566bd6d4bb8ec06789e0ff3487846ee612ea54","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38283,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental socialization of children’s negative emotions is believed to contribute to children’s emotional development, with supportive, process-oriented responses (e.g., explicit acknowledgment of emotional expression and emotion processing) providing opportunities for children to experience and develop adaptive emotion regulation strategies for negative emotions. On the other hand, non-supportive, outcome-oriented responses (e.g., minimizing or punishing children for negative emotional expressions) tend to undermine such opportunities. Less clear, however, is the degree to which parents’ own emotional and cognitive processes influence their emotion socialization behaviors. In particular, the perceived justifiability of children’s negative emotions may be an important factor for parents’ socialization behaviors as parents may only attend to emotional displays that they feel are reasonable. Using a sample of 234 mothers and fathers (parents of 146 unique preschool aged children), we examined the degree to which parents reported: (1) feeling specific emotions as a function of whether they viewed children’s negative emotional expressions; (2) engaging in emotion socialization behaviors as a function of whether they viewed children’s negative emotions. Last, we examined whether parents’ reported emotions were related to their behaviors. For caregivers’ emotions and behaviors, we examined whether patterns differed as a function of whether the children’s emotions were perceived as justified or unjustified. Parents were more likely to report feeling emotions such as anger and frustration when they viewed children’s negative emotions as unjustified relative to justified, and for these unjustified negative emotions, anger and frustration were related to more outcome-oriented behaviors. Emotions such as sadness and guilt, however, were related to more process-oriented behaviors, regardless of whether parents felt children’s negative emotions were justified or unjustified. Findings highlight the interrelatedness of emotional and cognitive processes within the parenting context and their potential influence on emotion socialization behaviors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lauren G. Bailes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Garrett Ennis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah M. Lempres","type":"Person"},{"name":"David A. Cole","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathryn L. Humphreys","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":31,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4671984","element":"respect","title":"Emotion socialization practices in Italian and Hong Kong-Chinese mothers","doi":"10.1186/s40064-015-1550-1","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4671984/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-cultural scale-validation study","ageRange":"Children aged 6–9 years","population":"Seventy-one Italian and 71 Hong Kong-Chinese mothers","rationale":"The paper examines cultural meaning in emotion-encouraging and emotion-dismissing responses, encouraging readers to interpret parenting measures in context.","parentQuestion":"How do cultural expectations shape responses to children’s emotions?","readingPrompts":["What did the two-factor scale measure?","Why could both coaching and dismissing scores be higher in the same sample?","What can a small scale-validation comparison not show about child outcomes or whole cultures?"],"limitations":"The samples were small and mother-only, and relied on questionnaires. Scale-validation and group differences do not establish causal effects or represent all families in either setting.","id":"PMC4671984","authors":"Caterina Fiorilli; Simona De Stasio; Carlo Di Chicchio; Siu Mui Chan","journal":"SpringerPlus","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2015-12-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1550-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4671984","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4671984-c8894fadee8cf6b8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c8894fadee8cf6b8abc9fdfebe0a3648bb8b8cffab36366945b2cfcc3370219e","sourceTextSha256":"38298f93e290b53cb97eb00c46b4a455edaf9d7d893900cffe6841021d39dd6e","sourceXmlSha256":"f0e9de637cedb4177213d017304a493c97ca8ba83afc2070452c3005cf403a55","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e9c88899d6745a68d08af19456eeb73e7ff18519c0246b6820d29b9cad911e34","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36138,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground Parents’ emotion socialization practices are their ways of handling their children’s emotional experiences in light of cultural expectations surrounding emotions. Such practices are thought to significantly affect children’s social adjustment. We compared the parenting practices of Italian and Hong Kong Chinese samples in an ethnological validation study of the maternal responses to children’s emotion scale (MRCES). Participants were 71 Italian mothers (M = 39.45) and 71 Hong Kong-Chinese mothers (M = 37.75) with children aged 6–9 years.Findings The results confirmed the two-factor structure identified by the scale’s authors, namely coaching/emotion-encouraging and emotion dismissing approaches, respectively. Each of the two factors displayed satisfactory internal consistency. The Chinese mothers obtained higher scores than the Italian mothers on both subscales.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that parents’ emotion socialization practices for coping with children’s emotions received different degrees of emphasis and were underpinned by different meaning in the Hong Kong and Italian cultural groups. These cultural differences are discussed in relation to their effect on children’s socio-emotional development.Keywords: Emotion expression, Emotion socialization, Hong Kong-Chinese mothers, Italian mothers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Caterina Fiorilli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Simona De Stasio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carlo Di Chicchio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Siu Mui Chan","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":32,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8813686","element":"respect","title":"The Interplay of Parental Response to Anger, Adolescent Anger Regulation, and Externalizing and Internalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Study","doi":"10.1007/s10802-021-00795-z","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8813686/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Multi-informant longitudinal study","ageRange":"Adolescents followed from grades 6 to 9; mostly 11–12 at baseline","population":"634 adolescents and their parents, predominantly White German families","rationale":"The study treats respectful anger responses as part of a two-way relationship: parents influence adolescents, and adolescents’ difficulties also influence parents’ reactions.","parentQuestion":"How do a teenager’s anger and a parent’s response shape one another over time?","readingPrompts":["What distinguished parent-directed, adolescent-directed and reciprocal models?","How did findings differ for internalizing and externalizing problems?","How did missing data and sample composition affect representativeness?"],"limitations":"The study was observational and lost participants with incomplete longitudinal data. Some constructs lacked both informants at every wave, and the sample was less culturally and socioeconomically diverse than the broader population.","id":"PMC8813686","authors":"Nantje Otterpohl; Elke Wild; Sophie S. Havighurst; Joachim Stiensmeier-Pelster; Christiane E. Kehoe","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2021-03-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00795-z","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8813686","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8813686-032985a6a0ccc8cb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"032985a6a0ccc8cb30b38f136f7aba1ccf1c93342f3f93beb3acf263d3d0ee56","sourceTextSha256":"a8e3c9487f6e12a65e588fbe0cb4f598c020c1a9a85915c16d00e5badb7ca2d5","sourceXmlSha256":"2a50014185fb1e8106d799abb108cc8fb0bac0998df19572785bffa5cee45314","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0268028c31e81fec11d8289f7b33de5645930228287d578cc4cd686bf6db0e6f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53000,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Numerous studies have reported substantive correlations between anger socialization, children’s anger regulation, and internalizing/externalizing problems. However, substantially less is known about the interplay among these constructs during the developmental stage of adolescence, and longitudinal studies on causal relations (i.e., parent-directed, adolescent-directed, or reciprocal effects) are rare. It is also unclear whether the development of internalizing and externalizing problems have similar causal relations. We collected three waves of longitudinal data (Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 9) from multiple informants. A sample of N = 634 adolescents (mostly 11–12 years at Time 1; 50.6% male) and their parents (predominantly Caucasian with German nationality) completed questionnaires assessing parents’ responses to anger, adolescents’ anger regulation, and adolescents’ internalizing/externalizing problems at each wave. Comparisons of different cross-lagged models revealed reciprocal rather than unidirectional effects. However, we found more parent-directed effects with respect to the development of internalizing problems, whereas relations regarding externalizing problems were more adolescent-directed, i.e., adolescents’ externalizing problems and their anger regulation predicted changes in their parents’ responses to anger across time. Adolescent anger regulation was an important maintaining factor of parents’ responses to anger in later adolescence. Our findings suggest that assumptions regarding bidirectional relations should be emphasized much more in emotion socialization frameworks, particularly for the period of adolescence. Moreover, our study emphasizes the transdiagnostic importance of parents’ responses to anger for both externalizing and internalizing problems and also suggests different underlying mechanisms.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nantje Otterpohl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elke Wild","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie S. Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joachim Stiensmeier-Pelster","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane E. Kehoe","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-021-00795-z","publisherEvidenceSha256":"d7a121d6f9b6c1c345f2dd5407a44cb55d8cec16ae5fa23ddd281b6a74877f7b","issueOrder":33,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11119079","element":"respect","title":"Play Nicely: Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Reduce Physical Punishment and the Beliefs That Justify It","doi":"10.3390/children11050608","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11119079/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small quasi-experimental controlled study","ageRange":"Children aged 2–6 years","population":"Sixty-six Colombian parents; brief Play Nicely session versus comparison group","rationale":"This study evaluates a short, concrete alternative to physical punishment, connecting Respect with practical parent learning rather than moral condemnation alone.","parentQuestion":"Can a brief discussion of alternatives change beliefs about physical punishment?","readingPrompts":["What did the ten-minute intervention present?","Which beliefs and reported behaviors were measured about one month later?","What further follow-up would be needed to know whether change lasts?"],"limitations":"The sample was small, the design was quasi-experimental and follow-up was short. Self-reported beliefs and behavior do not establish lasting reductions or effects on children’s development.","id":"PMC11119079","authors":"Danna Valentina Nuñez-Talero; Martha Rocío González; Angela Trujillo","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-05-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050608","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11119079","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11119079-53019f0e2d110d97.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"53019f0e2d110d97d6285b703095f2c3baf5d662ca9d02f5b7c24ad2a6a426ae","sourceTextSha256":"07534b20e372ba4be22d3a1d78a20cadc6734be07cfb1911f8a22b8bfd24a59e","sourceXmlSha256":"c9d008398277793e9395179ae2d24114140b8bcc3b9b5ad25b1c5fa5428ba9a4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35073,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Play Nicely brief intervention in diminishing both the utilization of physical punishment and the beliefs that endorse such behavior among a sample of Colombian parents with children aged 2 to 6. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the research included pretest and posttest evaluations and involved both an intervention group (n = 37) and a control group (n = 29). The assessment tools used were a scale to measure beliefs about the positive impacts of physical punishment and the Physical Assault subscale of the Spanish version of the Conflict Tactics Scale Parent–Child (CTSPC). Parents participated in a single online session, which offered eight interactive options and lasted 10 min. The results highlighted a high prevalence of physical punishment within the sample (81.8%) and established statistically significant correlations between the justification of physical punishment and its actual use. Approximately one month following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in the employment of physical punishment among the intervention group (p = 0.009), and a notable decrease in the belief that “Punishment is the best alternative to control children’s behavior” (p = 0.010) was observed. Consequently, the Play Nicely intervention proved effective in curtailing the use of physical punishment among parents of young children, demonstrating both efficacy and cost-effectiveness within a brief timeframe.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Danna Valentina Nuñez-Talero","type":"Person"},{"name":"Martha Rocío González","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angela Trujillo","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":34,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11125497","element":"respect","title":"The impact of the parenting for respectability programme on violent parenting and intimate partner relationships in Uganda: A pre-post study","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0299927","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11125497/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Uncontrolled pre-post community study","ageRange":"Parents and their children; see source methods for child age distribution","population":"484 parents and 212 children in semi-rural Ugandan communities","rationale":"The evaluation links respectful parenting with family relationships and includes children’s reports, a valuable perspective when adults are evaluating their own behavior.","parentQuestion":"What do children themselves report after a community parenting program?","readingPrompts":["How did parent and child reports compare?","Which outcomes concerned harsh parenting and which concerned partner relationships?","Why can an uncontrolled pre-post study not isolate a program effect?"],"limitations":"The study had no randomized or untreated control condition. Secular change and social-desirability bias could influence reported improvements; inclusion of children’s reports strengthens perspective but does not establish causation.","id":"PMC11125497","authors":"Godfrey Siu; Rebecca N Nsubuga; Jamie M Lachman; Carol Namutebi; Richard Sekiwunga; Flavia Zalwango; Julie Riddell; Daniel Wight; Mu-Hong Chen","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2024-05-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299927","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11125497","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11125497-1afa1bdb063ef1d0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1afa1bdb063ef1d0fe24ddde3233ee0675d009bb6d03f20a5e2c8ee2b4cb4159","sourceTextSha256":"1b65073915b63b7a7e654a7b005e344f2f85b120029515f091281b0e58b85534","sourceXmlSha256":"72b0a1276b6bb42fb20014ad6c3b83cee1e75252fb6d50121bea4007c2332128","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30943a6d515fb8b1bc3b0513b435670c950a1aa4d04646139a514dd9be3d4c7e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35145,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing need for interventions that reduce both violence against children and intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries. However, few parenting interventions deliberately address this link. We tested the feasibility of a 16-session group-based parenting programme, Parenting for Respectability, in semi-rural Ugandan communities.MethodsThis was a pre-post study with parents and their children (N = 484 parents; 212 children).ResultsPre-post comparisons found large effects for parent-reported reduced harsh parenting (Cohen’s f2 = 0.41 overall; f2 = 0.47 (among session attendees); with an overall reduction of 26% for harsh parenting. Session attendees reported higher reductions than non-attendees (p = 0.014), and male caregivers reported higher reductions than female caregivers (p<0.001). Children also reported reduced harsh parenting by attending fathers (f2 = 0.64 overall; f2 = 0.60) and attending mothers (f2 = 0.56 overall; f2 = 0.51); with reduction in harsh parenting ranging between 27% to 29% in the various categories. Overall, spousal violence reduced by 27% (f2 = 0.19 overall; f2 = 0.26 (among session attendees). Both parents and children reported reduced dysfunctional parent relationships; parents: f2 = 0.19 overall; f2 = 0.26 (among session attendees); and children: f2 = 0.35 overall; f2 = 0.32 (for attending parents); with reductions ranging between 22% to 28%. Parents who attended more than 50% of the program reported greater effects on reduced dysfunctional relationships than those who attended less than half of the program (B = -0.74, p = 0.013). All secondary outcomes were improved with f2 ranging between 0.08 and 0.39; and improvements ranging between 6% and 28%.ConclusionResults suggest the importance of more rigorous testing to determine program effectiveness.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Godfrey Siu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca N Nsubuga","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jamie M Lachman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carol Namutebi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Richard Sekiwunga","type":"Person"},{"name":"Flavia Zalwango","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julie Riddell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Wight","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mu-Hong Chen","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":35,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9914775","element":"respect","title":"Preventing Punitive Violence: Implementing Positive Discipline in Everyday Parenting (PDEP) with Marginalized Populations in Bangladesh","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20031873","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9914775/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Uncontrolled implementation pre-post study","ageRange":"Parents raising children in high-risk communities; ages vary","population":"857 parents in marginalized urban and rural communities in Bangladesh","rationale":"The paper evaluates a relationship-based alternative to humiliating and physical punishment in low-resource settings, with adaptation for participants’ educational backgrounds.","parentQuestion":"How can nonviolent parenting education be made understandable and relevant in marginalized communities?","readingPrompts":["Why were simplified pre- and posttests used?","Which changes concerned beliefs, confidence and interpretation of child behavior?","Did the study establish sustained changes in actual punishment behavior?"],"limitations":"There was no controlled causal comparison or later behavioral follow-up. Attitude changes immediately after the program do not establish durable reductions in punishment or child developmental effects.","id":"PMC9914775","authors":"Christine A. Ateah; Laila Khondkar; Firozul Milon; Rasheda Rabbani","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-01-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031873","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9914775","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9914775-2ee0d342bbab7b2f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2ee0d342bbab7b2f0ac752d6b8c2921e462e5feb941cd114e22a8e66d1cb3245","sourceTextSha256":"cd3821285d4d04acd2d14c6ea648b7d6db4a5c99d2479d64740c85e942a4ba39","sourceXmlSha256":"1d9ff13c240019b5d02ccd01f08f0ad368c723138bb3f70c96ee203f35e5f7f5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f6d1eed211cb0c1d9d1832282debd8bb11ba5a64f37de3f9fc3264933150133f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27489,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Physical and other types of punishment remain common in Bangladesh, despite overwhelming evidence of their harm and worldwide efforts to decrease their use. One of the strategic priorities of Save the Children in Bangladesh’s Child Protection Program is to protect children from physical and humiliating punishment in homes, schools, and other settings. Save the Children in Bangladesh selected the Positive Discipline in Everyday Parenting (PDEP) Program to provide parents with alternatives to physical punishment that comply with human rights standards while strengthening relationships and understanding of child development. High-risk communities where children are particularly vulnerable were selected for this project. The PDEP program was delivered to 857 parents living in lower socioeconomic areas of Bangladesh, including ethnic minority groups, and parents living in urban slums of Dhaka and rural brothel areas. Due to the low levels of education of the participants (almost two-thirds of participants had not completed elementary school), simplified pre and posttests were utilized. Following program completion, parents’ approval of both physical punishment and punishment in general declined; they were less likely to view typical parent-child conflicts as intentional misbehavior and were less reactive to frustration. In addition, parents indicated an increased understanding of the positive discipline and more confidence in their parenting skills. Before taking PDEP, 64% of the parents often felt like they just did not know what to do as a parent, compared to 34% following program completion. PDEP demonstrated the potential to decrease the use of physical and humiliating punishments by parents living in high-risk communities in Bangladesh.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Christine A. Ateah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laila Khondkar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Firozul Milon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rasheda Rabbani","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":36,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11322246","element":"respect","title":"Effects of Two Early Parenting Programmes on Child Aggression and Risk for Violence in Brazil: a Randomised Controlled Trial","doi":"10.1007/s11121-024-01698-3","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11322246/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-arm randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Young children; mean baseline age 3.1 years","population":"369 children with medium-to-high aggression from low-income households in southern Brazil","rationale":"This rigorous real-world trial shows why respectful parenting programs must be evaluated rather than assumed successful: parenting changes did not translate into reduced child aggression.","parentQuestion":"What should families learn when a parenting program changes some practices but not its main child outcome?","readingPrompts":["What were the ACT, dialogic book-sharing and control conditions?","Which results concerned the prespecified primary outcome of aggression?","Which parenting benefits were temporary or program-specific?"],"limitations":"Neither program reduced the primary outcome of child aggression. Some parenting effects were small or not maintained; limited power for small effects and multiple outcomes constrain secondary findings.","id":"PMC11322246","authors":"Joseph Murray; Rafaela Costa Martins; Melanie Greenland; Suélen Cruz; Elisa Altafim; Adriane Xavier Arteche; Peter J Cooper; Marlos Rodrigues Domingues; Andrea Gonzalez; Adriana Kramer Fiala Machado; Lynne Murray; Isabel Oliveira; Iná Santos; Tâmara Biolo Soares; Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues; Merryn Voysey","journal":"Prevention Science","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-07-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-024-01698-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11322246","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11322246-d8d271aaf8d841c3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d8d271aaf8d841c34bcd306fc1ccb693b8d556e28db3fa75151dec3857af5a94","sourceTextSha256":"6e862abeee460e419406d5b20d78a1e4fa66e7e1ce8741a5b72ee79c5b8c5d76","sourceXmlSha256":"500e3d85dd6f5d608a55607227094f808e7dedc910cb56eef93f452794eaf158","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bcaab3f4456f93c5218c461a696d6ac5c0ec5f7533973331119627c4fe1f882","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR824654","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":44128,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractViolence is a major public health problem globally, with the highest rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the Americas and southern Africa. Parenting programmes in high-income countries can diminish risk for violence, by reducing risk factors such as child aggression and harsh parenting, and increasing protective factors such as child cognitive development and school readiness. However, there is critical need to identify low-cost programmes with replicable benefits that work in real-world LMICs contexts. A three-arm, randomised, single-blind trial evaluated effects of two low-cost, group-based parenting programmes recommended for LMICs (ACT: Raising Safe Kids; DBS: dialogic book-sharing) on child aggression (primary outcome), child development, parenting, maltreatment, and stress. Participants were 369 children with medium–high levels of aggression (mean age 3.1 years at baseline) in poor households. Interventions were implemented in city health and education services in southern Brazil. Maternal reports, filmed observations, child tasks, and hair cortisol were assessed at baseline, 1-month post-intervention, and 8-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses compared each of ACT and DBS with a control group. Three hundred sixty-eight (99.7%) participants completed follow-up assessments 8 months after the interventions. There was no effect of ACT (standardised mean difference, SMD 0.11, 95% CI − 0.05, 0.27) or DBS (SMD 0.05, 95% CI − 0.11, 0.21) on the primary outcome of child aggression. ACT reduced harsh parenting behaviour post-intervention (SMD − 0.23; 95% CI − 0.46, − 0.01), but not at follow-up. DBS improved book-sharing practices at both time points (e.g., maternal sensitivity at follow-up SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.08, 0.57). There were no benefits of either programme for other parenting, child development, or stress outcomes. Two parenting programmes in Brazil had small effects on parenting practices but did not reduce child aggression or several other important risk/protective factors for violence. Effective early interventions that reduce violence in real-world LMIC settings are highly desirable but may be challenging to achieve.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11121-024-01698-3.Keywords: Parenting programmes, Aggression, Violence, Early childhood, Randomised control trial","authorEntries":[{"name":"Joseph Murray","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rafaela Costa Martins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melanie Greenland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suélen Cruz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisa Altafim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Adriane Xavier Arteche","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter J Cooper","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marlos Rodrigues Domingues","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Gonzalez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Adriana Kramer Fiala Machado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lynne Murray","type":"Person"},{"name":"Isabel Oliveira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Iná Santos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tâmara Biolo Soares","type":"Person"},{"name":"Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues","type":"Person"},{"name":"Merryn Voysey","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs11121-024-01698-3","publisherEvidenceSha256":"90cefc18d04c066efe5e6798cdb73a0ed76eaae87b6049c2ef3a5a476ee2bf94","issueOrder":37,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11496160","element":"respect","title":"The impact of a positive discipline group intervention on parenting self-efficacy among mothers of young children","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2024.1461435","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11496160/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11496160/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small controlled parenting-intervention study","ageRange":"Young children attending kindergarten","population":"Seventy mothers with low parenting self-efficacy from one kindergarten in China","rationale":"The study examines whether learning firm, nonpunitive responses is accompanied by greater parental confidence. It is evidence about parent self-efficacy, not proof of improved child health.","parentQuestion":"Can learning a nonpunitive approach change how capable a parent feels?","readingPrompts":["Who was eligible and how were groups formed?","What did the parenting self-efficacy scale actually assess?","Which claims about children’s diet or long-term wellbeing were not directly tested?"],"limitations":"The study was small, from a single kindergarten and focused on maternal self-report. Reported random selection/group division is not sufficient detail to assume robust allocation concealment; child lifestyle benefits were not established.","id":"PMC11496160","authors":"Jian Liu; Xiaojuan Liu; Meifang Ding","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-10-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1461435","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11496160","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11496160-2c6834fb3f0f2966.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2c6834fb3f0f2966e98be7603246ffd3daf9fdd82db76081af2f1ca64f578b44","sourceTextSha256":"c52433558d7d1f924ef583be2de4b902236f62c6713b053cbb4558fa2cdcf862","sourceXmlSha256":"5727b81f0389f1a772b50c118d92aa8a28c813381c5739f2f9bba0e18f89aabd","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4930c62ed2e5f6f0a5dfae6018c1d48aab22a0a5f5458864a8f59843d8197096","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54075,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionInstilling healthy behaviors in early childhood is crucial as they can have lifelong impacts. However, many Chinese mothers lack effective parenting strategies, resulting in low self-efficacy. Positive Discipline, a non-punitive and non-indulgent approach, can help enhance maternal parenting self-efficacy and promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in children. This study explores the impact of a Positive Discipline group intervention on the parenting self-efficacy of Chinese mothers and how it can contribute to promoting diet and healthy lifestyle behaviors in early childhood.MethodsWe randomly selected 70 mothers with low parenting self-efficacy from a kindergarten in China, dividing them into an intervention group (35 participants) and a control group (35 participants). The intervention group received a 6-week Positive Discipline intervention, while the control group received no intervention. The intervention aimed at helping mothers nurture their children in a kind and firm manner. We used paired samples t-tests and independent samples t-tests to compare changes in parenting self-efficacy scores before and after the intervention.ResultsResults showed that the intervention group's parenting self-efficacy scores significantly improved after the intervention, from an average score of 25.00 ± 4.08 to 36.29 ± 2.99 (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 3.156). Significant improvements were observed in areas like “believing their parenting style benefits their child's growth” and “knowing how to effectively parent their children.” The control group's average scores showed no significant changes between pre- and post-intervention (pre: 25.07 ± 5.33; post: 24.86 ± 5.75, p > 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.076). Furthermore, 3 months post-intervention, the intervention group's scores remained significantly higher than pre-intervention (p < 0.05), demonstrating the intervention's lasting effect.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the Positive Discipline group intervention significantly enhances parenting self-efficacy in Chinese mothers, promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors in early childhood. Providing continuous support and guidance to mothers can help solidify their parenting confidence, ensuring long-term intervention success. Future research should explore how group interventions can effectively integrate healthy behaviors into early childhood routines and impact children's diet and lifestyle behaviors.Keywords: positive discipline group, parenting self-efficacy, maternal intervention, diet promotion, healthy lifestyle behaviors","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jian Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaojuan Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Meifang Ding","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":38,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12651431","element":"respect","title":"SERES: La Paz Empieza en Casa—Evaluation of an Intervention Program to Reduce Corporal Punishment and Parenting Stress, and to Enhance Positive Parenting Among Colombian Parents","doi":"10.3390/ejihpe15110223","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12651431/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small quasi-experimental longitudinal study","ageRange":"Parents of children; see source methods for specific ages","population":"Thirty-eight Colombian parents; SERES intervention and comparison groups","rationale":"The paper examines a culturally adapted approach to reducing corporal punishment and parenting stress, while offering an opportunity to scrutinize optimistic claims from small studies.","parentQuestion":"How should parents interpret an encouraging but small intervention evaluation?","readingPrompts":["What outcomes were measured with standardized pre- and posttests?","What did the study’s neural-network classification add—and not add—to causal evidence?","Which longer-term contacts lacked formal standardized reassessment?"],"limitations":"The sample was very small and nonrandomized. Six-month contacts were not formal instrument-based reassessments, so sustained effectiveness is not established; the predictive model also needs external validation.","id":"PMC12651431","authors":"Angela Trujillo; Martha Rocío González; José David Amorocho; Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","journal":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-10-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15110223","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12651431","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12651431-b2c565b69f38f624.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b2c565b69f38f6248bb1889f5d823a970ca104cf13cc118f4a46b594d9b446c7","sourceTextSha256":"392f3011e12508e730ac05db17f75a1c937a74ddd47291c7d2d1fd5f480d75fa","sourceXmlSha256":"a4d4ea3252be959a834050b93e929916e941081ead88d4777dcbebddff466d9a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"decad743a7973b6dff4067a7d7573791274a151cf76a1bad9e2df7bf1d73bb1e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55207,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: Corporal punishment (CP) remains a common disciplinary practice in many countries, despite evidence of its negative consequences for children’s development. Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of a culturally adapted intervention aimed at reducing parents’ use of CP. Method: Using a 12-month quasi-experimental longitudinal design, the study included an intervention group (n = 21) and a control group (n = 17). We administered standardized instruments at pretest and posttest to assess changes in parenting behavior, emotional regulation, and perceptions of child behavior. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to model nonlinear relationships and classify group membership. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in parenting practices and emotion regulation. The ANN model classified participants with 74.6% accuracy. Key predictive variables included emotional suppression, physical punishment, and parental support and acceptance. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of the SERES program in reducing harmful parenting behaviors and promoting positive practices. Additionally, the use of AI models proved to be valuable for understanding complex behavioral changes, offering a promising approach for optimizing future interventions aimed at strengthening parenting and preventing family violence.Keywords: parenting intervention, corporal punishment, parental stress, artificial neural networks, positive parenting practices","authorEntries":[{"name":"Angela Trujillo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Martha Rocío González","type":"Person"},{"name":"José David Amorocho","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":39,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC13188431","element":"respect","title":"Little All Children in Focus (Little ACF) – evaluation of a parenting support programme for parents of children aged 1–2 years in Sweden: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27733-2","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13188431/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial with an active comparison","ageRange":"Children aged 1–2 years","population":"832 Swedish-speaking parents; Little All Children in Focus versus digital lectures","rationale":"The trial examines supportive responses to toddlers’ emotions using an active comparison. Its selective findings help keep respectful-parenting guidance proportional to the evidence.","parentQuestion":"Which benefits of a toddler parenting group were demonstrated against an active alternative?","readingPrompts":["What did the active comparison receive?","Which parenting strategy outcome improved, and which outcomes did not differ?","How did selection, attrition and measurement reliability affect conclusions?"],"limitations":"The main difference was in supportive emotion-regulation strategies; other outcomes did not clearly differ. The sample was not population-representative, some measures had reliability or range limitations, and long-term effects remain uncertain.","id":"PMC13188431","authors":"Anna Edenius; Lene Lindberg; Johan Åhlén; Pia Enebrink; Malin Bergström","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-05-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27733-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13188431","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13188431-9ca61fcb713b5530.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9ca61fcb713b55303ef4a42e13ef5cea1b7b70ae69628d451425755a54057f15","sourceTextSha256":"c20434590bca531c2efb7bfa0c4dbb3f0a7d8a3f25255afadeb5e42dfa398acf","sourceXmlSha256":"5c9cb0792a8317e96968d65701d09858076cb4cb3dde9a5cc0b685dbeb29cbd5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43448,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThe first two years of life affect health over the life course. Universal parenting support programmes may promote child health during these years but there is a lack of such evidence-based programmes. Our aim was to study the direct effects of a structured 4 sessions universal parenting programme for parents with children 1–2 years old, Little All Children in Focus, in Sweden.MethodsA two-arm parallel randomised controlled superiority trial with 832 Swedish-speaking parents was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Little All Children In Focus programme in comparison with an active control receiving four digital lectures on child development and parenthood. The participants completed questionnaires at baseline and post intervention measuring the primary outcomes: parenting self-efficacy and stress, coparenting quality, emotion regulation for parents and emotion regulation strategies for their children, and secondary outcome: child socioemotional development. A third research question concerned whether the intervention could engage and retain parents in groups. An intention-to-treat approach was applied using linear mixed models for analysing the effectiveness of the programme.ResultsParents who participated in the programme demonstrated greater improvements in supportive emotion regulation strategies compared to the active control (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta$$\\end{document} = 3.0, CI = 0.9 – 5.0), while no notable group differences emerged across the remaining outcome measures. The program demonstrated high levels of parental engagement and retention in group settings.ConclusionsLittle All Children in Focus demonstrates potential in promoting supportive parenting emotion regulation strategies among Swedish speaking parents to 1–2-year-olds. The intervention also seems to have potential to engage parents. However, further evaluations must be conducted to provide a deeper understanding of the long-term impact of this universal parenting support programme.Trial registrationThe study protocol https://rdcu.be/eAxn2 was published at www.clinicaltrials.gov with registration number: NCT05445141 (registered on July 06, 2022).Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-026-27733-2.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anna Edenius","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lene Lindberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johan Åhlén","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pia Enebrink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Malin Bergström","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":40,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8013550","element":"independence","title":"A Little Autonomy Support Goes a Long Way: Daily Autonomy‐Supportive Parenting, Child Well‐Being, Parental Need Fulfillment, and Change in Child, Family, and Parent Adjustment Across the Adaptation to the COVID‐19 Pandemic","doi":"10.1111/cdev.13515","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8013550/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Daily-diary longitudinal study","ageRange":"6–19 years","population":"Parents of school-aged children in Germany during COVID-19 school disruption.","rationale":"This study connects everyday choice within limits with parent and child adjustment. It makes autonomy support a concrete family interaction to examine rather than a promise of unrestricted freedom.","parentQuestion":"What might offering choices within clear limits look like during a difficult family day?","readingPrompts":["How was choice within limits measured in the daily diary?","Which associations were reciprocal between parental need fulfillment and autonomy support?","How did parent-only reports and the pandemic setting limit interpretation?"],"limitations":"Observational parent reports over three weeks cannot establish that autonomy support caused improved adjustment. The autonomy measure covered choice within limits, not every aspect of autonomy-supportive parenting.","id":"PMC8013550","authors":"Andreas B. Neubauer; Andrea Schmidt; Andrea C. Kramer; Florian Schmiedek","journal":"Child Development","publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","publishedDate":"2021-01-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13515","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8013550","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8013550-01639d40d9712550.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"01639d40d971255007c2cd660b8027ab14d9ed9d3944cca58d0251ce7114b4ce","sourceTextSha256":"4b6c99c652736c67442374a7f14c9e507312db70f012fd60c66cfa4df446504b","sourceXmlSha256":"83a9adf6e36c4efeb704004a4d037c773236174f2cef3ac5bb4eaeccbbe7b062","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c9e5e891f09448c41c3430098c325059e4ef4e2e715da811e9b62f19dc9da0f3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR323598","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":63446,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study examined the effects of daily parental autonomy support on changes in child behavior, family environment, and parental well‐being across 3 weeks during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Day‐to‐day associations among autonomy‐supportive parenting, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being were also assessed. Parents (longitudinal N = 469; M age = 42.93, SD age = 6.40) of school children (6–19 years) reported on adjustment measures at two measurement occasions and completed up to 21 daily online questionnaires in the weeks between these assessments. Results from dynamic structural equation models suggested reciprocal positive relations among autonomy‐supportive parenting and parental need fulfillment. Daily parental autonomy support, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being partially predicted change in adjustment measures highlighting the central role of daily parenting for children’s adjustment during the pandemic.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andreas B. Neubauer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Schmidt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea C. Kramer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Florian Schmiedek","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fcdev.13515","publisherEvidenceSha256":"61bbeee6aa103b529f5b6c7c43d8719f5d6fa70a24596f635f09350d0756400f","issueOrder":41,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8802749","element":"independence","title":"Parent Provision of Choice Is a Key Component of Autonomy Support in Predicting Child Executive Function Skills","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773492","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8802749/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8802749/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Pooled observational study","ageRange":"35–73 months","population":"366 preschool-age children and caregivers from four Midwestern United States samples.","rationale":"Observed parent–child puzzle interactions distinguish offering choice from encouragement and support for competence. This helps readers examine what giving a young child an active role actually means.","parentQuestion":"How can I offer meaningful choices while a young child tackles a challenging task?","readingPrompts":["How were offering choice, positive verbalizations, and competence support coded?","Which autonomy-support components were associated with executive-function performance?","Why does a short observed puzzle task not establish a causal parenting recipe?"],"limitations":"The study is correlational, and choice was coded together with following the child’s pace. Brief observed tasks and a relatively advantaged sample limit generalization.","id":"PMC8802749","authors":"Romulus J Castelo; Alyssa S Meuwissen; Rebecca Distefano; Megan M McClelland; Ellen Galinsky; Philip David Zelazo; Stephanie M Carlson","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-01-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773492","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8802749","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8802749-6fa5e1f926112111.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6fa5e1f9261121119aea667978414df0cb6d191ddcf7676e2211d77c786cf54f","sourceTextSha256":"8d270304f1ee149425b206c44c7dd85bcaea184d938c4f00f40d7fa40bf7fe5d","sourceXmlSha256":"f6de44bf9c11a18ca4d78196e65580c03217f4f9186a5b9bc4eacdec6fb7e5ba","rightsEvidenceSha256":"545518fbf2dd735b89097e2c8f488163495174e199e1b8bcc396b0c7912519ee","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33975,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAlthough previous work has linked parent autonomy support to the development of children’s executive function (EF) skills, the role of specific autonomy-supportive behaviors has not been thoroughly investigated. We compiled data from four preschool-age samples in the Midwestern United States (N = 366; M age = 44.26 months; 72% non-Hispanic White, 19% Black/African American, 5% Multiracial) to examine three relevant autonomy-supportive behaviors (supporting competence, positive verbalizations, and offering choice) and their associations with child EF. We coded parent autonomy-supportive behaviors from a 10-min interaction between parent and child dyads working on challenging jigsaw puzzles together. Children completed a battery of EF. Overall, child EF was most consistently correlated with the offering choice subscale. Additionally, only the offering choice subscale predicted child EF while controlling for the other autonomy support subscales and child age. These results suggest that parent provision of choice is an especially relevant aspect of autonomy-supportive parenting and may be important to the development of EF in early childhood. Future research should directly measure children’s experience with choice and how it relates to emerging EF.Keywords: autonomy support, parenting, early childhood, choice, executive function (EF)","authorEntries":[{"name":"Romulus J Castelo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alyssa S Meuwissen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Distefano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Megan M McClelland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ellen Galinsky","type":"Person"},{"name":"Philip David Zelazo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie M Carlson","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":42,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8234037","element":"independence","title":"Examining Reciprocal Links between Parental Autonomy-Support and Children’s Peer Preference in Mainland China","doi":"10.3390/children8060508","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8234037/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Late childhood to early adolescence; approximately 10–13 years","population":"758 children recruited from public schools in Shanghai, China, followed across three years.","rationale":"This paper tests the relationship between autonomy support and children’s peer experiences in both directions. Its null parent-to-peer finding adds an important check against overstating autonomy support’s effects.","parentQuestion":"How might my child’s social experiences and their view of my parenting influence one another?","readingPrompts":["How did peer nominations differ from children’s reports of parenting?","Which direction of prediction was supported across the three waves?","Why should the null autonomy-support-to-peer-preference result remain visible?"],"limitations":"Autonomy support did not significantly predict later peer preference. Urban sampling, attrition, child-reported parenting, and the observational design limit causal and cross-cultural conclusions.","id":"PMC8234037","authors":"Na Hu; Muzi Yuan; Junsheng Liu; Robert J Coplan; Ying Zhou; Amanda W Harrist; Michael M Criss","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-06-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060508","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8234037","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8234037-1ad8fe80bd2bd30f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1ad8fe80bd2bd30f62738a61ee03d658eef91116b373a29303860cf7b25aac2e","sourceTextSha256":"15360a5c9fbbeb2492a8cac61e265a195103f239d42da514005cb0b23921de92","sourceXmlSha256":"112a2319591a22d1e9e6499646dc99cf331b7194042124d9dfe775f31c5b155e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2fa9160ab0eb300b1a676a50b8330d345e3fc2e3c77838c6ebac17b4470b64a8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33130,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe present study examined the longitudinal relations between child perceptions of parental autonomy-support and peer preference in mainland China. Participants were N = 758 children (50.8% boys; Mage = 10.78 years, SD = 1.03 at Wave 1; Mage = 11.72 years, SD = 1.11 at Wave 2; Mage = 12.65 years, SD = 0.95 at Wave 3) from elementary and middle schools in Shanghai, P.R. China. Children were followed over three years from Grades 4–6 to Grades 6–8. Each year, children reported their perceived maternal/paternal autonomy-support and peer preference (being well-liked among peers) was measured via peer nominations. Among the results, peer preference positively predicted later perceptions of maternal and paternal autonomy-supportive parenting, whereas autonomy-supportive parenting did not significantly predict later peer preference. Results are discussed in terms of the interactions between parental autonomy-supportive parenting and children’s peer relationships in Chinese culture.Keywords: parental autonomy-support, peer preference, Chinese children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Na Hu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Muzi Yuan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junsheng Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Robert J Coplan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda W Harrist","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael M Criss","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":43,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10813346","element":"independence","title":"Bidirectional Relationship between Positive Parenting Behavior and Children’s Self-Regulation: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study","doi":"10.3390/bs14010038","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10813346/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Preschool; approximately 3–4 years at baseline","population":"84 children completing all three waves and their parents in a Chinese kindergarten sample.","rationale":"The study examines children’s self-regulation alongside warmth, structure, and autonomy support. It illustrates that developing independence involves reciprocal parent–child processes rather than a one-way parental input.","parentQuestion":"How might my child’s growing self-control change the support I provide?","readingPrompts":["How did the study distinguish inhibitory control from delayed waiting?","Which parent–child relationships were reciprocal and which were only concurrent?","How did attrition and fading associations affect the conclusions?"],"limitations":"The complete-case sample was small after substantial attrition. Cross-lagged associations are not randomized effects, and several relationships faded over time.","id":"PMC10813346","authors":"Su Wang; Xiaosong Gai; Ines Testoni","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-01-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010038","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10813346","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10813346-d50c709ec1e85c2d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d50c709ec1e85c2d865e935f73ff1b82c5173604d5c903c674990e81046f05af","sourceTextSha256":"c654d0a9de40c8e48051246fe54666b5d1c29d077fe653f38ec67f37556fe5b7","sourceXmlSha256":"ed36c43a29fd9163bb70c7211fb1e6129abab727c3651aec4924924b11484804","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35887,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn this study, we used a cross-lagged design to explore the relationship between children’s self-regulation and positive parenting behaviors. Children aged 3 years (N = 84) were tested individually three times a year for their hot and cool self-regulation, while their parents’ positive parenting behaviors (warmth, structure, and autonomy support) were collected through questionnaires. In the structural equation panel model, bidirectional relations between children’s inhibitory control and parental positive parenting were found. Children’s inhibitory control and positive parenting predicted changes in each other for the first six months. Such a reciprocal relationship also existed between parental autonomy support and children’s inhibitory control. There was a cross-lagged effect between parental warmth and children’ inhibitory control rather than a simultaneous relation. Children’s inhibitory control positively predicted parental structural behaviors rather than vice versa. Children’s delayed waiting and positive parenting (autonomy support) were only positively correlated, rather than having a lagging effect. All the relationships faded over time.Keywords: positive parenting behavior, self-regulation, inhibitory control, autonomy support, cross-lagged design","authorEntries":[{"name":"Su Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaosong Gai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ines Testoni","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":44,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7538400","element":"independence","title":"Longitudinal Linkages Between Father and Mother Autonomy Support and Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Between-Family Differences and Within-Family Effects","doi":"10.1007/s10964-020-01309-8","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7538400/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Six-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Adolescence; mean age 13 at baseline","population":"497 Dutch adolescents and their mothers and fathers in the RADAR cohort.","rationale":"This study separates stable differences between families from changes within a family. It is useful for interpreting claims that autonomy-supportive parenting by itself reduces adolescent problem behavior.","parentQuestion":"When research links autonomy support with fewer difficulties, does that show what will happen in my family?","readingPrompts":["Why distinguish between-family differences from within-family change?","Which associations remained after making that distinction?","How did the predominantly medium- and high-SES sample affect applicability?"],"limitations":"Most links were explained by stable differences between families; the findings do not establish a causal reduction in adolescent problem behavior. Limited variation and sample composition may affect results.","id":"PMC7538400","authors":"Paula Vrolijk; Caspar J Van Lissa; Susan J T Branje; Wim H J Meeus; Renske Keizer","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2020-09-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01309-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7538400","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7538400-8b51b1f81ad08d0c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8b51b1f81ad08d0cd4d8e78cca1cdf5f508f5b7836ec488561867b9c3dc06d94","sourceTextSha256":"db6caf80237a25a57ebcdba7c67218b0d7fd778c8b957a8a63a0edbd2448d0ff","sourceXmlSha256":"2b29a185fd95bbbd1657143bf08ee4c9289ec16c1dc877c110acc280b9619f8b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"018a086c448105fbeee52093f3aa974eda2f7ebe839c27713a287b0b83417773","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54652,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractDespite existing evidence on negative associations between parental autonomy support and children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the effect that parents’ autonomy support has on children’s problem behavior. This study contributed to the existing literature by unraveling the temporal ordering of parental autonomy support and adolescent problem behavior. In addition, this study examined whether these linkages differed by parent’s sex, child sex, and reporter of autonomy support. Data of 497 adolescents (mean age at T1 = 13.03 years, percentage male = 56.9) and their parents from six annual waves of the Dutch study Research on Adolescent Development And Relationships (RADAR) were used. The results showed that stable differences between families explained most linkages between autonomy support and problem behavior. Adolescents with fewer problem behaviors have fathers (both child- and parent-reported) and mothers (only child-reported) who are more autonomy supportive. The results did not differ between boys and girls. The findings suggest that prior studies may have overstated the existence of a causal effect of parental autonomy support on adolescent problem behavior.Keywords: Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, Adolescence, Autonomy support, Random intercept cross-lagged panel model, Longitudinal","authorEntries":[{"name":"Paula Vrolijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caspar J Van Lissa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan J T Branje","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wim H J Meeus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Renske Keizer","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-020-01309-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"f18c7ec4a3498e3c541eb6bd79fa06fa3131be7696910ecf3ebaa9e8fafc8db8","issueOrder":45,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9957896","element":"independence","title":"Longitudinal Linkages Between Parent-Child Discrepancies in Reports on Parental Autonomy Support and Informants’ Depressive Symptoms","doi":"10.1007/s10964-022-01733-y","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9957896/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Preregistered six-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Adolescence; mean age 13 at baseline","population":"497 Dutch adolescents with mother and father reports from the RADAR cohort.","rationale":"Parents and adolescents may describe the same autonomy support differently. The paper examines those discrepancies without assuming that disagreement itself causes depressive symptoms.","parentQuestion":"What can I learn when my teenager and I disagree about how much independence I offer?","readingPrompts":["How were parent–child reporting discrepancies represented?","What did the within-family model find about temporal ordering?","Why might annual surveys miss shorter-term family processes?"],"limitations":"No within-family cross-lagged effects supported discrepancies as causes or consequences of depressive symptoms. Annual measurement, informant perceptions, and a predominantly Dutch sample limit inference.","id":"PMC9957896","authors":"Paula Vrolijk; Caspar J Van Lissa; Susan Branje; Renske Keizer","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-01-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01733-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9957896","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9957896-a8e45820505e3aac.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a8e45820505e3aaccfb53f4c09e6d7da8e31826ad2b2f629387755dea762f897","sourceTextSha256":"0469175702adb110a51893032d255ff39de479cb37a28c846257059feee05972","sourceXmlSha256":"e4108a2788e1362e143353c73a99cc614e9dee8fd09c918e5a214c8aea055127","rightsEvidenceSha256":"09968bd4fee324d1091c6e1fee60fa01bb5ec47d198723b2f71258e4eadf4643","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41125,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAlthough parent-child discrepancies in reports of parenting are known to be associated with child depressive symptoms, the direction of causality is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this study contributes to existing literature by examining longitudinal within-family linkages between parent-child discrepancies in their reports on autonomy support and depressive symptoms of children, while also assessing these linkages with parents’ depressive symptoms. In addition, this study explored whether these linkages differ for father- versus mother-child discrepancies. Longitudinal data (six annual waves) of 497 adolescents (56.9% boys, Mage at T1 = 13.03, SD = 0.46), their mothers (N = 495), and their fathers (N = 446) of the Dutch study Research on Adolescent Development and Relationships (RADAR) were used. Counter to expectations, the results of a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model provided no evidence for within-family cross-lagged effects. Instead, stable differences between families explained linkages; in families where children reported on average higher levels of depressive symptoms, children also reported lower levels of autonomy support relative to their parents. There were no associations between parent-child discrepancies and parents’ depressive symptoms. Thus, the findings suggest that depressive symptoms are neither a consequence, nor a predictor of parent-child discrepancies in adolescence. The hypotheses and analytical plan of this study were preregistered in a project on the Open Science Framework.Keywords: Parent-child discrepancies, Adolescence, Autonomy support, Depressive symptoms, Longitudinal research","authorEntries":[{"name":"Paula Vrolijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caspar J Van Lissa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Branje","type":"Person"},{"name":"Renske Keizer","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-022-01733-y","publisherEvidenceSha256":"69a30ef59375ee376dacd7348e8eead2142175bb04e18ee0d5e332524bd8ac34","issueOrder":46,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11472576","element":"independence","title":"The effect of parental and teacher autonomy support and core self-evaluations: a three-wave longitudinal study of middle students’ career adaptability","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1404478","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11472576/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11472576/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Middle-school adolescence; mean age approximately 13","population":"482 students retained across three surveys in two schools in Anhui, China.","rationale":"Career adaptability provides a practical context for studying supported self-direction. The study distinguishes parental support, teacher support, and adolescents’ core self-evaluations.","parentQuestion":"How can I support a teenager’s exploration of future interests without choosing their path for them?","readingPrompts":["How were parental autonomy support and career adaptability measured?","Which lagged paths differed for parental and teacher support?","How do self-report, attrition, and two-school sampling constrain causal claims?"],"limitations":"The study was observational and relied on self-reports from two schools. Three waves over one year and a restricted cultural setting do not establish a universal causal pathway.","id":"PMC11472576","authors":"Xiaoyun Zhao; Shun Huang; Chaofan Shi","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-09-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1404478","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11472576","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11472576-d3c952de6a7a6fa8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d3c952de6a7a6fa872a8d9771156e32da589e3c49e005b61aba382a8078ff7d5","sourceTextSha256":"9f73c7beefeabcffba4f583871cf7f150de1bcaf1c372e8e4997a99a385d57da","sourceXmlSha256":"59bbdbe9708e7b1d04d8cb4b34894cda7dba7c2bc8e3d4c3fa6cc2f0baaae83c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ebc204d1effc2d86717895489da5dbe1352f24da1ac43ff20693083d460cc37f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44716,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionAccording to career construction theory, middle school students are in a critical phase of growth and exploration that requires self-reflection on their interests, values, and aspirations. Career adaptability is a key indicator of career development for middle school students and a crucial ability for achieving career success. Research indicates that many Chinese middle school students face significant hurdles in their career development, including a lack of motivation, limited self-awareness, and unclear career trajectories.ObjectiveTo address these challenges, it is imperative to explore the factors influencing career adaptability, with a particular focus on the role of parental and teacher autonomy support within the framework of self-determination theory. This study aims to explore the correlation between parental autonomy support (PAS), teacher autonomy support (TAS), core self-evaluations (CSE), and career adaptability (CA) among middle school students.MethodologyThe longitudinal data for this study were collected from two middle schools in the Anhui province. Middle school students were recruited as research participants through a cluster sampling method. A total of 482 students were surveyed in three stages during a 1-year period, and a cross-lag model was employed to analyze the data.Results(1) From T1 to T2, T1PAS predicted T2CS, T1CSE predicted T2CA, and T1CA predicted T2TA; (2) from T2 to T3, T2PAS predicted T3CS, T2CSE predicted T3CA, and T2TAS predicted T3PAS; (3) TAS did not predict CSE and CA over time; (4) T2CSE mediated the relationship between T1PAS and T3CA.DiscussionThese findings suggest that autonomy support has a consistently positive influence on the career development of early adolescents. Valuing children’s autonomy is beneficial for fostering positive self-evaluations and shaping their career trajectories.ConclusionAutonomy support plays a pivotal role in enhancing middle school students’ career adaptability and promoting career development by strengthening self-evaluations. Additionally, the effect of parental autonomy support is more stable than that of teacher autonomy support.Keywords: career adaptability, core self-evaluations, parental autonomy support, teacher autonomy support, cross-lag model","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaoyun Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shun Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chaofan Shi","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":47,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9883818","element":"independence","title":"Mindset and perceived parental support of autonomy safeguard adolescents’ autonomous motivation during COVID-19 home-based learning","doi":"10.1038/s41539-023-00153-2","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9883818/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study across school closure","ageRange":"Adolescence; approximately 11.5–19.8 years","population":"97 Dutch adolescents in the main analysis; 76 complete parent–adolescent dyads for combined analyses.","rationale":"This paper considers autonomous learning motivation during an abrupt loss of normal school support. It places parental autonomy support alongside mindset and burnout rather than presenting one factor as sufficient.","parentQuestion":"How can I support motivation when learning moves home and ordinary routines break down?","readingPrompts":["What changed between the pre-pandemic and school-closure measurements?","How did perceived autonomy support relate to autonomous motivation?","What do the small sample and excluded incomplete dyads mean for interpretation?"],"limitations":"The naturalistic school-closure setting and small selective sample limit generalization. Associations with perceived support are not evidence that a specific parenting intervention caused motivation to improve.","id":"PMC9883818","authors":"Ilona M B Benneker; Nikki C Lee; Nienke van Atteveldt","journal":"NPJ Science of Learning","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2023-01-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-023-00153-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9883818","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9883818-a0263c99b50f8ea1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a0263c99b50f8ea13746cb6dab2b9504a12642df9e824877601b3d79669985c2","sourceTextSha256":"37d31814611f6c8c161ef1461b6965603ce7a3c2f65d6f972f1c2abf646c6375","sourceXmlSha256":"8d72fcab8354f53a046a2e9141de2b03bd5e45513971c33d75ba38eb859a67ee","rightsEvidenceSha256":"09968bd4fee324d1091c6e1fee60fa01bb5ec47d198723b2f71258e4eadf4643","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43427,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractDuring school closures throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, less support from peers and teachers may have required more autonomous motivation from adolescents. Little is known about factors that could shield against these negative effects. Driven by two influential motivational theories, we examined how mindset, feelings of school burnout and the three basic psychological needs of the self-determination theory, could predict changes in autonomous motivation when controlling for pre-pandemic levels of motivation. The results from a sample of Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.63 years) and their parents (Mage = 48.65 years) showed that endorsing a growth mindset was positively associated with autonomous motivation during the school closures, while feelings of school burnout were negatively associated with autonomous motivation. Additionally, perceived parental autonomy support (i.e. a measure of the basic psychological need of autonomy) related to more autonomous motivation during home-based learning. Our findings highlight the personal and family factors that influence how adolescents respond to home-based learning and suggest ways to keep adolescents motivated and diminish possible negative consequences during future home-based learning situations.Subject terms: Human behaviour, Education","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ilona M B Benneker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikki C Lee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nienke van Atteveldt","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":48,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11116802","element":"independence","title":"Academic motivation in adolescents: the role of parental autonomy support, psychological needs satisfaction and self-control","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384695","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11116802/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11116802/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"14–19 years","population":"427 high-school students recruited in Turkey through online convenience sampling.","rationale":"The study relates perceived autonomy support to psychological needs, self-control, and academic motivation. It offers a vocabulary for discussing support that leaves adolescents ownership of their learning.","parentQuestion":"How do autonomy, psychological needs, and self-control fit together in a teenager’s learning?","readingPrompts":["How were parental support, needs satisfaction, and self-control measured?","What direct and indirect associations were reported?","Why can a one-time mediation model not establish causal order?"],"limitations":"All variables were self-reported at one time point in a convenience sample. The statistical mediation model does not demonstrate causality or establish that changing parenting will produce a particular academic result.","id":"PMC11116802","authors":"Oğuzhan Çelik","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-05-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384695","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11116802","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11116802-107ed2292b6152f9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"107ed2292b6152f99de6d77da064e70fe1d56f420a776caeafb277f0e361f4e9","sourceTextSha256":"dd29eb810282e811133cab473d601e377d629cdec8cd194e2224457a57e56ff2","sourceXmlSha256":"4db2392e29da6b6f8e7a7b1e504f1756f1fa67bed8464813cb867332f77da438","rightsEvidenceSha256":"67101838b6f78b875a1daf26088eed36c194ecd8f12e90190e33ed231e0bde9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":60061,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundVarious perspectives on the existence and degree of motivation, which is a crucial factor influencing human behavior, have been studied for many years. Especially in adolescence, a phase marked by rapid change, motivation plays a crucial role in supporting young people to achieve their goals, fulfill their responsibilities, and experience healthy development.AimsThe present study aims to investigate the structural relationships among perceived parental autonomy support, satisfaction of psychological needs, self-control, and academic motivation.SampleThe study was conducted with a total of 427 high school students, including 230 females and 197 males, aged between 14 and 19 (M = 15.82; SD = 1.02).MethodParticipants completed self-report measures of academic motivation, parental autonomy support, psychological needs satisfaction, and self-control. Structural equation modeling was performed to explore complex relationships between variables of interest.ResultsThe study revealed that psychological needs satisfaction increased as parental autonomy support increased, and self-control also increased with the satisfaction of psychological needs. It was also found that satisfaction of psychological needs was positively related to both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Additionally, self-control was associated with increased intrinsic motivation and decreased amotivation. In addition, it was found that parental autonomy support has an indirect relationship with academic motivation through the satisfaction of psychological needs and self-control.ConclusionIt is believed that these connections will lead to a deeper understanding of the significant processes in adolescence and serve as a foundation for developing and implementing psycho-educational interventions related to these variables.Keywords: academic motivation, parental autonomy support, psychological needs, self-control, adolescent","authorEntries":[{"name":"Oğuzhan Çelik","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":49,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10800670","element":"independence","title":"The role of parents in the motivation of young athletes: a systematic review","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1291711","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10800670/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10800670/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Youth athletes; ages vary across included studies","population":"29 studies of young athletes and parents, including quantitative and qualitative research.","rationale":"Sport provides a familiar setting in which encouragement can become pressure. This review examines autonomy-supportive parenting, involvement, and the motivational climate surrounding young athletes.","parentQuestion":"How can I support my child’s sport while leaving room for their own goals and enjoyment?","readingPrompts":["Which parenting practices and motivational outcomes were reviewed?","How did the review distinguish supportive involvement from excessive pressure?","What limits arose from cross-sectional designs and predominantly Western studies?"],"limitations":"Much of the included evidence was cross-sectional and survey-based. English-language selection, cultural concentration, and differences between sports limit causal and universal recommendations.","id":"PMC10800670","authors":"Zhendong Gao; Chen Soon Chee; Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir; Jiaxu Wang; Xiaojian Zheng; Tao Wang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-01-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1291711","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10800670","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10800670-8adf12491685a09e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8adf12491685a09ef513257207bd642e56840e90f7389628a5240e2d5fec69af","sourceTextSha256":"090f431d097772212b54591b7de426d4a9af55d56579ef3a84a6c3933ddcdb80","sourceXmlSha256":"31e798e795918231e72071d94adc2e763f58b7791f2e19c07a7501354382bf8f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"dbc2b90a6b5135297b3a97b1f44eb12344520eca73001598e70922b4e4f2d550","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":52046,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivesParents are one of the main social agents that shape young athletes’ experiences and participation in sports, but they are also the least explored group in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of research on the role of parents in the motivation of young athletes.MethodThe systematic literature review consisted of four electronic databases from which 29 articles published in English and in full-text form in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2023 were retrieved.ResultsA total of 29 studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies collectively surveyed 9,185 young athlete participants and 2,191 parent participants. The sample comprised 26 quantitative studies and 3 qualitative studies. The findings underscore that parents play both unique and synergistic multidimensional roles in motivating young athletes. Parents’ positive goals and values, autonomy-supportive parenting styles, moderate parental involvement, positive parent–child relationships, and a parent-initiated task climate are identified as optimal parenting strategies.ConclusionWhile parents undeniably play a crucial role in motivating young athletes, the manner and extent of their involvement are key.Keywords: young athletes, motivation, sports parenting, parenting styles, parenting practices","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zhendong Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chen Soon Chee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiaxu Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaojian Zheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tao Wang","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":50,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12350824","element":"independence","title":"Parenting and adolescent anxiety within families: a biweekly longitudinal study","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14161","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12350824/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Preregistered biweekly longitudinal study","ageRange":"12–17 years","population":"256 Dutch adolescents; 176 participating parents, predominantly mothers.","rationale":"This paper examines autonomy support and intrusiveness on a shorter time scale than annual surveys. It highlights that adolescent anxiety can precede changes in parenting, complicating one-way explanations.","parentQuestion":"How might my teenager’s anxiety change the way I offer help and independence?","readingPrompts":["How did the study separate concurrent associations from two-week lagged effects?","Which adolescent-driven effects appeared and which parent-driven effects did not?","Why can average effects differ from a particular family’s experience?"],"limitations":"No parent-driven lagged effects emerged in the reported model. The nonclinical, predominantly Dutch and mother-reported sample and the chosen two-week interval limit generalization and causal interpretation.","id":"PMC12350824","authors":"Lucija Šutić; Ezgi Yıldız; F Cemre Yavuz Şala; Aylin Duzen; Loes Keijsers; Savannah Boele","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-03-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14161","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12350824","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12350824-e881cc81c584290a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e881cc81c584290a2933eb09b773b1ad3fa360e474296bfa8e7ca60780d09485","sourceTextSha256":"d26295f709c0f61cc8bcea38763157a6ad2d8768b0ef0c0dddd5162b4846c394","sourceXmlSha256":"8b74b5c6cdcabab92df8226d07f61eedeb9e1355a391f3e9f52ea4c53cb80f70","rightsEvidenceSha256":"03184ad5b0062e63416809908f1b0977e0d9b4f2a1a324e84f39919ec18b84d0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38734,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundAnxiety symptoms among adolescents have been increasing globally. The present study aimed to better understand the role of parenting, which is believed to act as both a risk and protective factor for anxiety while also being impacted by adolescent anxiety. Specifically, this preregistered study examined the bidirectional associations between parental autonomy support, intrusiveness, and symptoms of generalized anxiety in adolescents.MethodsWe used meso‐longitudinal data of Dutch adolescents (N = 256, M age = 14.4, age range = 12–17, 71.5% female, t mean = 17.7) and their parents (N = 176, M age = 46.8, 82% female, t mean = 22). They reported biweekly on parental intrusiveness and autonomy support and on adolescent generalized anxiety symptoms. Dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) was used to examine the associations at the between‐ and within‐family levels.ResultsThe between‐family level associations indicated that adolescents from families with lower levels of parental autonomy support and higher levels of parental intrusiveness exhibited higher levels of generalized anxiety symptoms. Within families, during weeks when parents were less autonomy supportive or more intrusive, adolescents also experienced more generalized anxiety symptoms. Regarding the bidirectional time‐lagged effects, adolescent‐driven, but not parent‐driven, effects emerged. Specifically, when adolescents experienced more generalized anxiety symptoms than usual, their parents were less autonomy supportive and more intrusive 2 weeks later.ConclusionsAlthough further research is needed, these findings underscore the negative impact of adolescents' mental health issues on parenting. To prevent the further escalation of family problems, it seems vital to promote positive and adaptive parent–child interactions when adolescents face mental health issues.Keywords: Adolescence, generalized anxiety symptoms, intrusiveness, autonomy support, within‐family level","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lucija Šutić","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ezgi Yıldız","type":"Person"},{"name":"F Cemre Yavuz Şala","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aylin Duzen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loes Keijsers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Savannah Boele","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.14161","publisherEvidenceSha256":"700067705d138d6fcdd980ecac85385c29d1fffd69b0bd74fe0063bb51ba3de6","issueOrder":51,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11771583","element":"independence","title":"Balancing boundaries: Observed parental autonomy support and psychological control in the context of parent‐adolescent interactions and adolescent depression","doi":"10.1111/jora.70003","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11771583/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Observed interaction study with clinical and comparison groups","ageRange":"Adolescence; mean ages approximately 15–16 years","population":"Dutch adolescents with depression and a comparison group, observed with parents in three interaction tasks.","rationale":"Autonomy support is studied in actual conversations as well as in adolescent reports. The contrast between observed and perceived interactions encourages careful listening and measurement rather than assuming one account tells the whole story.","parentQuestion":"How do supportive and controlling responses appear during planning or problem-solving conversations?","readingPrompts":["How were autonomy support and psychological control coded from videos?","How did observed and adolescent-reported parenting compare across tasks and groups?","Why should clinical-group differences not be reduced to a simple judgment about a family?"],"limitations":"The clinical sample was small and observations were task-specific. Observed parenting did not differ significantly between groups; the study cannot establish that parenting caused depression or that an adolescent’s perceptions are invalid.","id":"PMC11771583","authors":"Wilma G M Wentholt; E H Alet Meurs; Loes H C Janssen; Lisanne A E M van Houtum; Mirjam C M Wever; Marieke S Tollenaar; Lenneke R A Alink; Bernet M Elzinga","journal":"Journal of Research on Adolescence","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.70003","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11771583","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11771583-bf85da2a7478b938.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bf85da2a7478b9386dfee6477d2ab61dd8371177d1fc7b4bbec0f15839ab7b6d","sourceTextSha256":"8b7953c3ac6e49c57e8951df0f361cee27e0a76622b7a06883fa605a4de87d97","sourceXmlSha256":"03efd02b778f1ea624906802cda6c337bdd721c4f3fdc5e9d4a5b2a01daa00d2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"38b6bb5cd14dcf8babcf0d5ac193b3229a342dd75e89fe60b915912472070fd4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62765,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAutonomy support (AS) and psychological control (PC) are important parenting behaviors in adolescence, with low AS and high PC relating to adolescent depression. Studies on observed levels of AS and PC in a clinical sample are lacking. The current study aimed to (1) develop a reliable coding system for parental AS and PC in parent‐adolescent interactions and gain insights into its ecological validity in a healthy control (HC) sample, and (2) disentangle observed and adolescent‐perceived parenting behaviors in relation to adolescent depression. HC adolescents (N = 80, M age = 15.90, 63.7% girls, 91.3% White) and their parents (N = 148, M age = 49.00, 53.4% female, 97.3% White) and adolescents with depression (current MDD/dysthymia; N = 35, M age = 15.60, 77.1% girls, 65.7% White) and their parents (N = 62, M age = 50.13, 56.5% female, 79.0% White) participated in three videotaped dyadic interaction tasks (problem solving, event planning, and reminiscence). Adolescents reported on their parents' behavior and their own positive and negative affect after each task, while observed AS and PC were coded from the videos. Multilevel analyses showed that observed AS and PC, coded with our reliable system, related to adolescent‐perceived parenting (in daily life), confirming ecological validity. Adolescents with depression (vs. HC) had more negative perceptions of parenting, whereas observed AS and PC did not differ, indicating a negativity bias of adolescents with depression. Lastly, observed PC related to a lower affective state in adolescents with depression, but not HC. Parents could be psycho‐educated on the impact of this behavior in a clinical setting.Keywords: adolescent depression, observed and perceived parenting, parental autonomy support and psychological control","authorEntries":[{"name":"Wilma G M Wentholt","type":"Person"},{"name":"E H Alet Meurs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loes H C Janssen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisanne A E M van Houtum","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mirjam C M Wever","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marieke S Tollenaar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lenneke R A Alink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bernet M Elzinga","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjora.70003","publisherEvidenceSha256":"ef7c566a26b49a2367c3a37e7b04cf20e2705d7ae59385d88b01363fd4e6f583","issueOrder":52,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9653793","element":"independence","title":"Parental Autonomy Support and Mental Health among Chinese Adolescents and Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192114029","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9653793/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Two cross-sectional studies","ageRange":"10–17 years and 17–26 years in separate samples","population":"Chinese school students and university-age emerging adults, analyzed as two independent samples.","rationale":"The paper examines autonomy support, self-esteem, and both positive and negative indicators of mental health. The separate age groups allow readers to distinguish adolescent findings from emerging-adult findings.","parentQuestion":"How might autonomy support relate to self-esteem as children move toward adulthood?","readingPrompts":["How did the adolescent and emerging-adult samples differ?","Which mental-health outcomes and self-esteem associations were measured?","Why does cross-sectional mediation not establish a treatment or prevention effect?"],"limitations":"Self-reported cross-sectional data cannot establish causation. Recruitment in northwestern China limits generalizability, and the adolescent and emerging-adult findings should not be merged into one age-specific claim.","id":"PMC9653793","authors":"Chunhua Ma; Yongfeng Ma; Youpeng Wang","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-10-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114029","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9653793","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9653793-ec818351a77572a9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ec818351a77572a98d3c6f3577cad09096a2c23985a6455d7960e9c6458cc068","sourceTextSha256":"898ab9ee8e8e0e6d4ffe9b6d31aebdb6ddde64c2c0457060be57bd33c4a3f4c6","sourceXmlSha256":"fe9916465233b87445dd6ff8e459508bd412d7a440f3c824ced44baafbcf2309","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37321,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Guided by the dual-factor model and self-determination theory, this study explored the relationship between parental autonomy support and mental health (i.e., life satisfaction and emotional problems) in adolescents and emerging adults, with a focus on the mediating role of self-esteem. We conducted two studies among independent samples in China, including 1617 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (Mage =12.79, SD = 1.63; 50.7% girls; Study 1) and 1274 emerging adults aged 17 to 26 years (Mage = 20.31, SD = 1.63; 56.6% women; Study 2). All participants completed a set of self-reported questionnaires. The results of both studies validated our hypothesis; specifically, parental autonomy support was positively associated with life satisfaction, but negatively associated with emotional problems (emotional symptoms in Study 1 and depressive symptoms in Study 2). Meanwhile, self-esteem partially mediated the positive relationship between parental autonomy support and life satisfaction (R2 = 0.33 in Study 1; R2 = 0.38 in Study 2), and partially mediated the negative relationship between parental autonomy support and emotional problems (R2 = 0.16 in Study 1; R2 = 0.42 in Study 2). In summary, this suggests that the common antecedents of positive and negative indicators of mental health addressed in this study are prevalent in adolescents and emerging adults. These findings have important implications for preventive and interventional efforts aimed at mental health problems in both demographics.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chunhua Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yongfeng Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Youpeng Wang","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":53,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10157229","element":"independence","title":"Investigating the effects of autonomy-supportive parenting practices on Italian young adolescent students’ motivation to defend victims of bullying: findings on the mediating roles of reactance, depression, anxiety, and stress","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156807","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10157229/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional school survey","ageRange":"10–14 years","population":"578 students from five middle schools in the Turin metropolitan area, Italy.","rationale":"The study connects supported self-direction with adolescents’ reasons for defending peers. It provides a bridge between independence and prosocial agency while keeping the focus on autonomous motivation.","parentQuestion":"How might supporting a child’s own judgment relate to their willingness to stand up for someone?","readingPrompts":["How did the study distinguish autonomous from externally driven defending motivation?","What role was proposed for reactance?","Why can self-reported motivation not establish actual defending behavior or causality?"],"limitations":"Convenience sampling and child-only reports limit inference. The study was not an intervention and measured reported motivation rather than observed protection of peers.","id":"PMC10157229","authors":"Nathaniel Oliver Iotti; Damiano Menin; Claudio Longobardi; Tomas Jungert","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-04-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156807","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10157229","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10157229-398c3d87c8fec116.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"398c3d87c8fec1167d2110038322df6b158df98fc9998c89c18576c060a9850f","sourceTextSha256":"71c41350731b2609ad8b65746c5840e875f833e4e3696f6381178761bfed1172","sourceXmlSha256":"823ef626c2c9120ab9c5b977a46842d0b074859739442eb909ac41c3236fd962","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30a7018084f1b1f2a90557c344ec3e6b796252c717fdd7b55e89a0a6e615abd6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33838,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study investigated the effect of autonomy-supportive parenting practices on young adolescents’ self-reported motivation to defend victims of bullying, and the possible mediating effects of factors such as reactance, anxiety, depression, and stress.MethodsData were collected from 578 Italian public school students ages 10–14 (Mage = 11.8 years, 52% boys), who completed a survey in their classroom. The survey included self-report measures of parental orientation, motivation to defend victims of bullying, reactance, anxiety, depression, and stress.ResultsWe found that autonomy-supportive parenting had a positive effect on autonomous motivation to defend, and that this effect was weakly mediated by reactance. Moreover, autonomy-supportive parenting had a negative effect on extrinsic motivation to defend, which was partially mediated by reactance. Reactance had a positive direct effect on extrinsic motivation to defend, but results also showed that anxiety, depression, and stress did not mediate the effect of autonomy-supportive parenting on motivation to defend. Additionally, autonomy-supportive parenting appeared to play a protective role, being associated with lower levels of reactance, anxiety, depression, and stress. Finally, gender differences were found in our sample, with extrinsic motivation to defend being more prevalent in boys, and autonomous motivation to defend being more prevalent in girls. Girls also reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress, compared to boys.ConclusionOur findings show that autonomy-supportive parenting practices play a significant role in fostering young adolescents’ motivation to defend victims of bullying, and that they are also linked with lower feelings of reactance, anxiety, depression, and stress. We argue that interventions aimed at contrasting bullying and cyberbullying among youths should seek to involve parents more and promote the adoption of more autonomy-supportive parenting practices, due to their consistently proven beneficial effects.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nathaniel Oliver Iotti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Damiano Menin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claudio Longobardi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tomas Jungert","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":54,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8429619","element":"independence","title":"The Relations of Parental Autonomy Support, Parental Control, and Filial Piety to Chinese Adolescents’ Academic Autonomous Motivation: A Mediation Model","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724675","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8429619/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"Grades 10–11; adolescence","population":"447 valid responses from students in two senior high schools in Fuzhou, China.","rationale":"This study considers autonomy support in a cultural context where family obligation is important. It distinguishes reciprocal family regard from authoritarian obligation when examining academic motivation.","parentQuestion":"Can a teenager develop self-direction while still valuing family responsibilities?","readingPrompts":["How did reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety differ in the measures?","How were behavioral control and psychological control distinguished?","Why does the mediation analysis not establish a causal developmental sequence?"],"limitations":"The one-time questionnaire design cannot establish causality. Results from two schools and a specific cultural setting should not be treated as universal descriptions of Chinese families or all adolescents.","id":"PMC8429619","authors":"Mingchun Guo; Long Wang; Jamin Day; Yanhan Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-08-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724675","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8429619","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8429619-9c0e58dab65ac052.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9c0e58dab65ac052a03d4ed80a58798b020b3e9c1d88286d30b1d8c90f91b562","sourceTextSha256":"a68bb025763884521101bf33c33f990a89d6b844f45a5a4cecd25aa031708554","sourceXmlSha256":"08bba613e72d71eb4b9370f69c5136b2a73014ba5c38a8fbcd44795bf22fcd58","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6b772a78c224539910fc224a3c0be30ef98b0ff919555b49b8591c92d1680347","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30054,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study attempted to examine the mediating role of filial piety in the relationships between parental autonomy support and control and Chinese adolescents’ academic autonomous motivation. A set of questionnaires were administered to 492 adolescent students at two senior high schools in Fuzhou, China. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that reciprocal filial piety (RFP) fully mediated the relationships of parental autonomy support and behavioral control with adolescents’ academic autonomous motivation. RFP did not significantly mediate the relationship between psychological control and academic autonomous motivation. Comparatively, authoritarian filial piety (AFP) did not play a significant mediating role in the relationship between the three parenting dimensions and adolescents’ academic autonomous motivation. The findings provide a new perspective for understanding the relationship between parenting behaviors and Chinese adolescents’ academic autonomous motivation.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mingchun Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Long Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jamin Day","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yanhan Chen","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":55,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6059379","element":"independence","title":"Effectiveness of Universal Self-regulation–Based Interventions in Children and Adolescents","doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0232","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6059379/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6059379/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","ageRange":"Children and adolescents aged 0–19 years across included trials","population":"49 randomized trials evaluating 50 universal self-regulation interventions in varied settings.","rationale":"Self-regulation is a practical developmental capacity underlying increasing independence. This review provides intervention evidence while distinguishing parenting and family programs from the other intervention types pooled in the review.","parentQuestion":"What does intervention research say about helping children practice self-regulation?","readingPrompts":["Which intervention categories included parents or families?","How were self-regulation and later health or social outcomes assessed?","Why should pooled results across different intervention types not be attributed to parenting alone?"],"limitations":"Measures and interventions were heterogeneous, the search was limited to published English-language studies, and many studies were from the United States. The pooled effect is not a test of TRICK or of autonomy-supportive parenting alone.","id":"PMC6059379","authors":"Anuja Pandey; Daniel Hale; Shikta Das; Anne-Lise Goddings; Sarah-Jayne Blakemore; Russell M Viner","journal":"JAMA Pediatrics","publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","publishedDate":"2018-06-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0232","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6059379","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6059379-2cf78a1ef3f83c54.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2cf78a1ef3f83c54b80f3150a5d3b2d71aa1df7499395a8f1cf6cf89f809656c","sourceTextSha256":"0dccfd009357f59f00d36c59eafab9a658b2831602087eb8b0ab9ce498a5e77e","sourceXmlSha256":"ebd3b40d96470e6e0d30e0fb06133af2d30a7376938895dfd4fc079eda683a79","rightsEvidenceSha256":"964b89c9ed369e90aad2bc4052424f54f4f9b9679cd32963f7da9319ec6fc668","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Comment in","identifier":"29710291","identifierType":"MED"}],"sourceCharacters":31810,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Key PointsQuestionWhat is the effectiveness of universal self-regulation–based interventions to improve self-regulation and affect health and social outcomes in children and adolescents?FindingsThis systematic review and meta-analysis of 49 randomized clinical trials evaluating 50 self-regulation interventions found that these interventions were effective in children and adolescents. Positive outcomes on health and social measures such as academic achievement, social skills, mental health, behavioral problems, conduct disorders, school suspensions, and substance abuse was also reported.MeaningSelf-regulation interventions can be effective in children and adolescents with possible benefits in health and social outcomes.\n\nThis systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the effectiveness and outcomes of interventions to improve self-regulation in children and adolescents.\n\nAbstractImportanceChildhood and adolescence self-regulation (SR) is gaining importance as a target of intervention because of mounting evidence of its positive associations with health, social and educational outcomes.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of rigorously evaluated interventions to improve self-regulation in children and adolescents.Data SourcesKeyword searches of the PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, ERIC, British Education Index, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, and CENTRAL were used to identify all studies published through July 2016.Study SelectionTo be eligible for this review, studies had to report cluster randomized trials or randomized clinical trials, evaluate universal interventions designed to improve self-regulation in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years, include outcomes associated with self-regulation skills, and be published in a peer-reviewed journal with the full text available in English.Data Extraction and SynthesisA total of 14 369 published records were screened, of which 147 were identified for full-text review and 49 studies reporting 50 interventions were included in the final review. Results were summarized by narrative review and meta-analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-regulation outcomes in children and adolescents.ResultsThis review identified 17 cluster randomized trials and 32 randomized clinical trials evaluating self-regulation interventions, which included a total of 23 098 participants ranging in age from 2 to 17 years (median age, 6.0 years). Consistent improvement in self-regulation was reported in 16 of 21 curriculum-based interventions (76%), 4 of the 8 mindfulness and yoga interventions (50%), 5 of 9 family-based programs (56%), 4 of 6 exercise-based programs (67%), and 4 of 6 social and personal skills interventions (67%), or a total of 33 of 50 interventions (66%). A meta-analysis evaluating associations of interventions with self-regulation task performance scores showed a positive effect of such interventions with pooled effect size of 0.42 (95% CI, 0.32-0.53). Only 24 studies reported data on distal outcomes (29 outcomes). Positive associations were reported in 11 of 13 studies (85%) on academic achievement, 4 of 5 studies on substance abuse (80%), and in all studies reporting on conduct disorders (n = 3), studies on social skills (n = 2), studies on depression (n = 2), studies on behavioral problems (n = 2), and study on school suspensions (n = 1). No effect was seen on 2 studies reporting on academic achievement, 1 study reporting on substance abuse, and 1 additional study reporting on psychological well-being.Conclusions and RelevanceA wide range of interventions were successful in improving self-regulation in children and adolescents. There was improvement in distal academic, health, and behavioral outcomes in most intervention groups compared with controls.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anuja Pandey","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Hale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shikta Das","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne-Lise Goddings","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah-Jayne Blakemore","type":"Person"},{"name":"Russell M Viner","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2018.0232","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b48bb79303514216b58c1f401770684f217e6bdd7509fed20ed8a8d42950d364","issueOrder":56,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8380233","element":"independence","title":"The Impact of Academic Achievement and Parental Practices on Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Chinese Adolescents","doi":"10.1007/s10802-021-00826-9","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8380233/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Four-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Early adolescence; mean age 13 at baseline","population":"2,576 students recruited from urban, suburban, and rural middle schools in central China.","rationale":"The study follows differing trajectories of depressive symptoms rather than assuming that every adolescent develops in the same way. It examines autonomy support and psychological control alongside academic achievement.","parentQuestion":"How can I think about autonomy support without treating grades as the sole sign that a teenager is doing well?","readingPrompts":["What different symptom trajectories were identified?","How were autonomy support, psychological control, and educational involvement related to trajectory membership?","Why are trajectory associations not proof that parenting caused or prevented depression?"],"limitations":"The observational, self-report design cannot establish causation. Latent trajectory groups are analytical summaries, not diagnoses or predictions for an individual adolescent.","id":"PMC8380233","authors":"Xingna Qin; Tessa Kaufman; Lydia Laninga-Wijnen; Ping Ren; Yunyun Zhang; René Veenstra","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2021-05-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00826-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8380233","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8380233-dcdc445def5546d6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"dcdc445def5546d60c74456a98a0b29e15fd3c2ed676539e285886a1f1e53948","sourceTextSha256":"fad2055c1d233473ce8c46e8bb10a573f6c3b1bda95fc2a71c8544a7ba7f7e7f","sourceXmlSha256":"aad6d7c9b77532d9eaf76f2154b4a2a540364b526a8aa14f4f9014aff628c57d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0268028c31e81fec11d8289f7b33de5645930228287d578cc4cd686bf6db0e6f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51171,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Though depressive symptoms tend to increase in early adolescence, the trajectories of these symptoms may vary strongly. This longitudinal study investigated the extent to which the distinct developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms were predicted by adolescents' academic achievement and perceived parental practices in a sample of Chinese young adolescents (N = 2,576). The results showed four trajectory profiles of depressive symptoms: low-stable (75%), low-increasing (11%), high-stable (9%), and high-decreasing (5%). Adolescents with high academic achievement were more likely to be classified into the low-stable, low-increasing, and high-decreasing profiles than into the high-stable depressive symptom profile. Moreover, students who perceived greater parental autonomy support were more likely to be in the low-stable and low-increasing profiles than the high-stable profile, whereas adolescents perceiving more parental psychological control had higher odds of being in the low-increasing rather than the low-stable profile. Parental educational involvement was unrelated to students' depressive symptom trajectories. In sum, Chinese adolescents with higher academic achievement and who perceived more parental autonomy support, and less psychological control, were at lower risk of experiencing depressive symptoms.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-021-00826-9.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xingna Qin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tessa Kaufman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lydia Laninga-Wijnen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ping Ren","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yunyun Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"René Veenstra","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-021-00826-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"46b122918230dc7e85b8d87026e4641cff75aa1467cdd066f57e7e07b377efd2","issueOrder":57,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12394331","element":"independence","title":"Family-Centered Prevention Attenuates the Association Between Structural Racism Risk and Black Adolescents’ Low Self-regulation and Externalizing Behaviors: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","doi":"10.1007/s11121-025-01828-5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12394331/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Secondary analysis of a randomized prevention trial","ageRange":"Early adolescence; mean age approximately 11.6 years at baseline","population":"472 Black young people and caregivers in a Strong African American Families prevention trial.","rationale":"Family-centered prevention is considered within the context of structural racism, not as a substitute for addressing that context. The paper connects supported self-regulation with social conditions and culturally grounded family strengths.","parentQuestion":"How can family support for self-regulation be understood alongside structural barriers faced by children?","readingPrompts":["How was structural racism operationalized using place-based indicators?","Which buffering paths were supported and which were not?","What distinguishes randomized program assignment from a secondary mediation analysis?"],"limitations":"This was a secondary analysis using a particular place-based racism measure and some project-developed outcome items. Not all buffering paths were significant, and findings do not show that family actions remove structural racism.","id":"PMC12394331","authors":"Steven M Kogan; Ava J Reck; Biplav Tiwari; Janani Rajbhandari Thapha; Sierra Carter; Assaf Oshri; Kalsea Koss; Sun Joo Ahn; Steven Beach; Sycarah Fisher; Emilie Smith; Linhao Zhang","journal":"Prevention Science","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-07-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-025-01828-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12394331","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12394331-6b1a50a74c72a633.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6b1a50a74c72a633b359a3cd4fbfe4737e0565ad83b6b55aca623a1d604e1fbe","sourceTextSha256":"58ba1be3742b343fa11e214623dc07ac172b37b207dd827b036de8146103e249","sourceXmlSha256":"1666a8d62e7ddbcf3ab18d7d23611ae93322e6a1cd36a5395e20fe013ce8e0d6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"19f5d0531ec906a2de2a3db50151d28e4aa926844e8212801e9574594eb830c0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36039,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractConverging evidence underscores the influence of structural racism on the emergence of externalizing behaviors among Black youth. Recent studies suggest that family-centered prevention may attenuate some of the effects of structural racism on youth mental health. Hypotheses were tested regarding the potential of the Strong African American Families (SAAF) preventive intervention (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03590132) to (a) attenuate the influence of structural racism on low self-regulation, (b) attenuate the influence of low self-regulation on externalizing behaviors, and (c) disrupt the pathway from structural racism to externalizing behaviors via low self-regulation. Hypotheses were tested with data from 472 Black youth (mean age = 11.61 at pre-test) and their caregivers participating in a randomized prevention trial. Structural racism was indexed according to a cumulative risk model based on census-level indicators of Black-White disparities in labor force participation, housing, educational attainment, poverty, and a measure of racial segregation. Consistent with hypotheses, we found that SAAF buffered the influence of structural racism risk on low self-regulation. A significant buffering effect was not detected on the path from low self-regulation to externalizing behaviors. Conditional indirect effect analysis suggested that attending SAAF disrupted the pathway linking structural racism to externalizing behaviors via low self-regulation. Study findings underscore the potential benefits of widespread dissemination of family-centered prevention targeting evidence-based protective processes designed for Black youth. Clinical Trial: Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03590132, July 5, 2018.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11121-025-01828-5.Keywords: Structural racism, Evidence-based prevention, Family-centered intervention, Externalizing problems","authorEntries":[{"name":"Steven M Kogan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ava J Reck","type":"Person"},{"name":"Biplav Tiwari","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janani Rajbhandari Thapha","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sierra Carter","type":"Person"},{"name":"Assaf Oshri","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kalsea Koss","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sun Joo Ahn","type":"Person"},{"name":"Steven Beach","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sycarah Fisher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emilie Smith","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linhao Zhang","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs11121-025-01828-5","publisherEvidenceSha256":"d7b8b486a695bc436e7b97f6b8e17fce81262eed4cd7abad2b7c21e0e68ffec1","issueOrder":58,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11693840","element":"independence","title":"An early parenting intervention focused on enriched parent–child interactions improves effortful control in the early years of school","doi":"10.1111/cdev.14166","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11693840/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Long-term follow-up of a cluster-randomized parenting intervention","ageRange":"Toddlers aged 12–36 months at recruitment; effortful control assessed around 7.5 years","population":"Families experiencing social disadvantage in Victoria, Australia, originally recruited to the smalltalk trial.","rationale":"The smalltalk study links early supported interaction with later effortful control. It makes guided participation, rather than premature independence, a concrete topic for parents of young children.","parentQuestion":"How might staying with and extending a toddler’s focus support later self-regulation?","readingPrompts":["How did standard playgroup, smalltalk, and smalltalk plus home coaching differ?","Which proposed mediating pathways were supported and which were not?","What limits apply to interpreting long-term mediation and follow-up data?"],"limitations":"The intervention was a structured package, not an isolated autonomy technique. Long-term mediation is not itself randomized, and attrition, informant measures, and the specific service setting constrain generalization.","id":"PMC11693840","authors":"C. Bennett; E. M. Westrupp; S. K. Bennetts; J. Love; N. J. Hackworth; D. Berthelsen; J. M. Nicholson","journal":"Child Development","publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","publishedDate":"2024-10-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14166","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11693840","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11693840-71e9160363d8ba52.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"71e9160363d8ba52af622429dc9fa3860b415a35290913c53b29fd58934b39a3","sourceTextSha256":"f0ff5319953d020ad780389483a423d5b006e8cf6e1296e7eb2aebae75245fc5","sourceXmlSha256":"3f5985c2b65f2824f12cd1b66a4db394e6dc14a06b6077f6c4a625d1c41f000c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5abbe0474d9016c7ff410d246897430f96d9d9dd37224fa36757753452e4de35","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59914,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined long‐term mediating effects of the smalltalk parenting intervention on children's effortful control at school age (7.5 years; 2016–2018). In 2010–2012, parents (96% female) of toddlers (N = 1201; aged 12–36 months; 52% female) were randomly assigned to either: standard playgroup, smalltalk playgroup (group‐only), or smalltalk playgroup with additional home coaching (smalltalk plus). Multi‐informant data indicated that smalltalk plus had unique indirect effects on children's effortful control, through parents' capacity to ‘maintain and extend’ children's focus during joint interactions. Possible mediating pathways via parent verbal responsivity, home learning activities, and descriptive language use were not supported. When parents received a structured playgroup program with additional home coaching, sustainable benefits were evident in children's self‐regulation, assessed in the early school years.","authorEntries":[{"name":"C. Bennett","type":"Person"},{"name":"E. M. Westrupp","type":"Person"},{"name":"S. K. Bennetts","type":"Person"},{"name":"J. Love","type":"Person"},{"name":"N. J. Hackworth","type":"Person"},{"name":"D. Berthelsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"J. M. Nicholson","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fcdev.14166","publisherEvidenceSha256":"176e5478b4e384f2ae8c129e1895f995243bd09bde42bf59f7aec96014ec7f5f","issueOrder":59,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9423012","element":"independence","title":"Parental autonomy support and future-oriented coping among high school students: Serial mediation of future time perspective and meaning in life","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895003","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9423012/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9423012/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"15–18 years","population":"707 students from one high school in Guizhou, China.","rationale":"This study examines supported self-direction in relation to thinking ahead and making meaning. It offers questions for discussing future plans without presuming a causal effect.","parentQuestion":"How can I talk about future plans while letting my teenager develop their own reasons?","readingPrompts":["How was future-oriented coping defined?","What associations involved future time perspective and meaning in life?","What alternative causal directions could a longitudinal study examine?"],"limitations":"A single-school, cross-sectional questionnaire study cannot establish causal order or an effective parenting intervention.","id":"PMC9423012","authors":"Lianping Zeng; Xia Peng; Xiaoye Zeng; Hui Wang; Shifei Xiao; Yan Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-08-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895003","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9423012","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9423012-d70d09b7079c6126.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d70d09b7079c61267bdd95ce677382a4205f481aee92f99ecdb19efd59c1fe23","sourceTextSha256":"047e872c3678f17e4ab58d851a157b0520fa721bced70cf7c227f775393d4bd7","sourceXmlSha256":"d2658be31211b79e7fb8fbcd1beeaaf72aee1accb55999fd9a7443852b10f7c9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0bd9562108cdc72e0b945bc429f52c8db4a924ae3263713401744d6c94f2c54b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28373,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractGuided by the ecosystem theory, this study aimed to explore the association between parental autonomy support and future-oriented coping of high school students, as well as the mediating effects of future time perspective and meaning in life in this relationship. A total of 707 Chinese high school students were involved in a paper questionnaire survey and data analysis. It was found that (1) parental autonomy support was significantly positively related to future-oriented coping. (2) Mediation analyses demonstrated that parental autonomy support directly affects future-oriented coping; parental autonomy support indirectly affects future-oriented coping through separate mediation and serial mediation of future time perspective and meaning in life. These findings have important implications for the improvement of future-oriented coping abilities of high school students.Keywords: parental autonomy support, future time perspective, meaning in life, future-oriented coping, high school students","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lianping Zeng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xia Peng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoye Zeng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hui Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shifei Xiao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Chen","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":60,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9407961","element":"collaboration","title":"The Association between Coparenting Behavior and Internalizing/Externalizing Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/ijerph191610346","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9407961/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Meta-analysis","ageRange":"Children and adolescents; age ranges vary across studies","population":"93 studies involving 41,207 participants across coparenting research.","rationale":"The review examines cooperation, conflict, competition, and triangulation between caregivers. It provides a broad foundation for considering collaboration as a family relationship rather than simple agreement on every decision.","parentQuestion":"How might the way caregivers work together relate to children’s adjustment?","readingPrompts":["Which dimensions of coparenting were combined or separated?","How did reporter and developmental stage affect associations?","Why should the small pooled correlations not be read as causal effects?"],"limitations":"The synthesis largely concerns associations and uses varying coparenting definitions. Classification differences and reporter effects limit interpretation; it does not establish that a particular coparenting action causes a child outcome.","id":"PMC9407961","authors":"Fengqing Zhao; Haomeng Wu; Yixuan Li; Huifang Zhang; Jie Hou; Alessandra Simonelli; Chiara Sacchi","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-08-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610346","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9407961","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9407961-33b916efd956450c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"33b916efd956450cc1374cedeb7ddf9f95e0b23beb3e76dc085f385c2946500a","sourceTextSha256":"5d9037f5b8e8103ed2ca885ec587fbd0de166f72f4c48e457ded26dedee14494","sourceXmlSha256":"f4ed69910d01f93f4d2df1861d9dd7ba8a9422bb1bcdff1ab47118bff0600925","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48763,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study aimed to determine the association between coparenting behavior and children’s externalizing and internalizing problems and possible factors that may moderate their associations. A meta-analysis of 93 studies involving 41,207 participants found that coparenting behavior was slightly and significantly related to externalizing problems, r = −0.17, 95% CI [−0.194, −0.15], and internalizing problems, r = −0.16, 95% CI [−0.18, −0.14]. In addition, coparenting integrity, cooperation, conflict, competitiveness, and triangulation were significantly related to externalizing and internalizing problems. Moderation analyses revealed the following findings: (a) data reporter moderated the association between coparenting and internalizing problems, with children-report coparenting showing a significantly stronger relation with internalizing symptom than father-report coparenting; (b) developmental stage was found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing problems, with stronger association found in childhood than in toddlerhood; (c) female percentage, individualism–collectivism culture, research methods, and publication year were not found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing or internalizing problems. These findings help summarize the previous studies and provide an empirical basis for the relation between coparenting and child externalizing/internalizing problems, and benefits targeted interventions towards coparenting behaviors.Keywords: coparenting, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, meta-analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Fengqing Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haomeng Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yixuan Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huifang Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jie Hou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Simonelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chiara Sacchi","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":61,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9124006","element":"collaboration","title":"Engaging women and men in the gender-synchronised, community-based Mbereko+Men intervention to improve maternal mental health and perinatal care-seeking in Manicaland, Zimbabwe: A cluster-randomised controlled pragmatic trial","doi":"10.7189/jogh.12.04042","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9124006/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cluster-randomized pragmatic trial","ageRange":"Pregnancy and the first 0–6 months after childbirth","population":"Women and male coparents in eight rural health-facility catchments in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe.","rationale":"The Mbereko+Men program directly examines shared support and more equitable decision-making during early parenthood. Its community setting adds evidence beyond affluent Western parenting samples.","parentQuestion":"What can caregivers learn about sharing support and decisions during the transition to parenthood?","readingPrompts":["What complementary activities were offered to women and men?","How were maternal mental health, care-seeking, and supportive behaviors assessed?","What do eight clusters, lack of masking, and before-and-after survey samples mean for interpretation?"],"limitations":"The trial had only eight clusters and no masking, and used repeated cross-sectional surveys rather than following identical participants. Effects concern a specific community program and setting, not any single collaborative behavior.","id":"PMC9124006","authors":"Liz Comrie-Thomson; Karen Webb; Diana Patel; Precious Wata; Zivanai Kapamurandu; Angela Mushavi; Mary-Ann Nicholas; Paul A Agius; Jessica Davis; Stanley Luchters","journal":"Journal of Global Health","publisher":"International Society for Global Health","publishedDate":"2022-05-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04042","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9124006","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9124006-9fc3485c731f9635.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9fc3485c731f96356bfbdc4c11e334917c4aa6a2619d10a5612ee85d66df75c1","sourceTextSha256":"10c2ffc3b3a1eb0f9a0611c5b905d74cd5bdbe403096c6252c6309417cb2ba16","sourceXmlSha256":"2bfbf7e8efb61730671cb928ed48ec4c2d97789ce5972cf3a8bff76bcd801d15","rightsEvidenceSha256":"afb792a7b2d7f28044c516c3840a40ff1b0266ea4bbaf37799d88327bc3c3c99","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36633,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundMaternal mental morbidity and low perinatal health service utilisation in resource-constrained settings contribute substantially to the global burden of poor maternal, newborn, and child health. The community-based Mbereko+Men program in rural Zimbabwe engaged women and men in complementary activities to improve men’s support for women and babies, coparents’ equitable, informed health decision-making, and ultimately, maternal mental health and care-seeking for maternal and newborn health services. The study aimed to test the effectiveness of the Mbereko+Men program on maternal mental health at 0-6 months after childbirth.MethodsWe conducted a cluster-randomised controlled pragmatic trial using a two-arm parallel design with four clusters per arm. Data was data collected through cross-sectional surveys before and after the implementation of the intervention or standard care. Rural health facility catchments in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe, were randomised using a true random number sequence. Survey participants were women who had given birth within 0-6 months and their male coparents. The primary outcome was women’s mean Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score. Secondary outcomes captured care-seeking, men’s supportive behaviours, and gender dynamics in coparent relationships. Masking was not used. All clusters were included in the analysis. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620001014943) in October 2020.ResultsBetween April 13 and May 20, 2016, 457 women and 242 men participated in the pre-intervention survey; between October 19 and November 30, 2017, 433 women and 273 men participated in the post-intervention survey. Women’s mean EPDS scores declined in both arms. The decline was 34% greater in the intervention arm (adjusted risk ratio = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.48, 0.90, P = 0.008). Improvements in care-seeking, men’s support, and coparents’ relationships were detected.ConclusionsA low-intensity gender-synchronised intervention engaged women and men to improve maternal mental health and care-seeking in a setting characterised by gender inequality and demand-side barriers to care.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Liz Comrie-Thomson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen Webb","type":"Person"},{"name":"Diana Patel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Precious Wata","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zivanai Kapamurandu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angela Mushavi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary-Ann Nicholas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul A Agius","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica Davis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stanley Luchters","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":62,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10018613","element":"collaboration","title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of the Family Check-Up Online to Improve Parent Mental Health and Family Functioning in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial","doi":"10.1007/s10935-023-00727-1","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10018613/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized clinical trial","ageRange":"Parents of children aged 10–14 years","population":"161 primary caregivers in a United States Pacific Northwest sample during the COVID-19 pandemic.","rationale":"This trial examines an online family-centered program with coaching and includes coparenting and family-relational outcomes. It connects collaboration with accessible support rather than expecting families to manage alone.","parentQuestion":"Can a coached online family program help caregivers work together during sustained stress?","readingPrompts":["How did the web application and coaching work together?","Which parent and family outcomes changed at two months?","Which youth outcomes were not yet tested in this report?"],"limitations":"The report used a short follow-up and a predominantly White, educated, mother-participant sample. It did not evaluate youth functioning outcomes in the current analyses or isolate coaching from the program package.","id":"PMC10018613","authors":"Arin M Connell; Elizabeth A Stormshak","journal":"Journal of Prevention (2022)","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-03-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-023-00727-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10018613","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10018613-9ed49c06a5644832.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9ed49c06a56448321a72dccb8aec2b634ecc69ad4613165d42ae2ade66320dc0","sourceTextSha256":"85c6b95c95c9017a9145c8739abc08c72af453bebe179d51851c5e58a1beb9cc","sourceXmlSha256":"ec2b048b021f55170dabf39fd7b79663ff87b150b99def7c221c6e4cd26e654b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3d1626e697843e3c6796af3e31c7d8956bdf7e512e3666a6a8641b2f4a34ca86","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35233,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of an enhanced version of the Family Check-Up Online (FCU-O), adapted to address parent and family functioning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to increase accessibility, the FCU-O was delivered as a web-based application coupled with online coaching support, a service delivery model that is consistent with pandemic-related limitations for in-person intervention, as well as the limited staffing and resources available in many schools and health care settings despite the increased need for mental health services driven by the pandemic. This registered clinical trial (blinded) tested the effects of the intervention on parental mental health, parenting behaviors, and family functioning from pre-treatment to 2-month follow-up. Families were randomly assigned to receive the FCU-O (N = 74) or to a wait-list control condition (N = 87). Random assignment to the FCU-O was associated with significant improvements in parental well-being, including reduced anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. Further, the FCU-O predicted significant improvements in adaptive parenting skills (e.g. less negative/coercive parenting, greater proactive parenting), and enhancements in family-relational functioning (e.g. improved coparenting). Effect sizes were small to moderate in magnitude (partial eta squared values between 0.03 and 0.11). The results indicate that online delivery of a family-centered intervention may represent a promising approach for addressing pandemic-related impacts on parent and family functioning.Keywords: Family Intervention, Parenting, COVID-19 pandemic, Remote intervention","authorEntries":[{"name":"Arin M Connell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth A Stormshak","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10935-023-00727-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"5e4a5479d19a1f7971857e329adbbd436bb61dc3b57a2c10bb5c749aa431136c","issueOrder":63,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11688581","element":"collaboration","title":"Effects of a Smartphone-Based Breastfeeding Coparenting Intervention Program on Breastfeeding-Related Outcomes in Couples During First Pregnancy: Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.2196/51566","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11688581/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Late pregnancy through six months postpartum","population":"96 first-pregnancy couples recruited at one hospital in central China; 79 completed follow-up.","rationale":"New-parent feeding support is studied as a shared caregiving task, including classes, a fathers’ support group, and counseling. The paper provides a concrete example of collaboration during infancy.","parentQuestion":"How can coparents share practical support during infant feeding?","readingPrompts":["What were the intervention components beyond the smartphone platform?","Which coparenting and parental-competence outcomes were measured?","How do attrition, a single hospital, and six-month follow-up limit conclusions?"],"limitations":"The intervention was multicomponent and the sample was predominantly urban with internet access. Findings do not establish universal feeding recommendations or replace individualized infant-feeding care.","id":"PMC11688581","authors":"Yi-Yan Huang; Rong Wang; Wei-Peng Huang; Tian Wu; Shi-Yun Wang; Sharon R Redding; Yan-Qiong Ouyang; Andrew Coristine; Jennifer Abbass-Dick; Roya Kelishadi","journal":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2024-12-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/51566","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11688581","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11688581-abb0013b797c2c18.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"abb0013b797c2c18c9722fa0910a00ac955314e257e4226937f2645971a08fdb","sourceTextSha256":"8e20564e1e5d2e8f4bb788849da09cac4a90f89ce2a37e5d730fd04a147fd6d7","sourceXmlSha256":"40b51e6c4e4981443cd1e03cf7b50a192b1e96aa261de1314f088938568bad81","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13317342c1c003a90a87b0c728c94c8050d5e8c9ec723f196914172596a777fc","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30769,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundA low breastfeeding rate causes an increased health care burden and negative health outcomes for individuals and society. Coparenting is an essential tactic for encouraging breastfeeding when raising a child. The efficacy of the coparenting interventions in enhancing breastfeeding-related outcomes is controversial.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the effects of coparenting interventions on exclusive breastfeeding rates, exclusive breastfeeding duration, breastfeeding knowledge, parenting sense of competence, coparenting relationships, depressive symptoms in new couples at 1 and 6 months post partum, and the BMI of infants 42 days post partum.MethodsThis was a randomized, single-blinded controlled clinical trial. Eligible couples in late pregnancy in a hospital in central China were randomly assigned to 2 groups. While couples in the control group received general care, couples in the intervention group had access to parenting classes, a fathers’ support group, and individual counseling. Data were collected at baseline (T0), 1 month post partum (T1), and 6 months post partum (T2). Data on exclusive breastfeeding rate and exclusive breastfeeding duration were analyzed using the chi-square, Fisher exact, or Mann-Whitney U tests; coparenting relationships and the infant’s BMI were analyzed using an independent samples t test; and breastfeeding knowledge, parenting sense of competence, and depressive symptoms were analyzed using a generalized estimation equation.ResultsA total of 96 couples were recruited, and 79 couples completed the study. The intervention group exhibited significantly higher exclusive breastfeeding rates at T1 (90% vs 65%, P=.02) and T2 (43.6% vs 22.5%, P=.02), compared with the control group. Exclusive breastfeeding duration was extended in the intervention group than in the control group at T1 (30, range 30-30 days vs 30, range 26.5-30 days; P=.01) and T2 (108, range 60-180 days vs 89, range 28-149.3 days; P<.05). The intervention group exhibited greater improvements in maternal breastfeeding knowledge (β=.07, 95% CI 0.006-0.13; P=.03) and maternal parenting sense of competence (β=5.49, 95% CI 2.09-8.87; P<.01) at T1, enhanced coparenting relationships at T1 (P<.001) and T2 (P=.02), paternal breastfeeding knowledge at T2 (β=.25, 95% CI 0.15-0.35, P<.001), paternal parenting sense of competence at T1 (β=5.35, 95% CI 2.23-8.47, P<.01), and reduced paternal depressive symptoms at T2 (β=.25, 95% CI 0.15-0.35, P<.001), and there was a rise in infants’ BMI at 42 days post partum (β=.33, 95% CI 0.01-0.64, P=.04).ConclusionsAn evidence-based breastfeeding coparenting intervention is effective in improving exclusive breastfeeding rate, prolonging exclusive breastfeeding duration within the initial 6 months post partum, enhancing parental breastfeeding knowledge, levels of parenting sense of competence and coparenting relationship, infant’s BMI, and reducing paternal depressive symptoms.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300069648; https://tinyurl.com/2p8st2p8Keywords: breastfeeding, co-parenting, randomized controlled, child, efficacy, depressive symptoms","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yi-Yan Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rong Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wei-Peng Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tian Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shi-Yun Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sharon R Redding","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan-Qiong Ouyang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrew Coristine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Abbass-Dick","type":"Person"},{"name":"Roya Kelishadi","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":64,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11045639","element":"collaboration","title":"Parenting, Coparenting, and Adolescents’ Sense of Autonomy and Belonging After Divorce","doi":"10.1007/s10964-024-01963-2","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11045639/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"11–18 years","population":"Dutch adolescents and divorced parents from 146 families.","rationale":"This study examines caregiver cooperation and conflict after divorce alongside adolescent autonomy and belonging. It represents family structures often absent from studies focused on intact couples.","parentQuestion":"How can separated caregivers think about cooperation while taking a teenager’s sense of belonging seriously?","readingPrompts":["How were coparenting cooperation and conflict distinguished from parenting warmth?","What between-family associations appeared?","What did the absence of within-family lagged effects mean?"],"limitations":"No significant within-family effects showed that changes in coparenting predicted changes in autonomy or belonging. Self-reports and limited father reporting restrict causal and family-specific conclusions.","id":"PMC11045639","authors":"Zoë Rejaän; Inge van der Valk; Wendy Schrama; Susan Branje","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-03-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01963-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11045639","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11045639-106017f3bb5e6532.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"106017f3bb5e6532c27bbbf85121fe4e81414d103d0f255afcc30eee48f15fdb","sourceTextSha256":"7a141ba4eb28e33e1823b962d1df7b89f907893f397d37694232466da8ea3060","sourceXmlSha256":"b4e0601e99868a3150b519c143c6ca646816d563ba96c160670c97519fc4c0da","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b4449ef81043e8cc511aa95d81bb6257a937ee4baf2538fe38fe5c904c624c0a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57831,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Although there is ample evidence on the importance of experiencing autonomy and belonging for positive adolescent development and the supporting role of parents in this regard, most knowledge stems from intact families. As many youth grow up with divorced parents, this study tested longitudinal links between warm and autonomy supportive parenting and coparental cooperation and conflict on the one hand, and adolescents’ post-divorce autonomy and belonging on the other. Data consisted of three-wave self-report data of 191 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.36, 61.3% girls) and 227 divorced parents (Mage = 46.08, 74% mothers). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models showed stable between-family differences, with autonomy relating positively to coparenting and parental autonomy support, and belongingness associating positively solely with parenting. No significant effects were found within families, meaning that changes in (co)parental behaviors did not predict adolescents’ experiences of autonomy and belonging or vice versa.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zoë Rejaän","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inge van der Valk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wendy Schrama","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Branje","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-024-01963-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"fe050e08a68404ead6d6eba3d23859fdc6795dffcc5a4061da41775ca3b9f9d2","issueOrder":65,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8899392","element":"collaboration","title":"Resident and Non-resident Father Involvement, Coparenting, and the Development of Children’s Self-Regulation Among Families Facing Economic Hardship","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785376","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8899392/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8899392/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Approximately 2–4 years initially and 3–6 years at follow-up","population":"257 fathers and families facing economic hardship in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio.","rationale":"This study includes resident and nonresident fathers and examines supportive coparenting alongside observed child self-regulation. It broadens collaboration beyond a single household arrangement.","parentQuestion":"How can caregivers coordinate support when a child’s father lives in another household?","readingPrompts":["How did the associations differ for resident and nonresident fathers?","How were child self-regulation and father involvement assessed?","What do the observational design and subgroup comparisons leave unresolved?"],"limitations":"The design establishes associations, not randomized effects. Father reports and subgroup differences should not be treated as prescriptions for all family arrangements.","id":"PMC8899392","authors":"Lauren E Altenburger","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-02-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785376","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8899392","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8899392-7744680b2a385f3d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7744680b2a385f3d54b86b7426ed756d196b5d065b7f03b34c446e9d25f5aa5b","sourceTextSha256":"a35875242c9fac86e24bba798f91436a402fcbc3338d4da089222a218fc3592c","sourceXmlSha256":"419b478117e7e58617b584aff35ee2b7dffdd8682c08725422e443b4e4502f2a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"189cb47b95b26b2fc0894a50508155629d53683db689bdd2412f9d64a7b4711f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":60730,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSelf-regulation, or the ability to effectively manage emotions and behavior, is a critical skill to develop in early childhood. Children living in a context of economic hardship are at an increased risk for developing self-regulation difficulties. However, few studies have comprehensively examined how multiple aspects of the caregiving environment, including fathers’ parenting and coparenting quality, may contribute to child self-regulation. Thus, this study applied a family systems perspective to examine whether coparenting and resident and non-resident fathers’ reports of parenting quantity and quality were associated with observations of children’s self-regulation. Participants were drawn from the Embedded Developmental Study (n = 257) of the Three-City Study, a longitudinal study of children and families facing economic hardship. At Wave 1, when children were 2–4 years old, reports of parenting (i.e., quantity and quality) and coparenting (i.e., support) were obtained. At Wave 2, when children were 3–6 years old, children participated in a snack delay and gift wrap task, which assessed their self-regulation. Multi-group path analyses indicated that resident fathers’ harsh parenting at Wave 1 predicted decreased levels of self-regulation at Wave 2. Non-resident fathers’ reported hours of involvement at Wave 1 predicted greater levels of self-regulation at Wave 2. Additionally, supportive coparenting among families with a non-resident father predicted greater self-regulation. Supportive coparenting was not associated with child self-regulation in families with a resident father. The implications for research focused on facilitating positive father–child relationships in diverse family contexts are discussed.Keywords: father involvement, parenting, self-regulation, coparenting, non-resident fathers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lauren E Altenburger","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":66,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8666708","element":"collaboration","title":"Coparenting and Parental Involvement During School Transition Among Chinese Mothers and Fathers: Children’s School Liking as a Moderator","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769416","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8666708/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Two-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Kindergarten to first year of primary school; approximately 5–6 years","population":"324 children and parents from ten Hong Kong kindergartens.","rationale":"The transition to school creates new opportunities for caregivers to coordinate home and school involvement. The study considers both parents and the child’s own school liking.","parentQuestion":"How can caregivers coordinate their support when a child starts primary school?","readingPrompts":["How were cooperation, triangulation, and home-versus-school involvement measured?","How did the child’s school liking moderate associations?","Why should differences between mothers and fathers not be reduced to a universal rule?"],"limitations":"Parent-reported, observational associations varied by child school liking and parent. The study does not show that triangulation is beneficial or that any single cooperation strategy causes greater involvement.","id":"PMC8666708","authors":"Sisi Tao; Eva Yi Hung Lau","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-11-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769416","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8666708","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8666708-e3873bf617913ffa.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e3873bf617913ffa77a3025b46f82e83c47d491b039855cead4dca353df8a9c0","sourceTextSha256":"183ea5a89a591f07c40db4f8ce409bfd828938fa975331e88b5a56374eadbf8e","sourceXmlSha256":"58dde50723be65d5fd5b9b98eb9e3a496c6ca7445e3269b16f86e180cb00e77f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f1ff84f31784e960d2b71a2b7625b116461e994d0a0f572cd9049c24ac501e9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33436,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental involvement is a vital social resource that helps children to deal with different challenges in their learning and development in the transition period and may be a strong determinant of children’s outcomes. While the role of fathers has been increasingly recognized, there has been a lack of studies examining the predictive role of mother and fathers’ coparenting to parental involvement and child readiness outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal association between coparenting behavior and parental involvement for parents with children in the transition to primary school in a Chinese context, and test whether children’s school liking moderated these associations. Using stratified random sampling, 324 children (Mage=70.57months, female=51%) and their parents from 10 kindergartens in Hong Kong participated in the study. Both mothers and fathers provided information about their spouse’s coparenting behavior at Time 1 (the final year of kindergarten), and their parental involvement at home and school at Time 1 and 2 (the first year of primary school). Children’s school liking was assessed by puppet interview at Time 1. Results indicated that maternal cooperation was positively associated with paternal involvement at home and in school, and paternal cooperation was positively associated with maternal involvement at home. Children’s school liking moderated the longitudinal associations between coparenting behavior (Time 1) and parental involvement (Time 2). Specifically, mothers of children with high levels of school liking were involved more in school when they perceived more cooperation from the spouse. Fathers of children with low levels of school liking were less involved in school when they perceived more cooperation, while involved more at home and in school when they perceived more triangulation from the spouse. Additionally, fathers perceiving more triangulation decreased their home involvement when the child reported high levels of school liking. Findings of this study revealed that coparenting, children’s school liking, and parental gender might be important to understanding parental involvement during school transition.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sisi Tao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva Yi Hung Lau","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":67,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8228182","element":"collaboration","title":"Systematic Review of the Relationship between Couple Dyadic Adjustment and Family Health","doi":"10.3390/children8060491","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8228182/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Family samples; ages vary and include adult caregivers","population":"20 publications on couple adjustment and family health published within the review’s eligibility window.","rationale":"The review connects the caregiving partnership with family climate, coping, and parenting alliance. It frames collaboration as part of a wider family system.","parentQuestion":"How might the quality of a caregiving partnership relate to the atmosphere at home?","readingPrompts":["How did the review define family health and dyadic adjustment?","What findings concerned parenting alliance or coparenting?","Which family structures and study designs were underrepresented?"],"limitations":"The review’s language, date, and quantitative-design criteria may have excluded relevant work. It focuses on couple relationships and cannot represent every caregiving structure or prove causation.","id":"PMC8228182","authors":"Nerea Jiménez-Picón; Macarena Romero-Martín; Lucia Ramirez-Baena; Juan Carlos Palomo-Lara; Juan Gómez-Salgado","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-06-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060491","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8228182","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8228182-47470077163056d1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"47470077163056d162a75e80657edf9632d21d3dd4be87a922c29b1c89a8dae5","sourceTextSha256":"d3021e72c12e14564170455991c4a87958eb69153073dbd4e14f043c798cbf98","sourceXmlSha256":"5a438790a6f704e9d44ce5a610fe0a8cc302b03e68285b93b0e97b2ecb4d6534","rightsEvidenceSha256":"86634aaa6f86b1cfbaa8b1382c46ba1325dd60b33a78e330b40227c0b5a4f47c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":25428,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The importance of family functioning in the development of child and adult psychopathology has been widely studied. However, the relationship between partners’ adjustment and family health is less studied. This paper aims to describe and summarize research that analyzes the relationship between partners’ adjustment and family health. A systematic review was conducted in the PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Lilacs, Psicodoc, Cinahl, and Jstor databases. Inclusion criteria were as follows: articles published from 2012 to 2019 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Data were extracted and organized according to the family health model: family climate, integrity, functioning, and coping. Initially, 835 references were identified, and 24 articles were assessed for quality appraisal. Finally, 20 publications were selected. Results showed that couple adjustment was an important factor that triggered the emotional climate of the family, was positively intercorrelated to parenting alliance or coparenting, and contributed to family efficacy and help when facing stressful life events. Findings revealed a consensus about the relationship between couple dyadic adjustment and family health. The results could orientate interventions to promote well-being and to increase quality of life and family strength. Health professionals should thoroughly study couple relationships to identify risk factors, assess family skills, and promote family health.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nerea Jiménez-Picón","type":"Person"},{"name":"Macarena Romero-Martín","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucia Ramirez-Baena","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juan Carlos Palomo-Lara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juan Gómez-Salgado","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":68,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11143954","element":"collaboration","title":"A systematic review of the association between parent‐child communication and adolescent mental health","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.12205","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11143954/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Adolescence; age ranges vary across included studies","population":"37 quantitative studies of adolescent-rated parent–child communication and mental health.","rationale":"This review takes adolescents’ own ratings of communication seriously. It provides a foundation for considering collaborative conversation while distinguishing association from demonstrated intervention effects.","parentQuestion":"What does research suggest about how teenagers experience communication with parents?","readingPrompts":["What counted as dyadic communication quality?","Which mental-health domains were examined?","Why do mainly cross-sectional, adolescent-rated studies not establish a communication treatment effect?"],"limitations":"The included evidence was mainly cross-sectional and limited to adolescent-rated communication. Measurement quality and overlap with broader relationship constructs constrain interpretation.","id":"PMC11143954","authors":"Holger Zapf; Johannes Boettcher; Yngvild Haukeland; Stian Orm; Sarah Coslar; Krister Fjermestad","journal":"JCPP Advances","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2023-11-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12205","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11143954","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11143954-2e2942a1b40e6f98.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2e2942a1b40e6f987eede66e816d40daa20c80bd492b72328697bbc52e4ab695","sourceTextSha256":"ede439746de0d65b386f477589430f9da45ca31814e1d0aebb48dd4499882684","sourceXmlSha256":"4fd014b078452ceda990073d9fdf14c9cb1c827aa6dc9645e6fbc09896508196","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b46895ac95d8c61701cf5670c5933e6d30fed6e6cd2edcb1ce31484660b2939b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37737,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThis systematic review addresses how adolescent‐rated parent‐child communication (PCC) quality is related to adolescent mental health.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search in Medline and APA PsycInfo, including peer‐reviewed quantitative studies examining associations between adolescent‐rated dyadic PCC quality and general as well as specific measures of adolescent mental health. Qualitative and case studies were excluded, as were studies reporting only parent‐rated communication quality or instruments assessing other constructs than dyadic PCC. We screened 5314 articles, of which 37 were included in the review. We assessed study quality with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.ResultsWe synthesized the findings in a table and narratively, reporting the main outcomes organized according to mental health constructs. The included studies were mainly cross‐sectional. The results showed that adolescent‐rated PCC quality is negatively associated with mental health constructs, demonstrating small to large effects across different mental health constructs and populations. The associations were found for general mental health and specific domains, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, suicidal ideation, post‐traumatic stress symptoms, and addictive internet use/gaming.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that PCC is a relevant variable to consider in assessing adolescent mental health and preventive efforts. Limitations include the exclusive focus on adolescent‐reported PCC questionnaires since parent‐ and observer‐rated instruments may lead to different results. Also, PCC is related to other constructs, such as dyadic relationships, that were not included in this review. We conclude that PCC is a relevant variable to consider in mental health research. Our findings suggest that PCC may be considered in mental health practice, both in terms of assessing its quality and potentially by tailoring interventions to enhance PCC. These may represent a mean to promote adolescent mental health.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Holger Zapf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johannes Boettcher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yngvild Haukeland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stian Orm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Coslar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Krister Fjermestad","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":69,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9879831","element":"collaboration","title":"A Systematic Review of Parent–Child Communication Measures: Instruments and Their Psychometric Properties","doi":"10.1007/s10567-022-00414-3","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9879831/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review of measurement instruments","ageRange":"8–21 years in the review’s eligibility criteria","population":"106 studies reported in 126 papers; 12 child-rated parent–child communication instruments.","rationale":"Collaboration depends partly on how communication is understood and measured. This review helps readers question whether a questionnaire score captures the conversations that matter in family life.","parentQuestion":"How do researchers measure whether parent–child communication is working well?","readingPrompts":["Which communication instruments were most commonly used?","What evidence supported their reliability and validity?","Why did the authors describe the overall psychometric evidence as limited?"],"limitations":"The review excluded parent-rated and observational measures and was limited by language and age criteria. It assesses measurement evidence, not the effectiveness of a parenting method.","id":"PMC9879831","authors":"Holger Zapf; Johannes Boettcher; Yngvild Haukeland; Stian Orm; Sarah Coslar; Silke Wiegand-Grefe; Krister Fjermestad","journal":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-09-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00414-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9879831","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9879831-952e78903b4ece7f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"952e78903b4ece7fcf991293dceb46a4db6a04b7834112e650b9d63620053c1f","sourceTextSha256":"85d3d3d5051a5f3ed8457d2bb6ffa1f301011492d7e35e71ffab3b287e17dac8","sourceXmlSha256":"a95b127940fb68db3a84c15a3f93ec909db19f91e0178a47b74a3471451c099e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"793190cfbbdb95a9a5864dabe2de031ad06d7bcde1165842d00019bd67f04e0d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54225,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parent–child communication represents an important variable in clinical child and family psychology due to its association with a variety of psychosocial outcomes. To give an overview of instruments designed to measure the quality of parent–child communication from the child’s (8–21 years) perspective and to assess the psychometric quality of these instruments, we performed a systematic literature search in Medline and PsycInfo (last: February 25, 2022). Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English with a child-rated instrument measuring the quality of parent–child communication were included. Initial screening for eligibility and inclusion, subsequent data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by couples of review team members. Based on the screening of 5115 articles, 106 studies reported in 126 papers were included. We identified 12 parent–child communication instruments across the studies. The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) was used in 75% of the studies. On average, the evidence for psychometric quality of the instruments was low. Few instruments were used in clinical and at-risk samples. Several instruments are available to rate parent–child communication from the child’s perspective. However, their psychometric evidence is limited and the theoretical foundation is largely undocumented. This review has limitations with regard to selection criteria and language bias.Registration PROSPERO: CRD42021255264.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10567-022-00414-3.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Holger Zapf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johannes Boettcher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yngvild Haukeland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stian Orm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Coslar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silke Wiegand-Grefe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Krister Fjermestad","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10567-022-00414-3","publisherEvidenceSha256":"73bd0e4404e858d47441d1329110e3e2c3b7f1f4d094665c729c6ea2193bdafc","issueOrder":70,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11155229","element":"collaboration","title":"Parent–Child Communication About Potentially Traumatic Events: A Systematic Review","doi":"10.1177/15248380231207906","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11155229/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Children under 18; included samples approximately 2–17 years","population":"26 empirical studies of parent–child communication about potentially traumatic events.","rationale":"The paper examines sensitive shared conversations when families face frightening experiences. It emphasizes responsiveness, timing, culture, and children’s initiation rather than a demand to disclose.","parentQuestion":"How can a parent make space for a child’s account of a frightening event without forcing conversation?","readingPrompts":["What did communication depend on besides simply whether a conversation occurred?","How did parental symptoms and responsiveness shape the evidence?","Why were the child-outcome findings not uniformly clear-cut?"],"limitations":"Studies were heterogeneous and some risked nonresponse bias. The review does not justify forcing disclosure, prescribe trauma treatment, or establish that every conversation improves well-being.","id":"PMC11155229","authors":"Mèlanie Sloover; Sabine E MJ Stoltz; Elisa van Ee","journal":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2023-11-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231207906","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11155229","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11155229-1fcf5ebb0eb931e5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1fcf5ebb0eb931e58c9a7fce4ad92f009088baa21daae5de5579fc6b04cb6db0","sourceTextSha256":"34163b216d9c9a05c21047f2aff8a0beafbb4cb218d4b992a014ae46e207cfe6","sourceXmlSha256":"87f4f71e6dd284be6b8f871aa9638855342ff89c47b7b72e8bbdfa423fa236b7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c079010c808b2f025abd7d2cb399f92541ad27272642f79181945ef9e6d0fb87","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41808,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSocial support plays an important role in children’s well-being after experiencing a potentially traumatic event (PTE). One such source of support is the parent–child relationship, specifically by discussing the event. However, current literature provides no consensus on whether parents and children communicate about PTEs, in what way they might communicate and how this affects the child. Hence the goal of the current study is threefold, to explore: (a) whether parents and children communicate about PTEs, (b) what this communication looks like, and (c) how this affects children’s well-being. These questions are answered by means of a systematic literature review. Articles were eligible for inclusion if it was an empirical study on communication between parents and children about a PTE that the child (under 18 years) had experienced. Initial searches in electronic databases provided 31,233 articles, of which 26 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Results show that most parents and children have discussed PTEs, but that this may depend on cultural background. What the parent–child communication looks like depends on various factors such as, age of the child, tone, and child’s initiation of discussion. Parental post-traumatic stress symptoms seem to negatively impact communication. The results of the impact of communication are less clear-cut, but it seems to have a predominantly positive effect on the child’s well-being, depending on parental sensitivity. Clinicians should be watchful for parental symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and can focus on promoting parental sensitivity and responsiveness when discussing PTEs with their child or on creating a joint narrative within families.Keywords: PTSD, support seeking, sexual assault, attachment, reporting/disclosure, treatment/intervention, child abuse, cultural contexts","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mèlanie Sloover","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sabine E MJ Stoltz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisa van Ee","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F15248380231207906","publisherEvidenceSha256":"5f12cb178f46cd2855e6574ca3b60a50283e4ae4cd9b87d677550756432af00b","issueOrder":71,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7004196","element":"collaboration","title":"Working with parents to counteract bullying: A randomized controlled trial of an intervention to improve parent‐school cooperation","doi":"10.1111/sjop.12522","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7004196/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"School-randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Primary school grades 3–6","population":"Dutch schools implementing KiVa, with teacher, parent, and child data.","rationale":"This trial directly studies parent–school cooperation against bullying. It shows why better adult alignment and actual child outcomes should be assessed separately.","parentQuestion":"How can parents and schools coordinate a response to bullying, and what outcomes should they check?","readingPrompts":["What did the added parent–school intervention include?","Which adult attitudes or efforts improved?","Which child bullying, victimization, and well-being outcomes did not change?"],"limitations":"No intervention effects were found on children’s self-reported bullying, victimization, well-being, or self-esteem. The short trial and KiVa context limit broader claims.","id":"PMC7004196","authors":"Coby van Niejenhuis; Gijs Huitsing; René Veenstra","journal":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2019-02-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12522","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7004196","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7004196-2b4ccdbb34f9f7b6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2b4ccdbb34f9f7b65c7ea48d7396e09ed99ad1044924935cc57be2ff2943c35c","sourceTextSha256":"195661bac8fdfa879917b8ff89431617505e27066492460a99e95c39d1002221","sourceXmlSha256":"75385283bdca023cb82d3eda354fb0eae7527e37c5b21a968ef0eb778223613b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b777df0aca3916d55466f32ec97cd60cd8edf3c5c140cdf4c228e645bc80e85b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40378,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving parent‐school cooperation in counteracting bullying. Using a randomized controlled trial, data of teachers, parents of non‐victimized children, and children themselves were collected at 13 intervention and 14 control schools (grades 3–6, N at post‐assessment: teachers = 83, parents = 153, children = 2,510) at two time points (time lag about 6 months). Results showed positive effects of the intervention for some aspects of the primary outcomes: parents’ and teachers’ attitudes and efforts, whereas no effects were found of teachers’ or parents’ competences in counteracting bullying. No intervention effects were found for secondary outcomes: children's self‐reported bullying, victimization, well‐being, and self‐esteem. The findings indicate that, due to the intervention, teachers and parents were more aligned and able to cooperate, even within the short time of the intervention: one school year. This is the first essential step to systematically addressing parents’ role in tackling bullying; future research is needed to examine the long‐term effects of parent and school interventions in enhancing the effectiveness of anti‐bullying programs.Keywords: Bullying, parental involvement, parents, school, teachers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Coby van Niejenhuis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gijs Huitsing","type":"Person"},{"name":"René Veenstra","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fsjop.12522","publisherEvidenceSha256":"dd1ebb1b808c4a6ac80cabbc7a3a201b5835ce63594fb7711ea692a12507049d","issueOrder":72,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8695601","element":"collaboration","title":"Effects of Parent-Teacher Training on Academic Performance and Parental Anxiety in School-Aged Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Shanghai, China","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733450","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8695601/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cluster-randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"6–12 years","population":"204 children with ADHD included in analyses across 14 primary schools in Shanghai.","rationale":"The study evaluates coordinated parent and teacher training alongside usual prescribed medication. It offers evidence about collaboration for children who need support across home and school.","parentQuestion":"How can parents and teachers coordinate behavioral support for a school-age child with ADHD?","readingPrompts":["What training was provided at home and in the classroom?","What outcomes were compared between the school clusters?","Why must training effects be interpreted alongside medication and the open-label design?"],"limitations":"This open-label trial studied training added to medication, not a replacement for clinical care. It cannot isolate every program component and was conducted within a specific local service context.","id":"PMC8695601","authors":"Li Shen; Chunxia Wang; Yuan Tian; Jinjin Chen; Yu Wang; Guangjun Yu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-12-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733450","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8695601","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8695601-67cc50b44465d5bf.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"67cc50b44465d5bfcfe7ae08223047a296012f93915575522b277ec97be8d1c1","sourceTextSha256":"3fe85739706795a3fe0adc57ad6c6048577e02f20dab4fa9383bd9933f25d0d5","sourceXmlSha256":"0073615c4f50fcea005cafadac9e1925d4917325a35e65b6ad475362cea7b90b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fef038a86fc3beba1e768241410f2af65725d04075c94a808d96c377e06a5891","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28503,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, placing a heavy burden on family and society. The treatment of school-aged children with ADHD emphasizes multimodal interventions, but most current research focuses solely on parent training and family functioning. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of parent-teacher training on academic performance and parental anxiety. In an open-label cluster randomized controlled trial from January 2018 to January 2019, 14 primary schools in Shanghai were randomly assigned into the intervention group and the control group, and ADHD screening was conducted for students from grades one to five. Children in both groups received medication as prescribe by their pediatricians. In the intervention group, families and teachers also received parent-teacher training. The training included ADHD behavioral interventions for parents, as well as classroom management skills for teachers. This study screened 9,295 students, 99 children in the control group and 105 children in the intervention group were included in the analysis. The intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in ADHD symptoms and academic performance and decreases in parent stress compared to that in the control group (P < 0.05). This training improved the parents’ perception of ADHD knowledge, treatment options, and drug side effects awareness (P < 0.05). Our study aims to underscore the suitability of such programs in the local nuances of the Chinese context, show application feasibility to pediatricians and psychiatrists, and provide supporting evidence for their utilization within the country’s health and educational systems.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Li Shen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chunxia Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Tian","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jinjin Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yu Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guangjun Yu","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":73,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4733050","element":"collaboration","title":"The Communication of Culturally Dominant Modes of Attention from Parents to Children: A Comparison of Canadian and Japanese Parent-Child Conversations during a Joint Scene Description Task","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0147199","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4733050/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-cultural parent–child task studies","ageRange":"4–9 years","population":"Canadian and Japanese children; the joint-task study included 107 parent–child dyads.","rationale":"Shared descriptions of a scene illustrate how parents and children build attention and meaning together. The cross-cultural comparison discourages treating one conversation style as the only correct one.","parentQuestion":"What can I notice about the different ways my child and I describe the same scene?","readingPrompts":["How did solitary and joint scene-description tasks differ?","Which age-related and cultural differences appeared?","Why did the tasks not establish durable changes in children’s everyday attention?"],"limitations":"Highly educated samples and a brief task limit generalization. The design did not establish how much children internalized or retained the observed conversational patterns.","id":"PMC4733050","authors":"Sawa Senzaki; Takahiko Masuda; Akira Takada; Hiroyuki Okada","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2016-01-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147199","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4733050","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4733050-31e8acb09fdb7371.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"31e8acb09fdb7371cbc74b3800ec17d9eb02231b317ae434b9ce4afba11fc52c","sourceTextSha256":"46c8a92699cfbad3b00ab3e9e4aeeeaf67c823a966615957c48c2e6ef156564c","sourceXmlSha256":"619e63ef140c75ab7d22762c55f52875fa4719a4e4de0eceb61b0e9be5578ea6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"da5824ee135efc87670ac9ad9dbb17c5ef65fe2eea5a956dd1743f8ccbc4ccaa","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55231,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Previous findings have indicated that, when presented with visual information, North American undergraduate students selectively attend to focal objects, whereas East Asian undergraduate students are more sensitive to background information. However, little is known about how these differences are driven by culture and socialization processes. In this study, two experiments investigated how young children and their parents used culturally unique modes of attention (selective vs. context sensitive attention). We expected that children would slowly learn culturally unique modes of attention, and the experience of communicating with their parents would aid the development of such modes of attention. Study 1 tested children’s solitary performance by examining Canadian and Japanese children’s (4–6 vs. 7–9 years old) modes of attention during a scene description task, whereby children watched short animations by themselves and then described their observations. The results confirmed that children did not demonstrate significant cross-cultural differences in attention during the scene description task while working independently, although results did show rudimentary signs of culturally unique modes of attention in this task scenario by age 9. Study 2 examined parent–child (4–6 and 7–9 years old) dyads using the same task. The results indicated that parents communicated to their children differently across cultures, replicating attentional differences among undergraduate students in previous cross-cultural studies. Study 2 also demonstrated that children’s culturally unique description styles increased significantly with age. The descriptions made by the older group (7–9 years old) showed significant cross-cultural variances in attention, while descriptions among the younger group (4–6 years old) did not. The significance of parental roles in the development of culturally unique modes of attention is discussed in addition to other possible facilitators of this developmental process.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sawa Senzaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Takahiko Masuda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Akira Takada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hiroyuki Okada","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":74,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7325948","element":"collaboration","title":"Embedding Scientific Explanations Into Storybooks Impacts Children’s Scientific Discourse and Learning","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01016","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7325948/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7325948/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized parent–child learning experiment","ageRange":"4–5 years","population":"60 parent–child dyads in museum and laboratory settings.","rationale":"Shared storybook reading becomes a setting for joint scientific explanation and hands-on learning. The study focuses on conversation between parent and child rather than adult instruction alone.","parentQuestion":"How can shared reading become a conversation about how something works?","readingPrompts":["How did the two storybook versions differ?","What happened during the shared circuit-building task?","How did parent–child mechanistic conversation relate to children’s learning outcomes?"],"limitations":"This small, short-term experiment used a particular storybook and science task in a relatively educated sample. It does not establish long-term science achievement or effects in every family setting.","id":"PMC7325948","authors":"Kathryn A Leech; Amanda S Haber; Youmna Jalkh; Kathleen H Corriveau","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-06-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01016","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7325948","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7325948-263eb4945c49a170.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"263eb4945c49a170f66c575fe8f617bd2de56f9886ad62741e2f0e0fae3b6171","sourceTextSha256":"3bd893a636e33de491ca8b49100d1d889269a07ac7cf510050eef2687879a7cf","sourceXmlSha256":"d386cd092a7a147b39e1da391df35d29b59a6a65b5d45be8f658bbc647b517bf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"eae168781b107a8fbe27fcd14c049714b783ee63dbf3697e4334240e32a65429","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":52682,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren’s understanding of unobservable scientific entities largely depends on testimony from others, especially through parental explanations that highlight the mechanism underlying a scientific entity. Mechanistic explanations are particularly helpful in promoting children’s conceptual understanding, yet they are relatively rare in parent–child conversations. The current study aimed to increase parent–child use of mechanistic conversation by modeling this language in a storybook about the mechanism of electrical circuits. We also examined whether an increase in mechanistic conversation was associated with science learning outcomes, measured at both the dyadic- and child-level. In the current study, parents and their 4- to 5-year-old children (N = 60) were randomly assigned to read a book containing mechanistic explanations (n = 32) or one containing non-mechanistic explanations (n = 28). After reading the book together, parent–child joint understanding of electricity’s mechanism was tested by asking the dyad to assemble electrical components of a circuit toy so that a light would turn on. Finally, child science learning outcomes were examined by asking children to assemble a novel circuit toy and answer comprehension questions to gauge their understanding of electricity’s mechanism. Results indicate that dyads who read storybooks containing mechanistic explanations were (1) more successful at completing the circuit (putting the pieces together to make the light turn on) and (2) used more mechanistic language than dyads assigned to the non-mechanistic condition. Children in the mechanistic condition also had better learning outcomes, but only if they engaged in more mechanistic discourse with their parent. We discuss these results using a social interactionist framework to highlight the role of input and interaction for learning. We also highlight how these results implicate everyday routines such as book reading in supporting children’s scientific discourse and understanding.Keywords: book reading, explanations, parent–child interaction, scientific discourse, social interaction","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kathryn A Leech","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda S Haber","type":"Person"},{"name":"Youmna Jalkh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathleen H Corriveau","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":75,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7419620","element":"collaboration","title":"Investigating Science Together: Inquiry-Based Training Promotes Scientific Conversations in Parent-Child Interactions","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01934","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7419620/#copyrightAndLicense","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7419620/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized parent–child learning experiment","ageRange":"4–6 years","population":"47 analyzed parent–child dyads recruited in a United States science museum.","rationale":"The study tests modeling an inquiry-based way of exploring with children. It offers a concrete example of collaboration through questions, explanations, and a shared activity.","parentQuestion":"How can I investigate a question with my child instead of simply supplying the answer?","readingPrompts":["How did inquiry-based training differ from statement-sharing?","What changed in parents’ questions and children’s scientific talk?","What was not measured about lasting understanding or behavior outside the museum?"],"limitations":"The sample was small and relatively highly educated, and outcomes were immediate conversational behaviors. The study does not establish lasting learning gains or universal effects of a questioning style.","id":"PMC7419620","authors":"Ian L Chandler-Campbell; Kathryn A Leech; Kathleen H Corriveau","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-08-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01934","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7419620","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7419620-e98d0dc32aae572a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e98d0dc32aae572a436b72ff61893e7ee0cf9d9034ca2c84f528b6419dde34b0","sourceTextSha256":"0a9de799d384cbe588e84a58c5c3711fbc869d34b68283dad5d11da5441080ea","sourceXmlSha256":"b373ec2cc7581d627d1b93f399d0b5d5978a5b84daf04a16e508d67b53946545","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f39d4917e745546221d3331782a34fcfb8e11eedc9ccd494924ff7f8c1e13fa8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53382,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the effects of two pedagogical training approaches on parent-child dyads’ discussion of scientific content in an informal museum setting. Forty-seven children (mean age = 5.43) and their parents were randomly assigned to training conditions where an experimenter modeled one of two different pedagogical approaches when interacting with the child and a science-based activity: (1) a scientific inquiry-based process or (2) a scientific statement-sharing method. Both approaches provided the same information about scientific mechanisms but differed in the process through which that content was delivered. Immediately following the training, parents were invited to model the same approach with their child with a novel science-based activity. Results indicated significant differences in the process through which parents prompted discussion of the targeted information content: when talking about causal scientific concepts, parents in the scientific inquiry condition were significantly more likely to pose questions to their child than parents in the scientific statements condition. Moreover, children in the scientific inquiry condition were marginally more responsive to parental causal talk and provided significantly more scientific content in response. These findings provide initial evidence that training parents to guide their children using scientific inquiry-based approaches in informal learning settings can encourage children to participate in more joint scientific conversations.Keywords: parental guidance, scientific learning, informal learning, museum learning, science education, pedagogical approaches","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ian L Chandler-Campbell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathryn A Leech","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathleen H Corriveau","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":76,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11803541","element":"collaboration","title":"Developmental Relationships Between Early Vocabulary Acquisition, Joint Attention and Parental Supportive Behaviors","doi":"10.1111/infa.70004","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11803541/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"10–24 months","population":"70 children and families in the REaL study in Uppsala, Sweden.","rationale":"The paper examines shared attention and supportive parental behavior during early language development. It adds a preverbal and toddler perspective to collaboration.","parentQuestion":"How do shared attention and supportive interaction relate to a toddler’s growing vocabulary?","readingPrompts":["How were joint attention, parental support, and vocabulary assessed?","Which primary joint-attention effects were not significant?","What did the interaction with parental supportive behavior suggest, and what remains uncertain?"],"limitations":"Primary joint-attention effects on later vocabulary were not significant. The small observational sample and parent-reported vocabulary limit causal claims and generalization.","id":"PMC11803541","authors":"Johan Wengman; Linda Forssman","journal":"Infancy","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-01-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.70004","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11803541","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11803541-34a40c56d8623f23.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"34a40c56d8623f23d33b22990babedfe734295cc8b779a2dba229fc515785a03","sourceTextSha256":"bc05541d2135db944be757f841bd875732aa37c02e664ee74e915ac6c9fd6d0d","sourceXmlSha256":"22e9c2ceffb437c2229747242f38204a54269a2f40b04a40b99170551f0f8a14","rightsEvidenceSha256":"092737eabb134e304750eae769199e4341cd3ee4c0de08f5a0e94df710940ee8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39544,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTIn late infancy and early toddlerhood, joint attention ability is widely recognized as a crucial foundation for children's vocabulary development, though the exact nature of its contribution remains debated. This study investigates associations between joint attention and subsequent vocabulary development, as well as the possible moderating role of supportive parental behaviors. Seventy children and their families participated in this longitudinal study, which began when the children were 10 months of age. Parents completed the Swedish Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) at four age points (10, 12, 18, and 24 months) to assess receptive and expressive vocabulary growth. Children participated in lab‐based assessment of joint attention abilities at 10, 12, and 18 months. Additionally, at 10 and 12 months, parent‐child dyads participated in two semi‐structured lab assessments to evaluate the quality of parental supportive behaviors during interactions with their child. Primary analysis showed no significant effects of joint attention on subsequent receptive and expressive vocabulary. However, a significant interaction was found between a child's ability to respond to joint attention cues and parental supportive behaviors on receptive vocabulary. These findings indicate that parental supportive behaviors play a crucial role in promoting the development of children's receptive vocabulary.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Johan Wengman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linda Forssman","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Finfa.70004","publisherEvidenceSha256":"93d02074f1ebe27c1498abb086a81cdd961addec0569822bfd438e5f4b22f209","issueOrder":77,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12472853","element":"collaboration","title":"The Longitudinal Influence of Parent–Grandparent Coparenting Relationships on Preschoolers’ Eating Behaviors in Chinese Urban Families: The Mediating Roles of Caregivers’ Feeding Behaviors","doi":"10.3390/nu17182961","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12472853/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Preschool children","population":"343 urban Chinese families in which parents and grandparents shared caregiving.","rationale":"This study recognizes grandparents as part of the caregiving team. It examines how agreement, support, and undermining relate to feeding practices and children’s eating behavior.","parentQuestion":"How can parents and grandparents examine whether their approaches to meals are aligned?","readingPrompts":["How were parent–grandparent agreement, support, and undermining measured?","What associations involved encouragement of healthy eating and satiety responsiveness?","Why should the observational feeding findings not become a universal meal-time prescription?"],"limitations":"An urban Shanghai sample and caregiver reports limit generalization. Cross-lagged mediation is not a randomized causal test, and the reported directions of eating-behavior associations require careful interpretation.","id":"PMC12472853","authors":"Zhihui Zhao; Fangge Qu; Ruxing Wu; Xiaoxue Wei; Xinyi Song; Chenjun Wu; Jian Wang; Wenzhe Hua; Daqiao Zhu","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-09-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17182961","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12472853","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12472853-9cea1d7781ad251e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9cea1d7781ad251ea8647027f2c22e63bfc0dd431aa54371c2c2b6551c302be2","sourceTextSha256":"1af725ae2a21bfbe5b9f48958ea41b163bc4228323f6a26e4ff7638ae6387fcd","sourceXmlSha256":"a147422f78ba18a8656e5a844055d48e8b5c4f42f099e320a7c918851d6d313b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44374,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: The early development of children’s eating behaviors is a complex process shaped by dynamic interactions within the family system. While extensive research has focused on parental feeding practices as a primary predictor of children’s eating behaviors, the role of intergenerational coparenting dynamics (especially with involved grandparents) is less studied. This study aimed to examines how primary caregivers’ feeding behaviors mediate the relationship between parent–grandparent coparenting dynamics and children’s eating behaviors. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study among 343 stem families with preschool children. The cross-lagged analysis was applied to examine: the mechanism of parent–grandparent coparenting relationships on preschool children’s eating behaviors and the bidirectional relationship between feeding behaviors and eating behaviors. Results: Our results revealed that coparenting agreement significantly and negatively predicted satiety responsiveness through the mediating role of parental encouragement of healthy eating (β = −0.012, 95% CI [−0.022, −0.001]). Similarly, coparenting support had a significant negatively indirect effect on satiety responsiveness, also partially mediated by parental encouragement of healthy eating (β = −0.012, 95% CI [−0.023, −0.002]). The association between coparenting undermining and satiety responsiveness was mediated by parental encouragement healthy eating (β = −0.612, 95% CI [−0.796, −0.429]). Mutual predictive relationships were observed between preschool children’s satiety responsiveness and parental encouragement of healthy eating (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study results highlighted the critical role of parent–grandparent coparenting relationships as indirect predictors of preschoolers’ eating behavior through mediator of parental feeding behaviors. Importantly, healthcare providers may be able to offer anticipatory guidance or relevant healthy eating resources to parents and grandparents, who should be recognized as important stakeholders in promoting healthy eating among children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zhihui Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fangge Qu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruxing Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoxue Wei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinyi Song","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chenjun Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jian Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wenzhe Hua","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daqiao Zhu","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":78,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11639116","element":"collaboration","title":"The family talk intervention prevent the feeling of loneliness - a long term follow up after a parents life-threatening illness","doi":"10.1186/s12904-024-01611-3","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11639116/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Long-term qualitative follow-up","ageRange":"Dependent children in families affected by parental illness; mixed ages","population":"Nine parents interviewed four to five years after a Family Talk Intervention in Swedish palliative home care.","rationale":"This follow-up explores how families use shared communication tools when a parent has a life-threatening illness. It highlights children’s needs, family conversation, and the value of continuing support.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of family conversations may remain useful when a parent is seriously ill?","readingPrompts":["Which Family Talk tools did parents report still using?","What did parents say about loneliness, children’s openness, and ongoing support needs?","Why do nine retrospective interviews not establish intervention effectiveness?"],"limitations":"This was a small, purposively sampled qualitative follow-up of parents’ perceptions, without a control group or direct child interviews. It cannot establish causal or general treatment effects.","id":"PMC11639116","authors":"Emily Bergersen; Cecilia Olsson; Maria Larsson; Ulrika Kreicbergs; Malin Lövgren","journal":"BMC Palliative Care","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-12-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-024-01611-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11639116","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11639116-47fe6f05b798c123.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"47fe6f05b798c12355bf080240f6a6a64138edb49818eea8d7fc1d0e3019e145","sourceTextSha256":"fe2bdc14eaa0f0b27469895b785788548a764e8f2ea35d204d9460e3ede33d60","sourceXmlSha256":"22c81a5a114aa44f9fba218356e667ba07c9e025de708b5686f9506c4ae9086f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7250732342632f0602d7f4af6828bd8a6a426c2b1f082f790f57940176e03209","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46086,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThe psychosocial needs of families in which a parent is affected by life-threatening illness and has dependent children are extensive. However, few family-based interventions have been scientifically evaluated and even fewer have been evaluated long term. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to describe the parents’ perceptions of the timing and length of FTI in relation to the illness trajectory, to explore what activities learnt by the FTI still were practiced in the long-term and what content of FTI was perceived as most valuable to cope in the long-term.MethodsThis qualitative study involved a follow-up with nine parents (ill parents, n = 3, coparents, n = 6) 4 to 5 years after participating in FTI, where one parent was cared for in specialised palliative homecare. FTI is a psychosocial family-based intervention that consists of 6–11 manual-based meetings with the families led by an educated interventionist. FTI focuses on facilitating family communication about illness-related subjects, supporting parenting, and making the children’s needs visible. The data collection consisted of interviews and was analysed according to the phenomenographic method, focused on variations in perceptions.ResultsThe parents perceived FTI as a way to alleviate feelings of loneliness, and some families were still using the obtained communication tools at the time of the interview. They also perceived that FTI contributed to the children being more open about their own feelings and thoughts. However, the parents wanted extended support after FTI ended based on their individual needs, for example, during and after bereavement, deteriorated health or occasional challenges faced by children in crisis. The parents perceived the peer support gained in conjunction with FTI as important social and emotional support both during and after the intervention. The interventionists were perceived as professional persons who promoted open and honest communication during FTI.ConclusionFTI is found to promote family communication both in a short- and long-term perspectives according to parents. They also found FTI useful in reducing their feelings of loneliness. Support over a longer period of time is desired and extra FTI meetings may strengthen the family as a whole in parallel with additional support for parents and children during the illness trajectory and in bereavement. They received support in dealing with strong and difficult emotions and learned conversational techniques that they still used at the time of the interview, indicating that the lessons learnt was integrated and valuable many years after the last FTI meeting.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-024-01611-3.Keywords: Psychosocial support, Family intervention, Children as next-of-kin, Family talk intervention, Family communication","authorEntries":[{"name":"Emily Bergersen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cecilia Olsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Larsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ulrika Kreicbergs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Malin Lövgren","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":79,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC12490136","element":"collaboration","title":"Nurses’ interactions shape coparenting relationships during early parenthood: a longitudinal study of fathers with infants in Sweden","doi":"10.1186/s12912-025-03508-9","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12490136/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Infancy and toddlerhood","population":"413 fathers recruited through child health centers in Region Stockholm, Sweden.","rationale":"The study examines how responsive professional conversations can include fathers in the caregiving partnership. It places collaboration within a network of parents and early-childhood services.","parentQuestion":"What questions could a father bring to an early child-health visit to support shared parenting?","readingPrompts":["How were nurses’ asking and answering behaviors measured?","How did coparenting associations vary across follow-up times?","Why did the decline at later follow-up suggest a need to examine continuing support?"],"limitations":"Fathers’ reports and nonrandomized service interactions cannot establish that nurses’ behavior caused better coparenting. Correlated predictors, missing data, and the Swedish service context constrain interpretation.","id":"PMC12490136","authors":"F Kübra Aytaç-DiCarlo; Sarah J Schoppe-Sullivan; Michael B Wells","journal":"BMC Nursing","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2025-10-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03508-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12490136","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12490136-090057d22c3d0b36.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"090057d22c3d0b36af1265b75b58b11e9b81cf98a311d7ba7d13b772297b77f2","sourceTextSha256":"48453febf579feeb5f8469a9524d8ebcdd8906f92e8dd4ba2368dbeba1946358","sourceXmlSha256":"b0a943c3c7f1bd770cf22fa50f09954b65146d928eae1a39efb912f1c3a5798c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34870,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundDuring the transition to parenthood, the involvement of fathers in childrearing and coparenting is crucial for the well-being of the family. Nurses play a significant role in supporting fathers, but little is known about the practical support they provide in asking and answering questions. This study longitudinally investigates the impact of nurses’ interactions with fathers of infants on the coparenting relationship during infancy and toddlerhood.MethodsData were collected from the Pappor/Icke-Födande Föräldrar study, involving 413 fathers in Region Stockholm, Sweden, who attended the 3-5-month child health center (CHC) visit. Surveys were administered at baseline (infant mean age in months M = 9.11 and Min–Max = 1–23), 6-month, and 18-month follow-ups. The study measured the extent to which nurses answered and asked fathers’ questions and the quality of coparenting relationship was measured using the Brief Coparenting Relationship Scale. Multiple imputation was used for missing data and path analysis was conducted to assess the effects.ResultsNurses fulfilled 79% of items related to answering fathers’ questions and 58% of items related to asking questions. Answering fathers’ questions significantly improved coparenting relationships at baseline (β = 0.22, p < .001) and at the 6-month follow-up (β = 0.06, p < .01). However, the effect of asking questions was less pronounced. Coparenting relationships declined significantly at the 18-month follow-up.ConclusionsNurses’ responsive communication during early parental visits positively impacts fathers’ coparenting relationships in the short to intermediate term. However, sustained coparenting quality over time may require continuous support and follow-ups. Enhancing training and resources for nurses to balance reactive and proactive interactions is crucial for fostering positive coparenting interactions and family health.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-025-03508-9.Keywords: Child health nurses, Coparenting, Father involvement, Early parenthood, Child health centers, Longitudinal study, Sweden, Parenting support, Family well-being, Responsive communication","authorEntries":[{"name":"F Kübra Aytaç-DiCarlo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah J Schoppe-Sullivan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael B Wells","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":80,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6525137","element":"kindness","title":"Linking Parent–Child and Peer Relationship Quality to Empathy in Adolescence: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.1007/s10964-019-00993-5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6525137/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Multilevel meta-analysis","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Seventy eligible studies of adolescents and their parent and peer relationships.","rationale":"Connects the quality of everyday relationships with adolescents’ concern for, and understanding of, other people. It provides a synthesis for the Kindness theme rather than a test of the complete TRICK framework.","parentQuestion":"How are supportive family and peer relationships associated with adolescent empathy?","readingPrompts":["How large were the parent–child associations compared with peer associations?","Did positive relationship qualities differ from conflict or other negative qualities?","Which measures of affective and cognitive empathy were combined?"],"limitations":"The synthesis primarily establishes associations. Heterogeneous relationship and empathy measures, and possible reciprocal influences, prevent a simple claim that one parenting practice causes empathy.","id":"PMC6525137","authors":"Savannah Boele; Jolien Van der Graaff; Minet de Wied; Inge E. Van der Valk; Elisabetta Crocetti; Susan Branje","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2019-02-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00993-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6525137","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6525137-b0aa66d10556392d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b0aa66d10556392d891d338f018c4d41433b4cd607e917786b3475ff1e98643e","sourceTextSha256":"fc0fb9d95c3a38a1e0b9b36a1f1a125fa2e95ecfe943f5ba71da067a2bf0a4b2","sourceXmlSha256":"c04628d02c9c3074a16804f060c662262505474c03bc7f39b15643d2c223085b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b03df5ccbd0aa885470b81d493800387042ea96358fc8b84e9a13b42a4c46c98","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":74780,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Empathy, which is the ability to feel concern for and to understand others’ feelings, is thought to develop in high quality relationships with parent and peers, but also to facilitate the quality of these relationships. While a wide literature has addressed this aspect, the heterogeneity of primary studies, in which different indicators of relationship quality (e.g., support, conflict) and empathy (i.e., affective and cognitive) have been examined, makes it difficult to draw conclusive answers. Therefore, it remained ambiguous how parent–child and peer relationship quality are associated with adolescents’ empathy. In order to increase the understanding of these associations, a multilevel meta-analysis was performed, which allowed for including multiple effect sizes from each study. By a systematic literate search, 70 eligible studies were found that provided 390 effect sizes from 75 independent samples. The results showed a small positive correlation between parent–child relationship quality and empathy, and a small-to-moderate positive correlation between peer relationship quality and empathy, which was significantly stronger than the correlation with parent–child relationship quality. Hence, the meta-analytic results indicate that adolescents with higher quality relationships, especially with peers, indeed tend to show more concern for and understanding of others’ emotions than adolescents with lower quality relationships. Moreover, the moderation analyses showed stronger correlations for the positive dimension of relationship quality than for the negative dimension, and stronger correlations for composite scores of affective and cognitive empathy than for separate scores of the empathy dimensions. However, no differences in correlations were found between the affective and cognitive empathy dimension, and no moderation effects were found for gender and age. Thus, this meta-analysis demonstrates robust positive associations between parent–child and peer relationship quality and empathy in adolescence, implying that good empathic abilities may be a protective factor for experiencing poor relationships.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Savannah Boele","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jolien Van der Graaff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Minet de Wied","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inge E. Van der Valk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisabetta Crocetti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Branje","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-019-00993-5","publisherEvidenceSha256":"973fd4d2866784276c5e2960aca823b36e3019a7d6cef994de6757ae612620b9","issueOrder":81,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4010777","element":"kindness","title":"Here, there and everywhere: emotion and mental state talk in different social contexts predicts empathic helping in toddlers","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00361","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4010777/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4010777/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional observational study","ageRange":"18–30 months","population":"Thirty-eight toddlers and a parent observed in book reading, joint play and helping tasks.","rationale":"Examines an ordinary family practice—talking about feelings and mental states—in relation to toddlers’ empathic helping. The distinction between empathic and instrumental helping makes kindness concrete without equating all helping behaviors.","parentQuestion":"What can shared books and play reveal about talking with toddlers about feelings?","readingPrompts":["How did parents’ emotion talk differ between book reading and play?","Was emotion talk associated with empathic helping, instrumental helping, or both?","Which findings concern labeling emotions and which concern eliciting children’s talk?"],"limitations":"A small correlational, cross-sectional sample cannot establish that increasing emotion talk causes helping or that the same associations persist over time.","id":"PMC4010777","authors":"Jesse Drummond; Elena F Paul; Whitney E Waugh; Stuart I Hammond; Celia A Brownell","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2014-04-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00361","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4010777","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4010777-2e9ee6922750785d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2e9ee6922750785d407c9ded7132c2ebe0e9362b27471d53a8775b471be96b8c","sourceTextSha256":"bcdfe78992773a5e3a38d3707109d5f21fe57bffecb43a04aecef66d1196d484","sourceXmlSha256":"382cb52a3e62c05e63ba3da712575a34658c8dec60bf17c4496cb9a71cb63526","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8543ff13de2251eec19c9e9da1d7ccd4da3bc2e2c047ce26c09c34173841bd37","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48400,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractA growing body of literature suggests that parents socialize early-emerging prosocial behavior across varied contexts and in subtle yet powerful ways. We focus on discourse about emotions and mental states as one potential socialization mechanism given its conceptual relevance to prosocial behavior and its known positive relations with emotion understanding and social-cognitive development, as well as parents' frequent use of such discourse beginning in infancy. Specifically, we ask how parents' emotion and mental state talk (EMST) with their toddlers relates to toddlers' helping and how these associations vary by context. Children aged 18- to 30-months (n = 38) interacted with a parent during book reading and joint play with toys, two everyday contexts that afford parental discussion of emotions and mental states. Children also participated in instrumental and empathic helping tasks. Results revealed that although parents discuss mental states with their children in both contexts, the nature of their talk differs: during book reading parents labeled emotions and mental states significantly more often than during joint play, especially simple affect words (e.g., happy, sad) and explanations or elaborations of emotions; whereas they used more desire talk and mental state words (e.g., think, know) in joint play. Parents' emotion and mental state discourse related to children's empathic, emotion-based helping behavior; however, it did not relate to instrumental, action-based helping. Moreover, relations between parent talk and empathic helping varied by context: children who helped more quickly had parents who labeled emotion and mental states more often during joint play and who elicited this talk more often during book reading. As EMST both varies between contexts and exhibits context-specific associations with empathic prosocial behavior early in development, we conclude that such discourse may be a key form of socialization in emerging prosociality.Keywords: socialization, prosocial behavior, emotion and mental state talk, helping, toddlers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jesse Drummond","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena F Paul","type":"Person"},{"name":"Whitney E Waugh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stuart I Hammond","type":"Person"},{"name":"Celia A Brownell","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":82,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6817951","element":"kindness","title":"Parents or Peers? Predictors of Prosocial Behavior and Aggression: A Longitudinal Study","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02379","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6817951/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6817951/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-year longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Early to middle adolescence; mean age 14.7 at baseline","population":"Adolescents from eleven schools reporting on mothers, fathers, peers, prosocial behavior and aggression.","rationale":"Places parental warmth alongside peer attachment when studying the development of prosocial behavior. It helps families consider kindness as relational development during adolescence rather than an isolated lesson.","parentQuestion":"Do parents still matter for prosocial behavior as friendships become more important?","readingPrompts":["How were mothers’ and fathers’ warmth examined separately?","Which associations with prosocial behavior extended into later years?","How did the patterns for aggression differ from those for prosocial behavior?"],"limitations":"Repeated measurements improve temporal understanding but remain observational and reliant on adolescent reports. Parenting, peer relationships and behavior may influence one another.","id":"PMC6817951","authors":"Elisabeth Malonda; Anna Llorca; Belen Mesurado; Paula Samper; M Vicenta Mestre","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-10-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02379","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6817951","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6817951-33a8ae08d4aa4a95.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"33a8ae08d4aa4a954105a3ff6586f72769b3922fe7cce22a64f4dafe275bed4b","sourceTextSha256":"9cdd09801e7258ce359c187dbc5875642712ab665522a1ed2ba26828e74ea246","sourceXmlSha256":"57e4fb56bcb1e33d98facb461882be2260cae88fd1f24267a15a71ae62870466","rightsEvidenceSha256":"28e39e573585831398dd0c28328965065a028d817fc2ca0e6c663f99ce834cf5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47785,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe aim of this longitudinal study was to determine the associations among peer attachment, warmth from the mother and father, strict control by the mother and father, prosocial behavior, and physical and verbal aggression in adolescence. Few longitudinal studies have examined how peer attachment and parenting styles of the mother and father relate to prosocial behavior and aggression. Participants were 192 boys and 255 girls (M = 14.70 years; SD = 0.68) in wave 1. In the study participated 11 schools. For three successive years, participants reported on their fathers’ and mothers’ warmth and strict control, peer attachment, prosocial behavior, and aggression. Structural equations modeling was employed to explore two longitudinal models. Results show the influence of the mother and father on prosocial and aggression during adolescence. In addition, strong peer attachment predicted prosocial behavior in subsequent years. Therefore, the findings indicate that despite the increasingly important role of friends during the transition from childhood to adolescence, parenting styles play a key role in the personal and social development of their children. Programs aimed at preventing aggression should be designed considering the importance of stimulating and strengthening prosocial behavior, peer attachment and a family environment of affect, support and communication.Keywords: parenting styles, peer attachment, aggression, prosocial behavior, adolescence, longitudinal studies","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elisabeth Malonda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Llorca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Belen Mesurado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paula Samper","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Vicenta Mestre","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":83,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC9760939","element":"kindness","title":"Analyzing when parental warmth but without parental strictness leads to more adolescent empathy and self-concept: Evidence from Spanish homes","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060821","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9760939/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9760939/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"12–17 years","population":"Six hundred Spanish adolescents reporting household parenting styles, empathy and self-concept.","rationale":"Explores warmth in relation to both understanding others’ emotions and sharing their feelings. Its cultural setting is useful for questioning universal assumptions about strictness, without treating one survey as a prescription for every family.","parentQuestion":"What does this Spanish study suggest about warmth, empathy and parental strictness?","readingPrompts":["How did the study distinguish cognitive from emotional empathy?","How were the four parenting-style groups defined?","Which findings were associations with warmth rather than evidence about changing a family’s rules?"],"limitations":"Cross-sectional self-reports from Spanish adolescents do not establish causal effects or show that the same parenting-style comparisons apply in every cultural context.","id":"PMC9760939","authors":"Maria C Fuentes; Oscar F Garcia; Marta Alcaide; Rafael Garcia-Ros; Fernando Garcia","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-12-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060821","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9760939","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9760939-fa0e1cf33c211899.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fa0e1cf33c21189929ee3d34ec9125adf2712b37920ec322ed0900729eba6ab5","sourceTextSha256":"4bd74e37a73fa0eb98ea609500ce7c8da712aba0e10f9da1cc40baa1064dc396","sourceXmlSha256":"ea8638dc87e33f432a138c6a721c6b33ec13fd4f063c47e207b78fd18341c9d1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"db5df0ad29df506b2cd5ce75ae99c2a4795f2e466c7733d83ab2194a61a8cc01","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59791,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionClassical research mainly conducted with European-American families has identified the combination of warmth and strictness (authoritative style) as the parenting always associated with the highest scores on developmental outcomes. Additionally, despite the benefits of empathy for prosocial behaviors and protection against antisocial behaviors, most research has considered the contribution of specific practices (e.g., reasoning or power assertion), but not so much the parenting styles. Similarly, family studies tend to study the relationship between parenting and global self-perceptions (self-esteem), but not so much those of each dimension (self-concept).MethodsIn the present study, 600 Spanish adolescents from 12 to 17 years old (M = 15.25, SD = 2.01) were classified within one of the four household typologies (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, or neglectful). Adolescent developmental outcomes were cognitive empathy (adopting perspectives and emotional understanding), emotional empathy (empathic stress and empathic happiness), and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family and physical).ResultsThe results showed that the indulgent parenting (warmth but not strictness) was related to equal or even better empathy and self-concept than the authoritative style (warmth and strictness), whereas non-warm parenting (authoritarian and neglectful) was consistently associated with poor results.DiscussionOverall, the present findings seriously question that parental strictness combined with parental warmth (authoritative style) is always the parenting style related to the greatest outcomes. By contrast, it seems that reasoning, warmth and involvement, without strictness (indulgent parenting) help adolescents to achieve a good orientation toward others in terms of cognitive and affective empathy and a good self-evaluation in terms of self-concept.Keywords: parenting styles, empathy, self-concept, perspective taking, adolescents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Maria C Fuentes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Oscar F Garcia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marta Alcaide","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rafael Garcia-Ros","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fernando Garcia","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":84,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4923280","element":"kindness","title":"Self-Compassion and Parenting in Mothers and Fathers with Depression","doi":"10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4923280/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Pilot-intervention and longitudinal observational analyses","ageRange":"Children in two source samples; see each study’s methods","population":"Mothers and fathers with a history of depression, studied through a pilot trial and a family follow-up sample.","rationale":"Includes kindness toward oneself as a parenting-relevant topic. It examines parental self-compassion alongside criticism, explanations of children’s behavior and reactions to children’s emotions, while separating these from unproven child-outcome benefits.","parentQuestion":"How might parental self-compassion relate to less critical responses to children?","readingPrompts":["Which parenting responses were associated with greater self-compassion?","What happened to child-outcome associations after statistical adjustment?","How do the pilot and longitudinal samples differ?"],"limitations":"The samples were limited and child-outcome associations became nonsignificant after adjustment. The paper does not establish that self-compassion treatment prevents children’s psychological problems.","id":"PMC4923280","authors":"L Psychogiou; K Legge; E Parry; J Mann; S Nath; T Ford; W Kuyken","journal":"Mindfulness","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2016-05-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4923280","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4923280-d4fe02fa16cce904.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d4fe02fa16cce9043277d1a1bc21afbb7c8ea0807e49e91c9f4203a68c175834","sourceTextSha256":"a8324da92732db1f22049191fee3e24ddf401254b58ca1d9b87a8d5e207781a8","sourceXmlSha256":"a92bb6c5a0b41411bf2f96403691809c5f12877491fa8bbed0e0b0d4f163f1b8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2fc3dc76bab801426fd2d124718e1576893bbdfe986688b6c8a31600db7afef5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42440,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractDepression in parents impairs parenting and increases the risk of psychopathology among their children. Prevention and intervention could be informed by knowledge of the mechanisms that break the inter-generational transmission of psychopathology and build resilience in both parents and their children. We used data from two independent studies to examine whether higher levels of self-compassion were associated with better parenting and fewer emotional and behavioral problems in children of parents with a history of depression. Study 1 was a pilot trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy that included 38 parents with recurrent depression. Study 2 was a longitudinal study that consisted of 160 families, including 50 mothers and 40 fathers who had a history of depression. Families were followed up approximately 16 months after the first assessment (time 2; n = 106 families). In both studies, self-compassion was assessed with the Self-Compassion Scale. Parents reporting higher levels of self-compassion were more likely to attribute the cause of their children’s behavior to external factors, were less critical, and used fewer distressed reactions to cope with their children’s emotions. Parents’ self-compassion was longitudinally associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing problems, but these associations became nonsignificant after controlling for child gender, parent education, and depressive symptoms. Future larger scale and experimental designs need to examine whether interventions intended to increase self-compassion might reduce the use of negative parenting strategies and thereby the inter-generational transmission of psychopathology.Keywords: Depression, Internalizing, Fathers, Self-compassion, Parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"L Psychogiou","type":"Person"},{"name":"K Legge","type":"Person"},{"name":"E Parry","type":"Person"},{"name":"J Mann","type":"Person"},{"name":"S Nath","type":"Person"},{"name":"T Ford","type":"Person"},{"name":"W Kuyken","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs12671-016-0528-6","publisherEvidenceSha256":"0f644909eb50d2b8f687f6f80e19136264be19ec8eef965419b6a3d0d68b0595","issueOrder":85,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6650592","element":"kindness","title":"A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating an Online Mindful Parenting Training for Mothers With Elevated Parental Stress","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01550","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6650592/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Randomized waitlist-controlled trial","ageRange":"Mothers of toddlers; approximately 2–3.5 years postpartum at recruitment","population":"Seventy-six Dutch mothers with elevated parenting stress, plus reports from nonparticipating coparents.","rationale":"Tests an accessible mindful-parenting program that includes self-compassion and less over-reactive responses. It contributes experimental evidence with important mixed findings rather than a blanket promise that the program improves every outcome.","parentQuestion":"Which outcomes actually changed in an online mindful-parenting trial?","readingPrompts":["Which findings met the study’s 95% threshold and which only its 90% threshold?","What happened to the primary parental-stress outcomes?","Did the nonparticipating parent also report improvements in child behavior?"],"limitations":"A small, selected sample and waitlist comparator limit generalization. Several outcomes were weak or nonsignificant; nonparticipating parents did not report significant child-outcome improvements.","id":"PMC6650592","authors":"Eva S. Potharst; Myrthe G. B. M. Boekhorst; Ivon Cuijlits; Kiki E. M. van Broekhoven; Anne Jacobs; Viola Spek; Ivan Nyklíček; Susan M. Bögels; Victor J. M. Pop","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-07-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01550","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6650592","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6650592-41cdf9f2fea7ef9a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"41cdf9f2fea7ef9a869a0406ae21192a72a4701e1176a4ec85847355ce2e0179","sourceTextSha256":"090d234884c5eebd61ad7792c3e03fb08c7244da9d42a78a5156835f2c116682","sourceXmlSha256":"82f84065e8cdde87f2846c4d7118e1c3f040e35c158c21282167497ef283701f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e0b78cab7458cf7eae4a457d0f5eb0cda7327f225063d17bb6af2a26820ef314","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58158,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectivesThe prevalence of maternal stress in early years of parenting can negatively impact child development. Therefore, there is a need for an early intervention that is easily accessible and low in costs. The current study examined the effectiveness of an 8-session online mindful parenting training for mothers with elevated levels of parental stress.MethodsA total of 76 mothers were randomized into an intervention (n = 43) or a waitlist control group (n = 33). The intervention group completed pretest assessment prior to the online intervention. Participants completed a post intervention assessment after the 10 weeks intervention and a follow-up assessment 10 weeks later. The waitlist group completed waitlist assessment, followed by a 10-week waitlist period. After these 10 weeks, a pretest assessment took place, after which the waitlist group participants also started the intervention, followed by the posttest assessment. Participating mothers completed questionnaires on parental stress (parent-child interaction problems, parenting problems, parental role restriction) and other maternal (over-reactive parenting discipline, self-compassion, symptoms of depression and anxiety) and child outcomes (aggressive behavior and emotional reactivity) while the non-participating parents (father or another mother) were asked to also report on child outcomes.ResultsThe online mindful parenting intervention was shown to be significantly more effective at a 95% level than a waitlist period with regard to over-reactive parenting discipline and symptoms of depression and anxiety (small and medium effect sizes), and significantly more effective at a 90% level with regard to self-compassion, and mother-rated child aggressive behavior and child emotional reactivity (small effect sizes). The primary outcome, parental stress, was found to have a 95% significant within-group effect only for the subscale parental role restriction (delayed small effect size improvement at follow-up). No significant improvements on child outcomes were found for the non-participating parent.ConclusionTo conclude, the results provide first evidence that an online mindful parenting training may be an easily accessible and valuable intervention for mothers with elevated levels of parental stress.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eva S. Potharst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Myrthe G. B. M. Boekhorst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ivon Cuijlits","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kiki E. M. van Broekhoven","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne Jacobs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Viola Spek","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ivan Nyklíček","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan M. Bögels","type":"Person"},{"name":"Victor J. M. Pop","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":86,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6478745","element":"kindness","title":"The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6478745/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study with neuroimaging","ageRange":"Early childhood through preadolescence","population":"Israeli children followed across childhood; the neuroimaging sample included children exposed to chronic war-related adversity and a comparison group.","rationale":"Relates observed caregiver–child synchrony to the development of empathy in a context that also includes temperament and adversity. It broadens Kindness beyond individual choice by attending to the conditions in which families live.","parentQuestion":"How do caregiving, temperament and adversity relate to children’s developing empathy?","readingPrompts":["How was mother–child synchrony observed across childhood?","Which participants completed the preadolescent brain-imaging assessment?","How were chronic adversity and child reactivity considered together?"],"limitations":"Observational developmental and brain-imaging associations are not an intervention test. Attrition, the specific adversity context and a limited imaging sample constrain causal and population-wide claims.","id":"PMC6478745","authors":"Jonathan Levy; Abraham Goldstein; Ruth Feldman","journal":"Nature Communications","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2019-04-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6478745","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6478745-9e43bd5eb6574b6f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9e43bd5eb6574b6f72829c2e0477a6b180a5e37ae8e20dcf46808b9c546a2bec","sourceTextSha256":"b05bdd294832b628bfe9bd0eef15494719252b55c94938842f2cd47b73d5a1b4","sourceXmlSha256":"4c646e44d5845ae1cdef8c2d5280141e55cc6a3cb963a236d6cf71e93ed2a3d8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"146458b1a522f97693dbcc9a28364ee3ad1bd5e296e64fd37a0802f888bb1f60","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Comment in","identifier":"31384131","identifierType":"MED"}],"sourceCharacters":51052,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Empathy is a core human social ability shaped by biological dispositions and caregiving experiences; yet the mechanisms sustaining maturation of the neural basis of empathy are unknown. Here, we followed eighty-four children, including 42 exposed to chronic war-related adversity, across the first decade of life, and assessed parenting, child temperament, and anxiety disorders as contributors to the neural development of empathy. At preadolescence, participants underwent magenetoencephalography while observing others’ distress. Preadolescents show a widely-distributed response in structures implicating the overlap of affective (automatic) and cognitive (higher-order) empathy, which is predicted by mother-child synchrony across childhood. Only temperamentally reactive young children growing in chronic adversity, particularly those who later develop anxiety disorders, display additional engagement of neural nodes possibly reflecting hyper-mentalizing and ruminations over the distressing stimuli. These findings demonstrate how caregiving patterns fostering interpersonal resonance, reactive temperament, and chronic adversity combine across early development to shape the human empathic brain.\n\nPeople’s early experiences and dispositions influence their ability to show and feel empathy. Here, using a sample of children exposed to war-related trauma, the authors examine how parenting, temperament, anxiety, and adversity affect the maturation of neural responses associated with empathy.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jonathan Levy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abraham Goldstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruth Feldman","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":87,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8651236","element":"kindness","title":"Positive Youth Development: Parental Warmth, Values, and Prosocial Behavior in 11 Cultural Groups","doi":"10.5195/jyd.2021.1026","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8651236/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Three-wave cross-cultural longitudinal study","ageRange":"Approximately 9–12 years","population":"Mothers, fathers and children in 1,107 families across eleven cultural groups in eight countries.","rationale":"Connects warmth, shared family obligations and prosocial development across multiple cultural settings. It offers a stronger basis for discussing family kindness across contexts while retaining the distinction between association and causation.","parentQuestion":"How do warmth and shared family values accompany prosocial development across cultures?","readingPrompts":["Which cultural groups and countries were represented?","How did changes in warmth, family-obligation values and prosocial behavior relate?","Were the patterns identical in every group?"],"limitations":"The longitudinal findings remain correlational and based on reported measures. Cultural coverage is substantial but does not represent every family or establish universal causal effects.","id":"PMC8651236","authors":"Concetta Pastorelli; Antonio Zuffianò; Jennifer E. Lansford; Eriona Thartori; Marc H. Bornstein; Lei Chang; Kirby Deater-Deckard; Laura Di Giunta; Kenneth A. Dodge; Sevtap Gurdal; Qin Liu; Qian Long; Paul Oburu; Ann T. Skinner; Emma Sorbring; Laurence Steinberg; Sombat Tapanya; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong; Suha Al-Hassan; Liane Peña Alampay; Dario Bacchini","journal":"Journal of youth development : bridging research and practice","publisher":"Clemson University","publishedDate":"2021-01-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2021.1026","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8651236","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8651236-7c30bd1b8eb5e61c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7c30bd1b8eb5e61c73a56cd4d01676b0c2748978c1a0119e9c6c863b812d5e10","sourceTextSha256":"0d425e0781476c571a74ae9a0d76c830136b4435d166185d5320fdbfaa8c9f59","sourceXmlSha256":"3797540a0117383d292575300d59c26f90a9720bb29779ab6dfe136c1620cb3e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ac0aa0ca3ac6c02085f56c3b832bb29b4ef4ae13ab48c896c8e277a3e9dcac84","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42188,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The current cross-cultural study aimed to extend research on parenting and children’s prosocial behavior by examining relations among parental warmth, values related to family obligations (i.e., children’s support to and respect for their parents, siblings, and extended family), and prosocial behavior during the transition to adolescence (from ages 9 to 12). Mothers, fathers, and their children (N = 1107 families) from 8 countries including 11 cultural groups (Colombia; Rome and Naples, Italy; Jordan; Kenya; the Philippines; Sweden; Thailand; and African Americans, European Americans, and Latin Americans in the United States) provided data over 3 years in 3 waves (Mage of child in wave 1 = 9.34 years, SD = 0.75; 50.5% female). Overall, across all 11 cultural groups, multivariate change score analysis revealed positive associations among the change rates of parental warmth, values related to family obligations, and prosocial behavior during late childhood (from age 9 to 10) and early-adolescence (from age 10 to 12). In most cultural groups, more parental warmth at ages 9 and 10 predicted steeper mean-level increases in prosocial behavior in subsequent years. The findings highlight the prominent role of positive family context, characterized by warm relationships and shared prosocial values, in fostering children’s positive development in the transition to adolescence. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antonio Zuffianò","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E. Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eriona Thartori","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H. Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater-Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenneth A. Dodge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qin Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qian Long","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul Oburu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann T. Skinner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Sorbring","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurence Steinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sombat Tapanya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suha Al-Hassan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liane Peña Alampay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.5195%2Fjyd.2021.1026","publisherEvidenceSha256":"bdbf99d856108cf4ed0cd96e7aea8c5ea9c61757a7cc9c7d26285a4f5b28dffa","issueOrder":88,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4798768","element":"kindness","title":"The Dynamic Interplay among Maternal Empathy, Quality of Mother-Adolescent Relationship, and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviors: New Insights from a Six-Wave Longitudinal Multi-Informant Study","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0150009","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4798768/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Six-wave, multi-informant longitudinal study","ageRange":"Approximately 13–18 years","population":"Dutch adolescents and their mothers followed annually.","rationale":"Studies empathy as part of a two-way mother–adolescent relationship rather than a trait parents simply transmit. It is relevant to kindness during conflict because it examines support, conflict and antisocial behavior over time.","parentQuestion":"How do a mother’s empathy and an adolescent’s behavior influence their relationship over time?","readingPrompts":["Which relationship dimensions were measured alongside maternal empathy?","Were the pathways only from parent to adolescent, or reciprocal?","How did adolescent and mother reports contribute different information?"],"limitations":"The design does not prove causation and centers mothers in a predominantly Dutch sample. Related papers use the same RADAR cohort and should not be counted as independent replications.","id":"PMC4798768","authors":"Elisabetta Crocetti; Silvia Moscatelli; Jolien Van der Graaff; Loes Keijsers; Pol van Lier; Hans M. Koot; Monica Rubini; Wim Meeus; Susan Branje","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2016-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150009","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4798768","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4798768-ade00fddc9f9a4b2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ade00fddc9f9a4b2b806a1d443c705b41c4747d9b8135835e12a57c4a840c52a","sourceTextSha256":"9d2cab18c1cee753420d9d2872bcb778defc3445142a335cd7e7131b46654931","sourceXmlSha256":"56a838b8eb88bf17dbd3eb9896e41abc56382a21f4bfe456beb7cad7d6f1283d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2e1fae2fceab17ad7d6fa23e29d4f5512b358c41b5315fd4f8322edad995efa4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38443,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Adolescents’ behavior is often a matter of concern, given their increased likelihood of enacting antisocial behaviors, which cause disruptions in the social order and are potentially harmful for the adolescents themselves and for the people around them. In this six-wave longitudinal study we sought to examine the interplay among maternal empathy, multiple indicators of mother-adolescent relationship quality (i.e., balanced relatedness, conflict, and support), and adolescent antisocial behaviors rated both by adolescents and their mothers. Participants for the current study were 497 Dutch adolescents (56.9% males) followed from age 13 to 18, and their mothers. A series of cross-lagged panel models revealed reciprocal associations between maternal empathy and mother-adolescent relationship quality and between mother-adolescent relationship quality and adolescent antisocial behaviors. Interestingly, we also found some indirect effects of adolescent antisocial behaviors on maternal empathy mediated by mother-adolescent relationship quality. Overall, this study further highlights a process of reciprocal influences within mother-adolescent dyads.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elisabetta Crocetti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvia Moscatelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jolien Van der Graaff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loes Keijsers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pol van Lier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hans M. Koot","type":"Person"},{"name":"Monica Rubini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wim Meeus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Branje","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":89,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4930472","element":"kindness","title":"Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Longitudinal Links with Maternal Empathy and Psychological Control","doi":"10.1007/s10802-015-0106-8","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4930472/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Six-wave longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Approximately 13–18 years","population":"A predominantly Dutch community sample of 497 adolescents and their mothers.","rationale":"Connects maternal empathy with psychological control and adolescents’ depressive symptoms, while recognizing adolescent-to-parent pathways. Kindness is framed as understanding another person’s perspective, not as a substitute for mental-health care.","parentQuestion":"What can empathy and psychological control tell us about adolescent emotional well-being?","readingPrompts":["How were cognitive and affective maternal empathy measured?","Which findings suggested adolescents also influenced parental responses?","How did pathways differ by gender or stage of adolescence?"],"limitations":"Questionnaire-based observational models cannot establish treatment effects. The predominantly Dutch, relatively advantaged sample limits generalization; it shares the RADAR cohort with related articles.","id":"PMC4930472","authors":"Lente L. A. A. Werner; Jolien Van der Graaff; Wim H. J. Meeus; Susan J. T. Branje","journal":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2016-08-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0106-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4930472","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4930472-480f404926a132ad.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"480f404926a132adef7228b99b6e0d86331763920af57a9e3260929c8deb7480","sourceTextSha256":"20ab9745b2b8010710dff4920478fe54f56ad336b763d0f9be8ef78789084c03","sourceXmlSha256":"ebed57d645b3806ecfc35849ef158817c2e53ccf9780f15baa69c5ff1f93017a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f974da24933239efd61a2fc216495e199d610bb147918af2f0dec4c65ab1fb37","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48182,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Building on self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan in Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01, 2000), the aim of the current study was to examine the role of maternal affective and cognitive empathy in predicting adolescents’ depressive symptoms, through mothers’ psychological control use. Less empathic mothers may be less sensitive to adolescents’ need for psychological autonomy, and thus prone to violating this need using psychological control, which may in turn predict adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Moreover, according to interpersonal theory of depression (Coyne in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186–193. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.2.186, 1976), adolescents’ depressive symptoms may elicit rejecting responses, such as mothers’ psychological control. For six waves, 497 adolescents (57 % boys, Mage T1 = 13.03) annually completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms and maternal psychological control, while mothers reported on their empathy. Cross-lagged path analyses showed that throughout adolescence, both mothers’ affective and cognitive empathy indirectly predicted boys’ and girls’ depressive symptoms, through psychological control. Additionally, depressive symptoms predicted psychological control for boys, and early adolescent girls. These results highlight the importance of (1) mothers’ affective and cognitive empathy in predicting adolescents’ depressive symptoms, and (2) taking gender into account when examining adolescent-effects.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lente L. A. A. Werner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jolien Van der Graaff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wim H. J. Meeus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan J. T. Branje","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-015-0106-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b7f97eb38d4bfb2404e627792be10982b5af31e0b17165f87384c8b99417c783","issueOrder":90,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7606909","element":"kindness","title":"Empathy in Toddlers: The Role of Emotion Regulation, Language Ability, and Maternal Emotion Socialization Style","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586862","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7606909/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7606909/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Toddlers; mean age 28.8 months","population":"Three hundred twenty toddlers and their mothers, recruited through Italian infant–toddler centers.","rationale":"Examines empathy alongside children’s language, emotion regulation and mothers’ emotion-coaching style. It helps readers distinguish several capacities that may accompany early kindness rather than assuming one parental technique explains them all.","parentQuestion":"How are emotion coaching, language and emotion regulation associated with toddler empathy?","readingPrompts":["Which associations remained after considering age and language ability?","How did emotion-coaching and dismissing styles differ?","Did child emotion regulation moderate the parenting–empathy association?"],"limitations":"Mothers reported both child abilities and their own socialization style. Cross-sectional data and a middle-socioeconomic-status sample do not establish direction of effects or broad generalizability.","id":"PMC7606909","authors":"Veronica Ornaghi; Elisabetta Conte; Ilaria Grazzani","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-10-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586862","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7606909","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7606909-a14b82f601ad8725.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a14b82f601ad8725d3a712ff82e33f64b0088e5a3fdc1a5a79344c82e3088831","sourceTextSha256":"4ad93f64ca1d683cf58b4ab773fe6079487107575decc6589de9641fbe74593e","sourceXmlSha256":"19cb2291827a9d6e0937654ac11465dd567184d3b6b702d27aabe99282f12461","rightsEvidenceSha256":"93fb3eb12a94f5d9749d1894879d65a23d03768107f5a57149ccb4bc40e5d29f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43098,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWe investigated, through a cross-sectional study, whether and to what extent toddlers’ empathy is associated with a set of individual and family factors known to foster positive social skills in early childhood: children’s own emotion regulation, language ability, and maternal emotion socialization style. Participants were 320 toddlers (Mage = 28.8 months; SD = 3.55) and their mothers. The children came from middle-SES families and were recruited at 34 infant-toddler centers. We used parent-report measures to assess the toddlers’ competences and a self-report questionnaire to evaluate maternal emotion socialization style (coaching vs. dismissing). Toddlers’ empathic responses, as reported by their mothers, were positively and significantly correlated, respectively, with their positive emotion regulation, language skills, and maternal emotion-coaching style. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that emotion regulation and maternal emotion-coaching style contributed to explaining variance in toddlers’ empathy, after controlling for the effects of children’s age and language ability. Moderation analysis showed that emotion regulation skills did not moderate the relationship between maternal emotion-coaching style and children’s empathy. We discuss the implications of these findings.Keywords: empathy, emotion regulation, vocabulary, maternal emotion socialization style, toddlers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Veronica Ornaghi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisabetta Conte","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ilaria Grazzani","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":91,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC5650632","element":"kindness","title":"The Associations between Perceived Parenting Styles, Empathy, and Altruistic Choices in Economic Games: A Study of Chinese Children","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01843","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5650632/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5650632/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Survey with behavioral economic-game tasks","ageRange":"School-age children; mean age 8.9 years","population":"Four hundred ninety-four Chinese children, with mother-reported child empathy.","rationale":"Links perceived parental emotional warmth and rejection with children’s altruistic choices in structured games. It is especially useful for separating a measured helping-related choice from a broad claim about a child’s character.","parentQuestion":"How do children’s perceptions of warmth relate to sharing choices and empathy?","readingPrompts":["How was altruism measured in the dictator-game tasks?","Who reported parenting style and who reported empathy?","Did the mediation patterns differ for in-group and out-group recipients?"],"limitations":"Parenting was not experimentally assigned. Statistical mediation cannot prove a causal chain, and choices in brief economic games may not capture everyday kindness across settings.","id":"PMC5650632","authors":"Qingke Guo; Linlin Feng","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-10-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01843","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5650632","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5650632-c438ed80f5205f51.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c438ed80f5205f5134b1e7727183de3a4d70f22b53bd153f0ec25a95ad41af54","sourceTextSha256":"5ce3e5d9f32401e7dee2bcc5882fc591d653fd1a1f548c84da2436fbc243b353","sourceXmlSha256":"881bf75057738a12398b7e34c26db8c2d58b6fdbb7f4aab47be962e1e5cd0c52","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7700ad48bb99a7d13ccc1aa142e25ef9922370d6c493456d199adfc5dbd3582b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44480,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting styles are critical for fostering children’s empathy and prosociality. Yet these relations haven’t been well established for Chinese children, and the underlying mechanisms were seldom explored. Drawing upon parental acceptance-rejection theory and empathy-altruism hypothesis, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between perceived parenting styles and altruistic behavior of children, and the intervening role of children’s empathy and the moderating role of in-group and out-group conditions. What is novel about this study is that it contains both survey data and experimental data. Four hundred and ninety-four children (Mage = 8.92 years) completed four simple binary-choice dictator games which are widely used in the study of other-regarding preferences (concerns for the interests of others). These children also reported their perceived parenting styles. And children’s empathy was reported by their mothers. Each child’s altruism score, which was used in the subsequent analyses, was derived from the altruistic choices in these games. Mediation analyses indicated that, when age and gender were controlled for, maternal and paternal emotional warmth were positively associated with children’s altruism via children’s empathy, while maternal and paternal rejection were negatively associated with children’s altruism via children’s empathy. Multi-group analyses showed that the influences of perceived parenting styles on children’s altruistic behavior via children’s empathy were consistent for in-group and out-group conditions. These findings suggest that enhancing parental emotional warmth and reducing parental rejection may foster children’s empathy, which in turn promote children’s altruism. Limitations and future directions of this study were also discussed.Keywords: empathy, perceived parenting styles, altruistic behavior, other-regarding preferences, Chinese children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Qingke Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linlin Feng","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":92,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC5552721","element":"kindness","title":"Parenting Styles, Prosocial, and Aggressive Behavior: The Role of Emotions in Offender and Non-offender Adolescents","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01246","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5552721/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional comparative survey","ageRange":"15–18 years","population":"Adolescents from schools and youth detention centers in Valencia, Spain.","rationale":"Examines acceptance, emotional processes and prosocial behavior in two different adolescent contexts. It brings attention to support and circumstances without treating young people in detention as a uniform group.","parentQuestion":"How do parenting support and emotions relate to prosocial behavior in different adolescent settings?","readingPrompts":["How did the school and youth-detention samples differ?","Which pathways involved empathy and which involved emotional instability?","Were the same statistical patterns found in both groups?"],"limitations":"One-time self-report data cannot establish causal pathways or their direction. The regional and institutional samples constrain generalization, and group comparisons do not explain an individual child’s behavior.","id":"PMC5552721","authors":"Anna Llorca; María Cristina Richaud; Elisabeth Malonda","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-08-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01246","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5552721","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5552721-89fcb91631861270.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"89fcb916318612705058a608555e2f252129779e954bc3fcf3cfc9849fd06280","sourceTextSha256":"2ded0253e3ca6f8d0d8e89599aa8cc4e0303c6aeac2a60f4bbebf9c7848a1960","sourceXmlSha256":"6e75b8e3cf879e8432656a0c4b8fe9b1cf5e605c9cec88a064890c96ff137134","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6e88dd36395a3e02a5b8da6011f09c47d3e466a2963ff2661ca0bf9eef91be4d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32831,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The aim is to analyse the parenting styles effects (acceptance, negative control and negligence) on prosociality and aggressive behavior in adolescents through the mediator variables empathy and emotional instability, and also, if this model fits to the same extent when we study adolescents institutionalized due to problems with the law and adolescents from the general population, and at the same time, if the values of the different analyzed variables are similar in both groups of adolescents. We carried out a cross-sectional study. 220 participants from schools in the metropolitan area of Valencia took part in the study. Also, 220 young offenders took part recruited from four Youth Detention Centres of Valencia, in which they were carrying out court sentences. The age of the subjects range from 15-18 years. The results indicate that the emotional variables act as mediators in general, in the non-offender adolescents, but it has been observed, in the offender adolescents, a direct effect of support on aggressive behavior in a negative way and on prosociality in a positive way; and of negligence on aggressive behavior and of permissiveness on prosociality in a negative way.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anna Llorca","type":"Person"},{"name":"María Cristina Richaud","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisabeth Malonda","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":93,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8297214","element":"kindness","title":"Parental Warmth, Gratitude, and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of School Climate","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18137033","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8297214/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Two-time-point observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents and parents surveyed at different assessment points.","rationale":"Connects parental warmth, gratitude and prosocial behavior while considering school climate. It provides a concrete bridge between family relationships and the wider environments that can support kindness.","parentQuestion":"How are parental warmth, gratitude and school climate associated with prosocial behavior?","readingPrompts":["When were parental warmth and adolescent outcomes measured?","What role did gratitude play in the statistical model?","How did school climate change the gratitude–prosocial-behavior association?"],"limitations":"The two-time-point mediation model is observational; it cannot prove the proposed sequence of mechanisms. Reported associations may depend on the Chinese school and family context.","id":"PMC8297214","authors":"Haocheng Luo; Qingqi Liu; Chengfu Yu; Yangang Nie; Paul B Tchounwou","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-06-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137033","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8297214","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8297214-b47ec7f41d500942.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b47ec7f41d500942dcbe5df504f92f660296993d8cea4f48299967ea1e224094","sourceTextSha256":"59a88849a8c9ab6007ad5dd1ccccbf4c2597065d8e6ebd63386bc2ded6fbddc7","sourceXmlSha256":"701b0f3edc0b78fd34909cdc7a05655cd090e7f66b69c5553bdc5a457bd49fef","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2fa9160ab0eb300b1a676a50b8330d345e3fc2e3c77838c6ebac17b4470b64a8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR356411","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":29801,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental warmth plays an important role in the development of adolescents’ physical and mental health. There are numerous empirical studies indicating a relationship between parental warmth and prosocial behavior among adolescents, although the underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. Adopting a longitudinal design across two time points, the present study proposes a moderated mediation model to explore the mediating role of gratitude and the moderating role of the school climate between parental warmth and prosocial behavior. The sample consisted of 934 participants (483 boys and 451 girls) who participated in the second assessment and completed questionnaires assessing gratitude, school climate, and prosocial behavior in April 2019. Their parents participated in the first assessment and completed a questionnaire pertaining to parental warmth in October 2018. After controlling for the gender and age of the adolescents, the results showed that the positive association between parental warmth and prosocial behavior is mediated by gratitude, and school climate does play a moderating role in the second half of the mediating path. Specifically, the school climate can play a protective role in adolescents with low levels of gratitude. For adolescents with less gratitude, a strong school climate can promote more prosocial behaviors and can effectively alleviate the negative prediction of low levels of gratitude. This study provides a theoretical explanation for the generation of adolescents’ prosocial behavior and provides theoretical guidance for the interventions of schools and parents.Keywords: parental warmth, gratitude, prosocial behavior, school climate, adolescent","authorEntries":[{"name":"Haocheng Luo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qingqi Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chengfu Yu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yangang Nie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":94,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC7786050","element":"kindness","title":"The Impact of Adolescents’ Attachment to Peers and Parents on Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.592144","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7786050/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7786050/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Short-term longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"15–19 years","population":"Three hundred seventy-five students from three secondary schools in central Portugal, assessed four months apart.","rationale":"Examines parent and peer attachment in relation to prosocial behavior and aggression. It helps parents see friendship relationships as part of adolescents’ social world without interpreting attachment as the only influence on kindness.","parentQuestion":"How are parent and peer attachments linked with prosocial behavior over a school term?","readingPrompts":["Which associations were concurrent and which extended across four months?","How strongly did earlier behavior predict later behavior?","What differences were found between mother, father and peer attachment?"],"limitations":"A short follow-up, self-report measures and a limited school sample constrain inference. Several reported pathways are concurrent, and the design does not establish that attachment changes cause prosocial behavior.","id":"PMC7786050","authors":"Paula Vagos; Lénia Carvalhais","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-12-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.592144","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7786050","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7786050-0f17ee8e47e41d1a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0f17ee8e47e41d1a8bc25123fa3f42a1cea91553c2069a868d5d60543a999714","sourceTextSha256":"7f0a4039104c64a6a6b1d25295d0612a56b79753e9a5b4f4d626d92fee66875d","sourceXmlSha256":"9c16e0a7252ee40a42e5061dda2b872eb4f5db96a8424d87f6689f0acdbb2cc8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"35ecdab06a768f87a352232d26bc6b0eff43adc1b891d39f5119ab6dd74d2f5d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28265,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis short-longitudinal study analyzed the cross-sectional and longitudinal pathways linking adolescent’s quality of attachment to parents and peers and their practice of aggressive and prosocial behavior; it also explored the moderation effect of gender on those pathways. A total of 375 secondary school students (203 girls and 172 boys), aged between 15 and 19 years old, completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and the Peer Experience Questionnaire - Revised twice, within a four-month gap. Using a path analyses approach, results showed that aggression and prosocial behavior were the strongest predictors of themselves overtime. Attachment to mother had a cross-sectional effect on aggression and on prosocial behavior via attachment to peers, and attachment to peers predicted prosocial behavior; overall, the higher the quality of attachment, the lowest the practice of aggression and the highest the practice of prosocial behavior. These effects held stable for boys and girls, though gender-based differences were found in mean levels of attachment to peers and social behaviors. Even if other variables may be in place when understanding adolescents’ social behaviors, attachment to mother and peers also seem to play a relevant role in trying to achieve safer and more positive school climates. Suggestions on how to accomplish this are shortly discussed.Keywords: peers, parents, attachment, adolescent, prosocial behavior, aggression","authorEntries":[{"name":"Paula Vagos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lénia Carvalhais","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":95,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10887731","element":"kindness","title":"Treating Parental Burnout: Impact and Particularities of a Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Approach","doi":"10.3390/children11020168","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10887731/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Active-comparator group-intervention study","ageRange":"Parents with at least one child living at home","population":"French-speaking parents in mindfulness/compassion and Parenting in Balance groups; predominantly mothers.","rationale":"Tests a compassion-focused approach against another parent-support program and reports mixed individual trajectories. It supports an honest discussion of kindness toward oneself while resisting the idea that a single program is best for every parent.","parentQuestion":"What did a compassion-based parent-support program add compared with another active program?","readingPrompts":["Did the two programs differ significantly in their effects?","Were changes in self-compassion linked with changes in burnout?","Did every participant improve?"],"limitations":"The sample was small and lacked an inactive control. The compassion approach was not shown superior to the active comparator, and some participants reported higher burnout after intervention.","id":"PMC10887731","authors":"Marie Bayot; Maria Elena Brianda; Nastasya van der Straten; Moïra Mikolajczak; Rebecca Shankland; Isabelle Roskam; Steven W Kairys","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-01-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020168","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10887731","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10887731-96b34dd6120b5f09.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"96b34dd6120b5f09ebf66c80d9e20d549953382528a00af90e393ad4fcd85922","sourceTextSha256":"56674faa66dcd504b6093c91404d7b9cf57fd2b3ec1f34b7c9a66f006d6be124","sourceXmlSha256":"206438ac4a81c6d402cd914c760b736b7461c15b6754507900a83d89008dd3ea","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47627,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractMindfulness- and self-compassion-based programs have been shown to reduce parental stress, and levels of mindfulness and self-compassion have been shown to be negatively related to parental burnout (PB) factors. Based on these results, the present study aimed to test the efficacy of an 8-week mindfulness and compassion-based group approach (MCA) (n = 29) compared with the existing Parenting in Balance Program (PBP) (n = 25). Parents were blindly enrolled in one of the two conditions. Parental burnout, parental neglect and violence, irritability, parental balance between stress-enhancing and stress-alleviating factors, hair cortisol, and mindful parenting and self-compassion were measured before, after, and three months after the end of the program. All the measured outcomes positively changed over time in both conditions, except for irritability. Large effect sizes were found for parental burnout, parental neglect and violence, and mindful parenting and self-compassion. However, contrary to our hypothesis, the decrease in parental burnout in the MCA was not significantly related to an increase in mindful parenting nor self-compassion. Furthermore, certain participants from the MCA group reported higher levels of parental burnout after the intervention. The absence of specific effects between MCA and PBP programs suggests the presence of common effectiveness factors. Therefore, future studies need to analyze specific variables that may explain differential effects of programs on parental burnout levels.Keywords: parental violence, parental neglect, mindfulness-based programs, mindful parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marie Bayot","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Elena Brianda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nastasya van der Straten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Moïra Mikolajczak","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Shankland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Isabelle Roskam","type":"Person"},{"name":"Steven W Kairys","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":96,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC8143306","element":"kindness","title":"Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Self Compassion (SC) Training for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Trial in Community Services in Spain","doi":"10.3390/children8050316","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8143306/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Small nonrandomized waitlist pilot","ageRange":"Parents of children younger than 12 with autism spectrum disorder","population":"Parents recruited through an autism association in Valencia, Spain; ten completed the program.","rationale":"Investigates mindfulness and self-compassion as parent supports in a specific community setting. Its relevance is compassionate support for caregivers, with the small pilot clearly separated from established evidence of benefit.","parentQuestion":"What can—and cannot—a small parent self-compassion pilot establish?","readingPrompts":["How were participants assigned to the two schedules?","Which outcomes changed and which did not?","Why is a larger, more rigorous study needed before generalizing?"],"limitations":"Group assignment followed availability rather than randomization. The very small, selected sample and self-report outcomes prevent reliable generalization or claims about benefits for children.","id":"PMC8143306","authors":"Liliana Paulina Rojas-Torres; Yurena Alonso-Esteban; María Fernanda López-Ramón; Francisco Alcantud-Marín","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-04-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050316","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8143306","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8143306-878de2081ddc3e3e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"878de2081ddc3e3e8c061251d36d02929e69f763e2b932045029c43fe562ff6c","sourceTextSha256":"abc1d6608dec47e59d9313e82815c5e8670de6218da3110083697e4570dff22e","sourceXmlSha256":"c3d9d245d01777d3a8228c709984bbd5d9b5f177233d6d69d1303dd952b93e1f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"86634aaa6f86b1cfbaa8b1382c46ba1325dd60b33a78e330b40227c0b5a4f47c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR292144","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":39933,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study aims to develop a clinical trial to test the efficacy of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and self-compassion (SC) program on self-reported values of anxiety, depression, and stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in primary school, in order to assess their integration into the framework of community intervention programs in Spain. Methods: A brief 8-week training program using mindfulness-based intervention (MBSR) and self-compassion (SC) has been applied to twelve Valencian ASD parents, ten of whom completed the program. Participants were assigned to two groups; both groups received the same treatment but at two different measurement moments. Depression, anxiety, stress, satisfaction with life and mindful attention awareness measurements were performed, in all participants, in three testing stages. Results: Analysis of variance results suggested that MBSR and SC training reduces stress and anxiety and increases mindful attention awareness. No significant changes were found in life satisfaction measurements. Conclusions: The small number of participants prevents us from generalizing the results found. More MBSR and SC clinical trials are needed in parents of ASD with results on anxiety, depression and stress in order to demonstrate the relevance of the inclusion of these programs in community-based early intervention services.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Liliana Paulina Rojas-Torres","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yurena Alonso-Esteban","type":"Person"},{"name":"María Fernanda López-Ramón","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francisco Alcantud-Marín","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":97,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC6678118","element":"kindness","title":"Relationships between Parental Socialization Styles, Empathy and Connectedness with Nature: Their Implications in Environmentalism","doi":"10.3390/ijerph16142461","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6678118/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"12–16 years","population":"Seven hundred ninety-seven adolescents from six public secondary schools in Alicante, Spain.","rationale":"Links family socialization with empathy and connectedness with nature, extending kindness to concern beyond the immediate household. Its cultural and methodological limits remain part of the reading.","parentQuestion":"How might family warmth relate to empathy and care for the natural world?","readingPrompts":["How were empathy and connectedness with nature distinguished?","Which parenting-style groups showed different reported patterns?","What would be needed to show that changing parenting causes environmental concern?"],"limitations":"The study is cross-sectional and relies on adolescent questionnaires from one Spanish province. Associations do not establish causal development or actual environmental behavior.","id":"PMC6678118","authors":"Daniel Musitu-Ferrer; Celeste León-Moreno; Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo; Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez; Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2019-07-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142461","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6678118","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6678118-e46e6e12370aae09.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e46e6e12370aae09cdfa4bb3d644a2c075f679b70798cfe0e99f3dfcb4845e43","sourceTextSha256":"95be764233dbb8998b1143a6b2c43f771246e4af788815fdba3f8e9a5e98346c","sourceXmlSha256":"d7c503ca74632aed52432bd8422bed083c13275f31707a8d52a392a6ef82d485","rightsEvidenceSha256":"87c09ad18124d45a19136eabc8d388213fa5e91a9e074c45a98e89aea76722ef","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43851,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParents exert a strong influence on several adjustment outcomes. However, little is known about their influence on adolescents’ connectedness with the environment. This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, empathy and connectedness with the environment. The two-dimensional socialization model was used with four resulting styles: Indulgent, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian. The sample comprised 797 adolescents (52.7% girls) from six public secondary schools who were aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.94, SD = 1.28). The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature. It was also observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher levels of empathy and connectedness with the environment than adolescents raised by authoritarian and neglectful parents, with males from such families consistently presenting the lowest levels of empathy and connectedness, which was not the case among women. Additionally, women, regardless of the parental style in which they had been educated, showed greater cognitive and emotional empathy with the natural environment, while adolescents raised in indulgent and authoritative families displayed higher levels of empathy and connectedness than those with authoritarian and neglectful parents. These results suggest that indulgent and authoritative styles are stronger enablers of empathy and connectedness with nature.Keywords: parental socialization, adolescence, empathy with nature, connectedness with nature","authorEntries":[{"name":"Daniel Musitu-Ferrer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Celeste León-Moreno","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":98,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10840230","element":"kindness","title":"A systematic review of parental burnout and related factors among parents","doi":"10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10840230/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Parents of children aged 0–18 years","population":"Twenty-six studies of factors associated with parental burnout, drawn from English- and Chinese-language publications.","rationale":"Places self-compassion and concern for others within a broader account of parental burnout that also includes family, community and cultural factors. It avoids reducing caregiver kindness to individual effort alone.","parentQuestion":"Where do self-compassion and family support fit among the factors associated with parental burnout?","readingPrompts":["How many studies supported each proposed factor?","How often were the included studies cross-sectional?","Which factors concern community or social conditions rather than individual parenting?"],"limitations":"Many factors were supported by only one or two studies, often cross-sectional. The review identifies associations rather than showing that modifying any one factor will prevent or treat burnout.","id":"PMC10840230","authors":"Xiaohe Ren; Yingying Cai; Jingyi Wang; Ou Chen","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-02-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10840230","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10840230-0238445baeb1b0ba.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0238445baeb1b0ba55f861ca988ca4f1a891f2f9ee683c16d71c00d650e5beae","sourceTextSha256":"e97635c9625bec8b663df35ee5f1afb72ac5dbda88b19b2fe69bb87bf42a85ae","sourceXmlSha256":"b0db0b642dba296de6a93774abf5e95b8a27ccca97530bd1428be8ef570d9940","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3ecca670414687de24a5a6a0374a47c1c559e183e06c631f301aee52907842b0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46393,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundParenting is both a complex and stressful endeavor, so parents sometimes experience parenting burnout. The main objective of this study was to provide an overview of factors related to general parental burnout (PB) among parents with at least one child based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST).MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, CNKI and WanFang were systematically searched for studies published from 2010 to July 2023 for peer-reviewed articles using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as “parenting”, “parental”, “burnout”, “psychological burnout”, “burn-out syndrome”. Studies were included if they described associations between factors and PB among parents of children aged 0-18 years old in the general population, and published in an English or Chinese language peer-reviewed journal. The Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD) was employed to assess the risk of bias of included studies.ResultsOf 2037 articles, 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), we found that microsystem-individual factors such as gender, educational level, income, parental personality, internalization of maternal parental motivation, unmitigated communion, self-compassion and concern for others, alexithymia, anxiety and depressive symptoms, parental perfectionism, resilience, low self-esteem and high need for control, mother's attachment style were identified as being associated with parenting burnout. Mesosystem-interpersonal factors involve parent-child relationship and marital satisfaction. The exosystem-organizational or community factors include the number of children in the household, neighborhood and the number of hours spent with children, child's illness, child's behavior problems and social support. The macrosystem-society/policy or culture factors are mainly personal values and cultural values.ConclusionsThis systematic review found several factors that have been investigated in relation to PB. However, the majority of the factors were reported by one or two studies often implementing a cross-sectional design. Nevertheless, we still recommend that health policymakers and administrators relieve parenting burnout among parents with children by adjusting these modifiable factors.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaohe Ren","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yingying Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jingyi Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ou Chen","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":99,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10693347","element":"kindness","title":"Parenting styles, empathy and aggressive behavior in preschool children: an examination of mediating mechanisms","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243623","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10693347/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10693347/fullTextXML","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"3–5 years","population":"Eighty-seven Chinese preschool children assessed with caregiver questionnaires.","rationale":"Explores links among parenting styles, child empathy and aggression during the preschool years. It offers an early-childhood comparison for the Kindness theme with a clear small-sample caveat.","parentQuestion":"How are preschool empathy and aggressive behavior associated with reported parenting styles?","readingPrompts":["Which parenting-style association was most apparent?","Who provided the measures of child behavior and empathy?","Why does a mediation model here not prove a developmental mechanism?"],"limitations":"The small cross-sectional sample and questionnaire measures cannot establish causal mediation, direction of effects or generalizability to all preschool families.","id":"PMC10693347","authors":"Zhumei Lin; Ziqian Zhou; Lijun Zhu; Weige Wu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-11-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243623","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10693347","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10693347-c6770e4a737cdceb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c6770e4a737cdceb769317f50d46b1ffdb8895f286dadc3f684d917191f59793","sourceTextSha256":"a245bd17ed2ca6e3869ac168b57f25bde46610fc77497b53466536e8d847fbb6","sourceXmlSha256":"a50afec118f2db0c854f734b6e7d37518f413c9050a7bd585a0aefddac0b8e96","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9076468b8ae0df21ec9200f050f39056340ea13ce236f3501ccd173645f868eb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":29320,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionThis study examined the interplay between parenting styles, empathy, and aggressive behavior in Chinese preschool children aged 3–5 years.MethodsData were collected from 87 participants using the Child Behavior Checklist, Children’s Empathy Quotient, and Parenting Style Questionnaire, and were subsequently analyzed.ResultsThe findings revealed significant age and gender differences in empathy, but not in parenting styles or aggressive behavior. Additionally, a substantial correlation was identified between authoritarian parenting style and aggressive behavior, as well as between children’s empathy levels and aggressive behavior. This indicates that empathy may act as a mediator between parenting style and aggressive behavior.DiscussionOur findings suggest that an authoritarian parenting style influences aggressive behavior both directly and indirectly through its effect on children’s empathy. These results point toward the possibility that an authoritarian parenting style may stifle the development of empathy in preschool children, subsequently heightening their aggressive behavior.Keywords: parenting style, empathy, aggressive behavior, preschool children, authoritarian","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zhumei Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ziqian Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lijun Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weige Wu","type":"Person"}],"issueOrder":100,"volume":1,"issue":1},{"pmcid":"PMC2875205","doi":"10.1186/1742-4755-7-6","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Family communication study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Young people and families in rural Tanzania discussing sexual and reproductive health","rationale":"A topic-specific study in rural Tanzania situates family openness in its social and cultural context.","parentQuestion":"What conversational barriers are documented in the local family setting?","readingPrompts":["What conversational barriers are documented in the local family setting?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (young people and families in rural Tanzania discussing sexual and reproductive health) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The family communication data concern rural Tanzania and a specific health topic. Barriers reported there should not be assumed to characterize all conversations in all households.","id":"PMC2875205","title":"Parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health in rural Tanzania: Implications for young people's sexual health interventions","authors":"Joyce Wamoyi; Angela Fenwick; Mark Urassa; Basia Zaba; William Stones","journal":"Reproductive Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2010-05-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-7-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2875205","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2875205/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC2875205-2a25d40bbda6c334.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2a25d40bbda6c334f957cf77cd1dad8ebf747b7b96f1702256670cecfa861158","sourceTextSha256":"136f88c87264d7b8a97d549bd906908cc60cda841f79a2c162f765631fc1973c","sourceXmlSha256":"6535331c9c1203850ca259cedf0319b5f3890714e9d0001c9aa2c2bff13b1240","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0499538f6c877a9d64b546b76568f00d3b1bdc771767b5e91e59cc31dc497b23","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":88030,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundMany programmes on young people and HIV/AIDS prevention have focused on the in-school and channeled sexual and reproductive health messages through schools with limited activities for the young people's families. The assumption has been that parents in African families do not talk about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) with their children. These approach has had limited success because of failure to factor in the young person's family context, and the influence of parents. This paper explores parent-child communication about SRH in families, content, timing and reasons for their communication with their children aged 14-24 years in rural Tanzania.MethodsThis study employed an ethnographic research design. Data collection involved eight weeks of participant observation, 17 focus group discussions and 46 in-depth interviews conducted with young people aged 14-24 years and parents of young people in this age group. Thematic analysis was conducted with the aid of NVIVO 7 software.ResultsParent-child communication about SRH happened in most families. The communication was mainly on same sex basis (mother-daughter and rarely father-son or father-daughter) and took the form of warnings, threats and physical discipline. Communication was triggered by seeing or hearing something a parent perceived negative and would not like their child to experience (such as a death attributable to HIV and unmarried young person's pregnancy). Although most young people were relaxed with their mothers than fathers, there is lack of trust as to what they can tell their parents for fear of punishment. Parents were limited as to what they could communicate about SRH because of lack of appropriate knowledge and cultural norms that restricted interactions between opposite sex.ConclusionsDue to the consequences of the HIV pandemic, parents are making attempts to communicate with their children about SRH. They are however, limited by cultural barriers, and lack of appropriate knowledge. With some skills training on communication and SRH, parents may be a natural avenue for channeling and reinforcing HIV/AIDS prevention messages to their children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Joyce Wamoyi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angela Fenwick","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mark Urassa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Basia Zaba","type":"Person"},{"name":"William Stones","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":1},{"pmcid":"PMC4536221","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0134730","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents reporting on monitoring, communication and trust in their parents","rationale":"Trust is directly measured alongside communication and monitoring, inviting readers to separate those everyday experiences.","parentQuestion":"How does being asked for information differ from choosing to confide in a parent?","readingPrompts":["How does being asked for information differ from choosing to confide in a parent?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (chinese adolescents reporting on monitoring, communication and trust in their parents) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Teenagers reported parental control, communication and trust at the same time. Greater trust might encourage disclosure, just as communication may influence trust.","id":"PMC4536221","title":"Parental Monitoring, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Adolescents’ Trust in Their Parents in China","authors":"Liuhua Ying; Fengling Ma; Huahua Huang; Xiaolin Guo; Chuansheng Chen; Fen Xu","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2015-08-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134730","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4536221","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4536221/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4536221-56b2c7de2c1bd39a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"56b2c7de2c1bd39abf547faa82a55b830a0b849276c753e3d391cf0b6f1ce2ee","sourceTextSha256":"b2458ed8bbb5359d8c9d53dd1ef3cf16057af7133a69b4b4c070aa044d172cf7","sourceXmlSha256":"4b89e571c68966a63d14c234b8bab6ac7ddca62f59cdeb93f7d1bf1318c99164","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4bad81f875ca864f08ca67d63145a4e02660184c139836d6d1453b32ed78f47b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":22316,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"PurposeTrust is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships, but little is known about adolescents’ interpersonal trust. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescents’ trust in their parents in China.MethodsData in this study were collected as part of the cross-sectional study of children in China. 3349 adolescents (female 48.6%, age range of 12–15 years) were randomly selected from 35 secondary schools in April, 2009 and administered to the Adolescent Interpersonal Trust Scale, the Parental Monitoring Scale, and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale.ResultsAdolescents’ trust in their parents was positively related to parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication. Furthermore, parent-adolescent communication mediated the association between parental monitoring and adolescents’ trust in their parents. The mediation model fit data of both genders and three age groups equally well.ConclusionsParental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication play an importance role in fostering adolescents’ trust in their parents.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Liuhua Ying","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fengling Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huahua Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaolin Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chuansheng Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fen Xu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":2},{"pmcid":"PMC5247433","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00014","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Review of clinical intervention research","ageRange":"Varies across studies","population":"Published studies measuring parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions","rationale":"The authors compare measurement and intervention studies, which offer different strengths of evidence for family practice.","parentQuestion":"Which approaches to helping parents think about a child's mind have been assessed in research?","readingPrompts":["Which approaches to helping parents think about a child's mind have been assessed in research?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (published studies measuring parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Eligibility included work using a particular reflective-functioning scale and a language and publication cutoff. Studies using other approaches may yield a different picture of intervention effects.","id":"PMC5247433","title":"Mentalizing Makes Parenting Work: A Review about Parental Reflective Functioning and Clinical Interventions to Improve It","authors":"Andrea Camoirano","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-01-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00014","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5247433","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5247433/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5247433-de22b53b6cdb7274.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"de22b53b6cdb727403e0467fb0c9bbb5adf891d958e1d0f3c350bd93bdec47d6","sourceTextSha256":"7e954b657655b82bb7aa17fceba7fe73e3d4742c443be279694b26119f52c43f","sourceXmlSha256":"817188f778713b5120b95909806080baeebab349ef03b8c9113a06ec917709ec","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f7e30c779cb8f8669bae3b5eb3a17a9d153c349250fe0ee1e3b4b00d97b6b8bd","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":56686,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"In the last decade several studies have investigated the role of parental reflective functioning (RF), defined as the parental ability to understand his/her child’s mental states, on the child’s development. Herein, a narrative review on parental RF is presented aimed at (1) presenting an overview of the existing empirical studies, (2) pinpointing unrequited questions, and (3) identifying future research directions. Specifically, the current review focused on (a) the impact of parental RF on the quality of caregiving and the child’s attachment security, (b) the effect of parental RF on the child’s emotion regulation and the child’s RF, (c) maternal RF in women with a history of neglect and abuse, (d) the efficacy of mentalization-based clinical interventions, and (e) the recently developed Parental Reflective Questionnaire. The following terms “maternal RF,” “paternal RF,” “parental RF,” “parental mentalization,” “maternal mentalization,” and “paternal mentalization” were searched in titles, abstracts, and main texts using Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Next, a search in Mendeley was also conducted. Inclusion criteria comprised original articles if they refer to the RF Scale (Fonagy et al., 1998) and were published in an English language, peer-reviewed journal before July, 2016. According to exclusion criteria, dissertations, qualitative or theoretical papers, and chapters in books were not taken into account. The review includes 47 studies that, taken together, supported the notion that higher parental RF was associated with adequate caregiving and the child’s attachment security, whereas low maternal RF was found in mothers whose children suffered from anxiety disorders, impairment in emotion regulation, and externalizing behaviors. In addition, higher parental RF was associated with better mentalizing abilities in children. However, unexpected findings have emerged from the most recent randomized controlled trials that tested the efficacy of mentalization-based interventions in high risk samples of mothers, raising questions about the suitability of the verbal measures in capturing the mentalizing processes at the root of the parental capacity to be adequately responsive to the child’s emotional needs.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andrea Camoirano","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":3},{"pmcid":"PMC5417431","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0176218","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Instrument development and validation","ageRange":"Parents of dependent children","population":"Parents participating in studies of a questionnaire about understanding a child's mental states","rationale":"The instrument-development studies clarify the components of parental reflective functioning and the limits of self-report.","parentQuestion":"Can a short parent questionnaire capture the uncertainty involved in understanding a child's mind?","readingPrompts":["Can a short parent questionnaire capture the uncertainty involved in understanding a child's mind?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (parents participating in studies of a questionnaire about understanding a child's mental states) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"An early validation of a parent questionnaire establishes how its items performed in the studied samples. It cannot establish a family's attachment classification from a parent's score alone.","id":"PMC5417431","title":"The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation","authors":"Patrick Luyten; Linda C. Mayes; Liesbet Nijssens; Peter Fonagy","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2017-05-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176218","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5417431","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5417431/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5417431-ec669ccc017c1231.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ec669ccc017c12310ae1a7db79e6b6e6d6b1ec525aec928384bc7396c53e1fa8","sourceTextSha256":"ed275f4a8be27d5eb78dee516609b0cbafe2803804d1115b6f8fe814ee65b53e","sourceXmlSha256":"2e9ef889d1ebdfe83c12a7598343386c48365961a51acd7a3162a240fa5b423e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"317c0b9927cef81bc424cbcb5f33016497e4a410f086467cfc516ef951a4624c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":69893,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This paper reports on three studies on the development and validation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ), a brief, multidimensional self-report measure that assesses parental reflective functioning or mentalizing, that is, the capacity to treat the infant as a psychological agent. Study 1 investigated the factor structure, reliability, and relationships of the PRFQ with demographic features, symptomatic distress, attachment dimensions, and emotional availability in a socially diverse sample of 299 mothers of a child aged 0–3. In Study 2, the factorial invariance of the PRFQ in mothers and fathers was investigated in a sample of 153 first-time parents, and relationships with demographic features, symptomatic distress, attachment dimensions, and parenting stress were investigated. Study 3 investigated the relationship between the PRFQ and infant attachment classification as assessed with the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) in a sample of 136 community mothers and their infants. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested three theoretically consistent factors assessing pre-mentalizing modes, certainty about the mental states of the infant, and interest and curiosity in the mental states of the infant. These factors were generally related in theoretically expected ways to parental attachment dimensions, emotional availability, parenting stress, and infant attachment status in the SSP. Yet, at the same time, more research on the PRFQ is needed to further establish its reliability and validity.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Patrick Luyten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linda C. Mayes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liesbet Nijssens","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Fonagy","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":4},{"pmcid":"PMC6732128","doi":"10.1007/s10964-019-01043-w","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal within-family analysis","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents and families studied for disclosure, parental requests for information and delinquency","rationale":"The study separates within-family change from between-family differences, an important distinction when interpreting teen disclosure.","parentQuestion":"Does a change in how one family communicates tell the same story as a comparison between families?","readingPrompts":["Does a change in how one family communicates tell the same story as a comparison between families?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (adolescents and families studied for disclosure, parental requests for information and delinquency) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Three annual assessments can distinguish between-family differences from some within-family changes. Short-lived conversations and shifts between yearly surveys may be missed.","id":"PMC6732128","title":"Parent-Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Delinquency: Unraveling Within-Family Processes from Between-Family Differences","authors":"Sabina Kapetanovic; Savannah Boele; Therése Skoog","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2019-06-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01043-w","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6732128","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6732128/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6732128-0b9c22e5ce22ea7c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0b9c22e5ce22ea7c0b2e1c272e3145dcac95547f7081201402734eb5faa2a87c","sourceTextSha256":"18d18df173f45adc417511ef4e4982d720419b05be63bd339b5c7c53cf259fc8","sourceXmlSha256":"77a84d0d0d0b3c62e28d3c62ebf1e565c64458d9ca4229b1eb700441239ab5a1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"484b090b3d5a8ab92ec66d30b2076718c35af5159aeda22a3af946d004f45826","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55841,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractUnderstanding the factors that predict adolescent delinquency is a key topic in parenting research. An open question is whether prior results indicating relative differences between families reflect the dynamic processes occurring within families. Therefore, this study investigated concurrent and lagged associations among parental behavioral control, parental solicitation, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency by separating between-family and within-family effects in three-wave annual data (N = 1515; Mage = 13.01 years at T1; 50.6% girls). At the within-family level, parental behavioral control negatively predicted adolescent delinquency. Adolescent disclosure and delinquency, and adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation, reciprocally predicted each other. Parental solicitation negatively predicted parental behavioral control. The findings indicate a prominent role of adolescent disclosure in within-family processes concerning parental-adolescent communication and adolescent delinquency.Keywords: Parental monitoring, Delinquency, Adolescence, Parent-child relationship, Within-family, Longitudinal","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sabina Kapetanovic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Savannah Boele","type":"Person"},{"name":"Therése Skoog","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-019-01043-w","publisherEvidenceSha256":"ac3bcb66c528f67aa4c4dffb2237bae71233a563e23986ee575ad6e000c92c8e","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":5},{"pmcid":"PMC7237396","doi":"10.1007/s10964-020-01212-2","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-cultural observational study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Adolescents from 12 cultural groups in nine countries","rationale":"Using comparable communication measures in several cultural groups offers a way to examine where associations do and do not generalize.","parentQuestion":"Does talking openly with parents carry the same meaning across cultural settings?","readingPrompts":["Does talking openly with parents carry the same meaning across cultural settings?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (adolescents from 12 cultural groups in nine countries) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Averaging across 12 cultural groups can obscure variation within a group. These reports do not define what any individual adolescent means by keeping something private.","id":"PMC7237396","title":"Cross-Cultural Examination of Links between Parent–Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Psychological Problems in 12 Cultural Groups","authors":"Sabina Kapetanovic; W Andrew Rothenberg; Jennifer E Lansford; Marc H Bornstein; Lei Chang; Kirby Deater-Deckard; Laura Di Giunta; Kenneth A Dodge; Sevtap Gurdal; Patrick S Malone; Paul Oburu; Concetta Pastorelli; Ann T Skinner; Emma Sorbring; Laurence Steinberg; Sombat Tapanya; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong; Liane Peña Alampay; Suha M Al-Hassan; Dario Bacchini","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2020-03-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01212-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7237396","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7237396/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7237396-606cb57390bf183d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"606cb57390bf183da25c508ecdb90332fffd59f6ffcffe8048ae6701ef348a4c","sourceTextSha256":"34eae6e6401a9dbaf6c9ccac0be73670fee3bf6b5bf748e610d885ae31c5ccfb","sourceXmlSha256":"b9b028ead688fc3b03832fef613f078c81fd9695e40088a19ff5c377cc7df00d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"018a086c448105fbeee52093f3aa974eda2f7ebe839c27713a287b0b83417773","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":75624,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractInternalizing and externalizing problems increase during adolescence. However, these problems may be mitigated by adequate parenting, including effective parent–adolescent communication. The ways in which parent-driven (i.e., parent behavior control and solicitation) and adolescent-driven (i.e., disclosure and secrecy) communication efforts are linked to adolescent psychological problems universally and cross-culturally is a question that needs more empirical investigation. The current study used a sample of 1087 adolescents (M = 13.19 years, SD = 0.90, 50% girls) from 12 cultural groups in nine countries including China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States to test the cultural moderation of links between parent solicitation, parent behavior control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent secrecy with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. The results indicate that adolescent-driven communication, and secrecy in particular, is intertwined with adolescents’ externalizing problems across all cultures, and intertwined with internalizing problems in specific cultural contexts. Moreover, parent-driven communication efforts were predicted by adolescent disclosure in all cultures. Overall, the findings suggest that adolescent-driven communication efforts, and adolescent secrecy in particular, are important predictors of adolescent psychological problems as well as facilitators of parent–adolescent communication.Keywords: Parent-adolescent communication, Adolescent secrecy, Psychological problems, Universal parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sabina Kapetanovic","type":"Person"},{"name":"W Andrew Rothenberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater-Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenneth A Dodge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick S Malone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul Oburu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann T Skinner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Sorbring","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurence Steinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sombat Tapanya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liane Peña Alampay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suha M Al-Hassan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-020-01212-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"ac4dc6eadc039d4c6ba783ffa491c4c5b39568e5840445c033eee0e948b71054","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":6},{"pmcid":"PMC7364553","doi":"10.1186/s12889-020-09218-y","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescent girls and their parents in Zambia reporting on sexual-health conversations","rationale":"Including both generations makes the perspectives behind a report of communication explicit.","parentQuestion":"Where do parents' and teenagers' descriptions of difficult conversations agree or differ?","readingPrompts":["Where do parents' and teenagers' descriptions of difficult conversations agree or differ?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (adolescent girls and their parents in Zambia reporting on sexual-health conversations) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Sampling participants through a study with a randomized component does not randomize what parents and adolescent girls discuss. Their cross-sectional accounts may also differ by informant.","id":"PMC7364553","title":"Parent-child communication about sexual issues in Zambia: a cross sectional study of adolescent girls and their parents","authors":"Katja Jezkova Isaksen; Patrick Musonda; Ingvild Fossgard Sandøy","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2020-07-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09218-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7364553","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7364553/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7364553-e33b92eb248f8a9a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e33b92eb248f8a9aeb80e57bea827c85ce4013d33c2162c60a780ad306373212","sourceTextSha256":"14817c4d62f26642dd1087e393031638ea4684f4cdca50234b77804b039f1a0d","sourceXmlSha256":"7a588a5676099db4dda720cbc1b6d1ff6ded990d2543a82b3ee871fc6d92d06e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b8cd5c03070219c8cecf7d769d8c6988017270adf934dffdb12970e919e4593f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44360,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundParent-child communication about sexual issues can reduce risky sexual behaviour amongst adolescents. Risky sexual behaviour is of concern in sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of early pregnancy, unsafe abortion and HIV are high. Parent-child communication about sexual issues presents a feasible approach for reducing sexual risk amongst adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa but limited research exists from the region. This study from Zambia examines the sociodemographic and psychosocial factors that are associated with whether parents communicate with their daughters about sexual issues.MethodsData from a cluster randomized controlled trial examining the effect of interventions aiming to reduce teenage pregnancy and school drop out in Zambia was used. The data was collected between January–July in 2018 and consists of structured, face to face interviews with 4343 adolescent girls and 3878 parents. Cross sectional analyses examined the associations between parent-child communication about sexual issues and sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsAdolescent girls who felt connected to their parents and those who perceived their parents to be comfortable in communicating about sex, were more likely to speak to their parents about sexual issues than those who did not (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.52; and AOR 2.94, 95% CI 2.45–3.54, respectively). Girls whose parents used fear-based communication about sexual issues, and those who perceived their parents as being opposed to education about contraception, were less likely to communicate with their parents about sex than those who did not (AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65–0.89; and AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.91, respectively). Girls enrolled in school were less likely to communicate with their parents about sex than those out of school (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44–0.71).ConclusionParenting style, children’s perception of parental attitudes and parental communication styles are associated with whether parents and children communicate about sexual issues. This may imply that parents can improve the chances of communicating with their children about sex by conveying non-judgemental attitudes, using open communication styles with neutral messages and appearing comfortable whilst displaying positive attitudes towards communication around sex and contraceptive use.Trial registrationISRCTN registry: ISRCTN12727868, (4 March 2016).","authorEntries":[{"name":"Katja Jezkova Isaksen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Musonda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ingvild Fossgard Sandøy","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":7},{"pmcid":"PMC7498041","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0239208","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional observational study","ageRange":"Pregnancy","population":"Pregnant women at psychosocial risk enrolled in a Danish perinatal intervention study","rationale":"The authors compare prenatal reflection, adult attachment and reported bonding in a group selected for psychosocial risk.","parentQuestion":"What does prenatal bonding mean before a parent can observe a baby's behavior?","readingPrompts":["What does prenatal bonding mean before a parent can observe a baby's behavior?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (pregnant women at psychosocial risk enrolled in a Danish perinatal intervention study) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Pregnant participants were selected for psychosocial risk and assessed before birth. A prenatal bond rating is distinct from the infant's later attachment behavior.","id":"PMC7498041","title":"Maternal-fetal bonding among pregnant women at psychosocial risk: The roles of adult attachment style, prenatal parental reflective functioning, and depressive symptoms","authors":"Katrine Røhder; Mette Skovgaard Væver; Anne Kristine Aarestrup; Rikke Kart Jacobsen; Johanne Smith-Nielsen; Michaela L Schiøtz; Christine E East","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2020-09-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239208","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7498041","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7498041/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7498041-3ecc317694b08f49.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3ecc317694b08f491d4afde91ad291338dba56b285eaf07affdab8b7fd523327","sourceTextSha256":"96d8f9981e5013ec83291e9a072722e7642773d1990f40b8ec78bca897dd37f3","sourceXmlSha256":"41693a59d7068c5baa662d8b2d2677f9e25a376549fac1c32b16c4f0a2b8ccbc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"dd5c02efbd71bd6e501097f9a4a5dc899e5b282247905db6803616f900754897","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45772,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPregnancy offers a unique period for initiating preventive parenting interventions. Disturbances in maternal-fetal bonding may indicate suboptimal parenting and a need for intervention. However, more knowledge is needed on the development of maternal-fetal bonding among at-risk groups. The study aim was to examine psychosocial correlates of maternal-fetal bonding among pregnant women identified to be at risk socially and regarding their mental health. The sample consisted of 78 at-risk pregnant women participating in a perinatal intervention study: Godt på Vej Sammen [A Good Start to Life—an Early Cross-sectorial Intervention]. This study was cross-sectional reporting on the baseline characteristics of the participants. In the beginning of the second trimester, participants completed questionnaires assessing maternal-fetal bonding (the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale [MAAS]), prenatal parental reflective functioning, adult attachment style, and depressive symptoms. We compared the distribution of MAAS styles with norms from a recent Dutch community sample. In addition, we tested associations between psychosocial variables and the quality and intensity of MAAS scores in regression models and performed Chi-square analyses to assess the association of MAAS styles with psychosocial variables. First, compared to women from a community sample, approximately half of the women in our sample presented lower and suboptimal MAAS scores. Second, insecure avoidant adult attachment style was negatively associated with MAAS intensity, and depressive symptoms were negatively associated with MAAS quality. Third, prenatal parental reflective functioning positively correlated with both quality and intensity of MAAS. Fourth, we found no association between insecure anxious adult attachment style and MAAS scores. Fifth, women with a negative disinterested MAAS style demonstrated the highest avoidant attachment scores, while women with a positively preoccupied MAAS style demonstrated the highest prenatal parental reflective functioning scores. The results suggest that there is a need to differentiate among at-risk pregnant woman and that prenatal screening using the MAAS may help identify those who need preventive parenting interventions and what those interventions should focus on. A main limitation of the study is the lack of a representative group of at-risk pregnant women which limits the generalizability of the study results to all risk groups.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Katrine Røhder","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mette Skovgaard Væver","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne Kristine Aarestrup","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rikke Kart Jacobsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johanne Smith-Nielsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michaela L Schiøtz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christine E East","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":8},{"pmcid":"PMC7826314","doi":"10.1007/s10802-020-00705-9","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Two-wave longitudinal study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Swedish adolescents reporting on communication, emotional climate and adjustment","rationale":"Repeated adolescent reports distinguish different forms of communication and place them within the wider family relationship.","parentQuestion":"Does the emotional climate at home change what a parent's questions mean to a teenager?","readingPrompts":["Does the emotional climate at home change what a parent's questions mean to a teenager?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (swedish adolescents reporting on communication, emotional climate and adjustment) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Two waves of adolescent self-report capture perceived Swedish family communication. They cannot fully separate changes in parental behavior from changes in the adolescent's perception.","id":"PMC7826314","title":"The Role of the Family’s Emotional Climate in the Links between Parent-Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning","authors":"Sabina Kapetanovic; Therése Skoog","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2020-09-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00705-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7826314","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7826314/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7826314-9345b15823627d45.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9345b15823627d45137ca4137b8c83d6022bce7cf567d9a2fc539ab5bd67d9be","sourceTextSha256":"0b1f149f2e1bfa293e4983b8a956a9178b946566fbc0e55d6bcecf41c68427c5","sourceXmlSha256":"6187c2539baa24d66aacbc4f06eafbee7a4d75320b2e25ec9cff40f49d3d3f54","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d08391caeaaf047bffaad85256f334bc2c9e3c531943b184a9e841fd26c39f62","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53298,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The current study was designed to extend the parenting literature by testing the moderating role of the family’s emotional climate, operationalized with parent-adolescent emotional closeness and adolescent feelings of being overly controlled by parents on the longitudinal associations between parent-driven communication efforts (i.e. parental behavioral control and solicitation of information from their adolescent), adolescent-driven communication efforts (i.e. adolescent disclosure and secrecy) and adolescent psychosocial functioning (i.e. emotional problems, conduct problems, delinquency, and wellbeing). We conducted a series of cross-lagged models controlling for adolescent gender and ethnicity using a two-wave Swedish longitudinal set of self-report data (N = 1515, 51% girls, M age = 13.0 and 14.3 years at T1 and T2, respectively). Multi-group analyses revealed that the negative links between T1 parental control and T2 adolescent delinquency, T1 parental solicitation and T2 adolescent conduct problems and delinquency, and T1 emotional problems and T2 adolescent disclosure were moderated by the family’s emotional climate. When the family’s emotional climate was positive, the parenting strategies had a more positive effect on adolescent psychosocial functioning, and adolescents with emotional problems communicated more openly with their parents. These findings suggest that the relational context in the family is an important protective factor and add specificity to the previously established role of parent-adolescent communication in adolescent psychosocial development. In terms of preventive interventions, strategies to enhance the family’s emotional climate should be considered prior to teaching specific parenting strategies.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sabina Kapetanovic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Therése Skoog","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-020-00705-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"a8a6c33002d4487bd3fb9b1e2c52db92ac80d296a290f61f5b0f30cd22295238","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":9},{"pmcid":"PMC7596988","doi":"10.1186/s13052-020-00921-5","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Systematic review and meta-analysis","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Ethiopian adolescents represented in studies of parent-adolescent conversations about sexual and reproductive health","rationale":"The review examines the prevalence and correlates of communication on a specific topic and in a particular national context.","parentQuestion":"What helps families begin a conversation about a subject that can feel difficult to raise?","readingPrompts":["What helps families begin a conversation about a subject that can feel difficult to raise?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (ethiopian adolescents represented in studies of parent-adolescent conversations about sexual and reproductive health) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The synthesis concerns sexual and reproductive health conversations in Ethiopia. Estimates can vary with the definition of communication, survey wording and local community practices.","id":"PMC7596988","title":"Parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Maru Mekie; Dagne Addisu; Abenezer Melkie; Wubet Taklual","journal":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2020-10-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00921-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7596988","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7596988/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7596988-e4b59dd349169350.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e4b59dd349169350f71870a307dcf6df694f2400c7a9f3138f220981b79db0bf","sourceTextSha256":"d5e0abf8c4d0251cc9419b76f7cd026c4ccbd93aa01c6310468eacd9570f8820","sourceXmlSha256":"41307e5e1e7cad102bf7296bb9b5e9a88df59d6e8603f635cfceb520d7c9cb02","rightsEvidenceSha256":"14710fba9b66fbcc8b3e9c9b6b21f410908cad57067cea0d2068721c075a7617","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28297,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundEvery year, 1.3 million young people reported to die from preventable causes of death. Parent-adolescent communication on sexuality is critical in informing youth about risk and protective behaviors which in turn decrease the likelihood of involvement in risky sexual behaviors. This systematic review and meta-analysis was intended to assess the prevalence of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues and its associated factors in Ethiopia.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, HINARI, Google Scholar, and University repositories were used to search studies. Article search was conducted from May 20 to June 9, 2020. Critical appraisal of studies was conducted using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Data analysis was conducted using Stata 11 software following the abstraction of data using a format prepared on Microsoft excel. The heterogeneity of studies was tested using Cochran (Q test) and I2 test statistics. Similarly, funnel plot and Egger’s regression asymmetry were used to assess publication bias. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on study Regions and sample size.ResultFourteen studies with sample of 8018 adolescents were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues in Ethiopia was found to be 45.18% (95%, CI, 32.23, 58.13%). Adolescents’ knowledge of reproductive health matters (OR = 2.91, 95% CI:1.21, 7.01), believe on importance of discussion on SRH issues (OR = 4.18, 95% CI: 2.63, 6.65), had history of sexual exposure (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.50), parents openness to discuss SRH issues (OR = 3.39, 95% CI: (2.48, 4.62), and being female (OR = 1.60, 95% CI:1.07, 2.38) were the positive predictors of parent-adolescent communications on SRH issues.ConclusionThe prevalence of parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues was found to be low. Knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health matters, believe on the importance of discussion on reproductive health issues, history of sexual exposure, parents’ openness to discuss SRH issues, and being female were found to be the positive predictors of parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues in Ethiopia. The finding our study indicated that evidence based education about reproductive health matters could significant to improve adolescent parent communication on SRH issues.Keywords: Parent-adolescent communication, SRH, Prevalence, Systematic review, Meta-analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Maru Mekie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dagne Addisu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abenezer Melkie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wubet Taklual","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":10},{"pmcid":"PMC8943477","doi":"10.1177/1367493521996489","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Measurement validation","ageRange":"Approximately 27 months","population":"Parents and children observed during free play at a health review","rationale":"The study compares a brief rating tool with another measure in the same parent-child play sessions.","parentQuestion":"Can a short observation tell us what a responsive exchange looks like?","readingPrompts":["Can a short observation tell us what a responsive exchange looks like?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (parents and children observed during free play at a health review) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Thirty dyads were observed for eight minutes at the 27-month health review. Agreement between instruments in one play session does not establish behavior across other settings.","id":"PMC8943477","title":"Validation of a measure of parental responsiveness: Comparison of the brief Parental Responsiveness Rating Scale with a detailed measure of responsive parental behaviours","authors":"Sarah Ellen Barnett; Penny Levickis; Cristina McKean; Carolyn Letts; Helen Stringer","journal":"Journal of Child Health Care","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2021-02-25","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493521996489","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8943477","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8943477/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8943477-311f9d48439f315f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"311f9d48439f315fd215ad53c7044dee9734a8794bf3bd594181dd25f5ed6c64","sourceTextSha256":"34c09a6b5b3b3a1730788df5e3612e10b251ec94f7ec240eae9b56f01858296f","sourceXmlSha256":"f0860ed790e57274338c2cd8ead962385ee51f24146f9ced9092183b5cd28285","rightsEvidenceSha256":"73e5ded41893f770f592f874297b1b7c497bf3daaef18e4ec78c5448b4cb55af","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28818,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental responsiveness is vital for child language development. Its accurate measurement in clinical settings could identify families who may benefit from preventative interventions; however, coding of responsiveness is time-consuming and expensive. This study investigates in a clinical context the validity of the Parental Responsiveness Rating Scale (PaRRiS): a time- and cost-effective global rating scale of parental responsiveness. Child health nurse (CHN) PaRRiS ratings are compared to a detailed coding of parental responsiveness. Thirty parent–child dyads completed an 8-min free-play session at their 27-month health review. CHNs rated the interaction live using PaRRiS. Videos of these interactions were then blindly coded using the more detailed coding system. PaRRiS ratings and detailed codings were compared using correlational analysis and the Bland–Altman method. PaRRiS and the detailed coding showed a moderate-strong correlation (rs (28) = 0.57, 95% CI [0.26, 0.77]) and high agreement (Bland–Altman). CHNs using PaRRiS can capture parental responsiveness as effectively as trained clinicians using detailed coding. This may allow (1) increased accuracy and efficiency in identifying toddlers at risk for long-term language difficulties; (2) more accurate allocation to speech and language therapy (SLT) services; (3) decreased burden on SLT resources by empowering CHNs to make more informed referral decisions.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sarah Ellen Barnett","type":"Person"},{"name":"Penny Levickis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina McKean","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carolyn Letts","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen Stringer","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F1367493521996489","publisherEvidenceSha256":"4e0736c0950ffea8e3ccaa71e0dc9496afbc1b0315074445244bbc9675d37504","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":11},{"pmcid":"PMC8195233","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672174","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Intergenerational cohort study","ageRange":"Adolescence into fatherhood","population":"Male participants in an Australian cohort reporting on adolescent attachments before later fatherhood","rationale":"The study follows reported trust, communication and alienation earlier in life into a later generation of parenting.","parentQuestion":"What might a future father's adolescent relationships contribute to research on the transition to parenting?","readingPrompts":["What might a future father's adolescent relationships contribute to research on the transition to parenting?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (male participants in an Australian cohort reporting on adolescent attachments before later fatherhood) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The participants who later became fathers had described parent and peer relationships at ages 17–18. These reports and later mental health measures cannot isolate the effect of one earlier attachment.","id":"PMC8195233","title":"Parent and Peer Attachments in Adolescence and Paternal Postpartum Mental Health: Findings From the ATP Generation 3 Study","authors":"Jacqui A Macdonald; Christopher J Greenwood; Primrose Letcher; Elizabeth A Spry; Kayla Mansour; Jennifer E McIntosh; Kimberly C Thomson; Camille Deane; Ebony J Biden; Ben Edwards; Delyse Hutchinson; Joyce Cleary; John W Toumbourou; Ann V Sanson; Craig A Olsson","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-05-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672174","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8195233","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8195233/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8195233/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8195233-2a057328627a5913.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2a057328627a5913eaa958cdfccd3ac69d82c9931481f85189fcc2c8e8050e31","sourceTextSha256":"027ed9aa86c827bacd91d17a8bf4d627d90c6dba136680a6888dc8c146004c71","sourceXmlSha256":"3996e891a95d8a2c740c43694e1311160f46be149909bfa452d23ec6d94a4323","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4d2a25f6e125c7ba6e62669567bfd60ec1a830376722aea96f9f3b0dca9c03cb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41799,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: When adolescent boys experience close, secure relationships with their parents and peers, the implications are potentially far reaching, including lower levels of mental health problems in adolescence and young adulthood. Here we use rare prospective intergenerational data to extend our understanding of the impact of adolescent attachments on subsequent postpartum mental health problems in early fatherhood.Methods: At age 17–18 years, we used an abbreviated Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment to assess trust, communication, and alienation reported by 270 male participants in their relationships with mothers, fathers, and peers. More than a decade later, we assessed the adult males, now fathers, at 12 months postpartum (N = 409 infant offspring) for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Logistic regression was used to examine the extent to which attachment dimensions predicted paternal postpartum mental health, adjusting for potential confounding, and with assessment for interactions between parent and peer attachments.Results: Trust in mothers and peers, and good communication with fathers during adolescence, were associated with 5 to 7 percentage point reductions in postpartum mental health symptoms in early fatherhood. Weak evidence of parent-peer interactions suggested secure attachments with either parent or peer may compensate for an insecure attachment with the other.Conclusions: Our results suggest that fostering trust and communication in relationships that adolescent boys have with parents and peers may have substantial effects on rates of paternal postpartum mental health problems. The protective benefits may be preventative in intergenerational cycles of risk for mental health problems.Keywords: father, mental health, parents, peers, relationship, postpartum, longitudinal, cohort studies","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jacqui A Macdonald","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christopher J Greenwood","type":"Person"},{"name":"Primrose Letcher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth A Spry","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kayla Mansour","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E McIntosh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kimberly C Thomson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camille Deane","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ebony J Biden","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ben Edwards","type":"Person"},{"name":"Delyse Hutchinson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joyce Cleary","type":"Person"},{"name":"John W Toumbourou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann V Sanson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Craig A Olsson","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":12},{"pmcid":"PMC8328297","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0254792","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric study","ageRange":"Infants ages 1–11 months","population":"Mothers of infants who completed a parental reflective-functioning questionnaire","rationale":"The study tests the structure of a self-report instrument alongside postpartum mental health, highlighting what it can and cannot measure directly.","parentQuestion":"How might a parent's mood relate to how they describe their baby's mind?","readingPrompts":["How might a parent's mood relate to how they describe their baby's mind?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (mothers of infants who completed a parental reflective-functioning questionnaire) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The questionnaire was studied in mothers of infants aged one to eleven months. Postpartum symptoms could affect how mothers interpret the questions as well as their experiences with their baby.","id":"PMC8328297","title":"Factor structure of the parental reflective functioning questionnaire and association with maternal postpartum depression and comorbid symptoms of psychopathology","authors":"Katrine I Wendelboe; Johanne Smith-Nielsen; Anne C Stuart; Patrick Luyten; Mette Skovgaard Væver; Svenja Taubner","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2021-08-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254792","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8328297","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8328297/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8328297-c5bb0d75cab7ecd8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c5bb0d75cab7ecd84a4ec82c69966040f300642aae60ece721231205f81fb930","sourceTextSha256":"9c4ab5ebe954f337cf781fc9e6c032d4b5b2b3c0b01afc32b54c996f1d14533a","sourceXmlSha256":"19a408b0c1288bee99267f7f66f35fa35c74858bad04fa407289ee69f8345b06","rightsEvidenceSha256":"68b86f1b81181b41b02c438c1e95311a597826d0d103e46efecba20e6e89b62f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57005,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental reflective functioning (PRF) refers to the parent’s capacity to envision mental states in the infant and in themselves as a parent, and to link such underlying mental process with behavior, which is important for parenting sensitivity and child socio-emotional development. Current findings have linked maternal postpartum depression to impaired reflective skills, imposing a risk on the developing mother–infant relationship, but findings are mixed, and studies have generally used extensive methods for investigating PRF. The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Danish version of the 18-item self-report Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) in a sample of mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Moreover, the association between PRF and maternal postpartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid symptoms of personality disorder and/or clinical levels of psychological distress was investigated. Participants included 423 mothers of infants aged 1–11 months. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure of the PRFQ; however, item loadings suggested that a 15-item version was a more accurate measure of PRF in mothers of infants. Multi-group factor analysis of the 15-item PRFQ infant version indicated measurement invariance among mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Multinomial logistic regression showed that impaired PRF was associated with maternal psychopathology, although only for mothers with postpartum depression combined with other symptoms of psychopathology. These results provide new evidence for the assessment of maternal self-reported reflective skills as measured by a modified infant version of the PRFQ, as well as a more nuanced understanding of how variance in symptomatology is associated with impaired PRF in mothers in the postpartum period in differing ways.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Katrine I Wendelboe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johanne Smith-Nielsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne C Stuart","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Luyten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mette Skovgaard Væver","type":"Person"},{"name":"Svenja Taubner","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":13},{"pmcid":"PMC9137955","doi":"10.3390/bs12050147","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents assessed for aggression, attachment to mothers and self-esteem","rationale":"The authors examine attachment and self-esteem as distinct constructs in an analysis of adolescent behavior.","parentQuestion":"What information does a teenager's view of the maternal relationship add to a study of aggression?","readingPrompts":["What information does a teenager's view of the maternal relationship add to a study of aggression?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (adolescents assessed for aggression, attachment to mothers and self-esteem) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Adolescents' aggression, self-esteem and maternal attachment were assessed as related variables. The analysis cannot determine that changing self-esteem would change aggression.","id":"PMC9137955","title":"Aggression in Adolescents: The Role of Mother-Child Attachment and Self-Esteem","authors":"Alif Muarifah; Riana Mashar; Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim; Nurul Hidayati Rofiah; Fitriana Oktaviani","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-05-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050147","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9137955","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9137955/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9137955-426580456487b476.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"426580456487b476a33c3efbc5a20c11e2c9ba9c25284128691d01933f684eec","sourceTextSha256":"7a183180294aaa89699ef7e15b284ce9e322ff7e94259fe99dc508a819a7528f","sourceXmlSha256":"27f53e10e6bed16d1454c20591c9040b5c75b66d82afbe7f3c5daf795f1dadf1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30341,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEvery year, adolescents’ aggressive behavior in the world continues to increase, including in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Teenagers’ aggressive behavior in Yogyakarta leads to criminal acts resulting in physical sacrifices and death. The aggressive behavior of teenagers is known as Klithih. It develops and continues to increase every year, causing public anxiety and concern. This study aimed to examine the role of mother–child attachment and self-esteem against aggression. Aggression, mother’s attachment, and self-esteem scales were deployed to collect data and were filled out by 730 high school students between 15 and 19 years old from twenty-three schools in five municipalities in Yogyakarta Province (M = 16.52, SD = 0.793, 310 male students and 420 female students). Descriptive statistics described research data by IBM SPSS 23 and structural equation modeling by AMOS v20 to test research hypotheses. The results of the study showed a good fit, indicating that self-esteem might enhance the effect of each mother’s attachment style on aggression. Our study showed that insecure attachment positively and significantly affected aggression and negatively and significantly affected self-esteem. Furthermore, it also revealed that anxious attachment positively and significantly influenced aggression and negatively and significantly influenced self-esteem. Lastly, our finding revealed that self-esteem negatively and significantly affected aggression. These findings suggested that better mother’s attachment and higher self-esteem in adolescents may lower the possibility of aggression, whereas insecure attachment, anxious attachment, and low self-esteem may increase the risk of aggression.Keywords: adolescents, aggression, attachment, self-esteem, structural equation modeling","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alif Muarifah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Riana Mashar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nurul Hidayati Rofiah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fitriana Oktaviani","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":14},{"pmcid":"PMC9622506","doi":"10.1007/s10567-022-00405-4","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Review of attachment-based interventions","ageRange":"Toddlerhood","population":"Published intervention evidence on parents and toddlers","rationale":"The overview examines how programs define and measure change in toddler attachment patterns.","parentQuestion":"What would count as a change in toddler attachment after a parenting intervention?","readingPrompts":["What would count as a change in toddler attachment after a parenting intervention?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (published intervention evidence on parents and toddlers) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The overview concerns interventions with toddlers, and the studies differ in design and attachment assessment. Changes in a measure cannot be assumed to transfer to older children.","id":"PMC9622506","title":"Attachment-Based Parenting Interventions and Evidence of Changes in Toddler Attachment Patterns: An Overview","authors":"Jane Kohlhoff; Corey Lieneman; Sara Cibralic; Nicole Traynor; Cheryl B McNeil","journal":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-08-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00405-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9622506","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9622506/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9622506-7ec8ab375165653b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7ec8ab375165653b9f4a5b8bcc724d085cdf220ddf988cb10cdbfdcd919b029b","sourceTextSha256":"c1a7a4edf7e0ad6643f90028a3eb55684e16946ef83212f50b4ad0ecf466935f","sourceXmlSha256":"1e9f07707a597e7b235bf202c5687eb41e83d386aec4af45853d8c2f4e91ad2e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a5383870cc41db6ef94a0fb0f190a43e6f9aace9aa949aa34a0668fdfe9819b1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62784,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThere is strong evidence to show links between attachment security in young children and a range of positive outcomes in social, emotional, and psychological domains. The aims of this review were to provide a narrative summary of (1) the attachment-based interventions currently available for caregivers of toddlers aged 12–24 months and for which research about the impact of the program on child attachment patterns has been reported, and (2) the empirical effectiveness of these interventions at improving attachment security. A number of interventions were shown to be associated with shifts to secure and/or organized attachment, with Child-Parent Psychotherapy and Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up emerging as the interventions with the strongest evidence bases. For most interventions, evidence came from just a single research study, and in some cases from studies that were not randomized controlled trials. In order for clinicians to make informed decisions about the interventions they use with parents and toddlers, it is vital that further research be conducted to test the efficacy of all available attachment-based parenting programs using randomized controlled trial designs, in a range of settings and clinical and cultural groups, and with longitudinal follow-ups.Keywords: Attachment, Toddler, Parenting, Attachment-based interventions","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jane Kohlhoff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Corey Lieneman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Cibralic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Traynor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cheryl B McNeil","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10567-022-00405-4","publisherEvidenceSha256":"ee128b8888683cb3933fb3744bec92538fcb96078241b91536a49b2619249f84","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":15},{"pmcid":"PMC9884255","doi":"10.1007/s10964-022-01716-z","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Age-group comparison study","ageRange":"12–25 years","population":"Young people in Japan reporting on emotional separation and trust in parents","rationale":"A comparison across five age groups distinguishes emotional separation from perceived parental trust.","parentQuestion":"Can young people feel more separate from parents while continuing to trust them?","readingPrompts":["Can young people feel more separate from parents while continuing to trust them?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (young people in Japan reporting on emotional separation and trust in parents) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Different age groups in Japan were compared, rather than the same young people observed throughout adolescence. An age-group contrast need not reflect within-person change.","id":"PMC9884255","title":"Profiles of Emotional Separation and Parental Trust from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: Age Differences and Associations with Identity and Life Satisfaction","authors":"Kazumi Sugimura; Shogo Hihara; Kai Hatano; Reiko Nakama; Satoko Saiga; Manabu Tsuzuki","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-12-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01716-z","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9884255","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9884255/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9884255-d6b174819bf6a303.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d6b174819bf6a3035ff3b6a9167aa65466ea779ab0c3c6149cd5e46d494803a8","sourceTextSha256":"edf2af92f37d2bf35c18b1e6f9f77fe589144fca3e45c28d246080d855608392","sourceXmlSha256":"091bbbcd90fc289d0dc4ca1490cd87d00a6bbe877710883423e6e1c9cb445570","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c5269f5392dc58de60285bac03b7d5d77d9e47a6c8954eb6178db4f4e9db7ba5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59488,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Youth become psychologically independent by emotionally separating from their parents and simultaneously developing a sense of trust in them. While these relational components have been addressed separately, studies focusing on the change in dynamics of these components are lacking. This study examined profiles of parent–youth relationship quality based on emotional separation and parental trust, age differences in the prevalence of these profiles, and age differences in the associations between the profiles, identity, and life satisfaction. Participants included 14,428 youth living in Japan from five age groups (44.8% girls/women; Mage = 20.6 years; range = 12–25 years). Six profiles were identified: healthy–independent, unhealthy–independent, balanced, moderate/ambivalent, connected, and distant. The connected profile was predominant among early adolescents, while the healthy–independent profile was predominant among late adolescents and early and middle emerging adults. Among all age groups, identity synthesis was the highest in the healthy–independent profile, and life satisfaction was the highest and identity confusion was the lowest in the healthy–independent and connected profiles. These findings indicate that young people navigate the process of becoming independent from their parents by balancing emotional separation and parental trust, and this balance relates to identity development and life satisfaction.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kazumi Sugimura","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shogo Hihara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kai Hatano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Reiko Nakama","type":"Person"},{"name":"Satoko Saiga","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manabu Tsuzuki","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-022-01716-z","publisherEvidenceSha256":"069328d9458cd965c4fbd0d152f498bf8b91975e3701654fb11a6e683c3ea0d9","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":16},{"pmcid":"PMC9833548","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0277762","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Infancy into early language development","population":"Australian mother-infant dyads assessed for responsiveness and early language development","rationale":"Observations at different infant ages let the authors examine responsiveness, maternal symptoms and reported expressive vocabulary separately.","parentQuestion":"What is the difference between a caregiver responding promptly and a child later using more words?","readingPrompts":["What is the difference between a caregiver responding promptly and a child later using more words?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (australian mother-infant dyads assessed for responsiveness and early language development) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Only 48 Australian mother-infant dyads were followed. Maternal symptoms, responsiveness and later language may share other influences, and results should not be used to forecast one child's vocabulary.","id":"PMC9833548","title":"Effects of maternal depression on maternal responsiveness and infants’ expressive language abilities","authors":"Ruth Brookman; Marina Kalashnikova; Penny Levickis; Janet Conti; Nan Xu Rattanasone; Kerry-Ann Grant; Katherine Demuth; Denis Burnham; Rita Amiel Castro","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2023-01-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277762","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9833548","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9833548/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9833548-bedeb68acd03cbb2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bedeb68acd03cbb22d92f356c93c9275a813e16a5b8f27b1c0d620f727a5bebb","sourceTextSha256":"f19e642c49515168ad7e5fbf2c94dcabdfa0a8d10b292e19d1169a78d4d4d372","sourceXmlSha256":"f35d2a8e39814728776a87bedf29c72fd63841ac87cb86a73abfe708ac0dcf3b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"76959e3c4fd23534de9c40c3b04060b1f9a75650fcae0741ace8678434965cae","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48962,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractHigh levels of maternal responsiveness are associated with healthy cognitive and emotional development in infants. However, depression and anxiety can negatively impact individual mothers’ responsiveness levels and infants’ expressive language abilities. Australian mother-infant dyads (N = 48) participated in a longitudinal study examining the effect of maternal responsiveness (when infants were 9- and 12-months), and maternal depression and anxiety symptoms on infant vocabulary size at 18-months. Global maternal responsiveness ratings were stronger predictors of infants’ vocabulary size than levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. However, depression levels moderated the effect of maternal responsiveness on vocabulary size. These results highlight the importance of screening for maternal responsiveness–in addition to depression–to identify infants who may be at developmental risk. Also, mothers with elevated depression need support to first reduce their symptoms so that improvements in their responsiveness have the potential to be protective for their infant’s language acquisition.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ruth Brookman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marina Kalashnikova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Penny Levickis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janet Conti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nan Xu Rattanasone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kerry-Ann Grant","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine Demuth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Denis Burnham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rita Amiel Castro","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":17},{"pmcid":"PMC9910790","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1075489","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional caregiver survey","ageRange":"3–12 years","population":"Caregivers of children recruited through educational settings in Japan","rationale":"The authors distinguish different kinds of curiosity and ask caregivers to report on both child behavior and parenting practice.","parentQuestion":"How does a caregiver's responsiveness relate to children's curiosity about what they do not know?","readingPrompts":["How does a caregiver's responsiveness relate to children's curiosity about what they do not know?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (caregivers of children recruited through educational settings in Japan) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Caregivers in Japan rated their own responsiveness and their children's curiosity. Shared reporting and recruitment through educational institutions may influence the association.","id":"PMC9910790","title":"Parental responsiveness and children’s trait epistemic curiosity","authors":"Shoko Iwasaki; Yusuke Moriguchi; Kaoru Sekiyama","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-01-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1075489","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9910790","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9910790/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9910790/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9910790-890049500fb777f2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"890049500fb777f2362cebe74c67f0bffbaedda455f62316a036498ec4f8bbbd","sourceTextSha256":"18d3f1b60acc272890697e2528c5d5c718482ebbef5357031e69233dcb9a8c9e","sourceXmlSha256":"a515d8e3ade57e1485cb25ae411f3209aad7d1a3f0f16f6b778e74d7ad1e97e4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0ce72c8d0b1a4d26a4187b2e7683e60737b04da57883b855f38d5a346e5c8283","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33149,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractCuriosity, the desire to learn new information, has a powerful effect on children’s learning. Parental interactions facilitate curiosity-driven behaviors in young children, such as self-exploration and question-asking, at a certain time. Furthermore, parenting quality predicts better academic outcomes. However, it is still unknown whether persistent parenting quality is related to children’s trait epistemic curiosity (EC). The current study examined whether parenting practices, responsiveness, and demandingness are cross-sectionally related to the trait EC of children in different age groups (preschoolers, younger and older school-aged children). We adopted a shortened Japanese version of the parenting style questionnaire and modified the trait EC questionnaire in young children. A sample of 244 caregivers (87.37% mothers) of children (ages 3–12) was recruited through educational institutions in Japan and reported on their parenting practices and trait EC. All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 26. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to determine the explanatory variables for children’s trait EC. Self-reported parental responsiveness significantly explained EC scores. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show a cross-sectional relationship between parental responsiveness and children’s trait EC. Future research should clarify whether parental responsiveness in early childhood predicts children’s EC later in life.Keywords: curiosity, responsiveness, middle childhood, late childhood, early childhood, parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shoko Iwasaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yusuke Moriguchi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaoru Sekiyama","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":18},{"pmcid":"PMC9978004","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1093619","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Two-wave observational study","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Preschool children and their caregivers studied for sensitivity and subsequent memory biases","rationale":"The two-wave design places observed care before a later assessment of memory for emotional material.","parentQuestion":"Can a child's recollection of threatening material be examined separately from the caregiving behavior researchers observed?","readingPrompts":["Can a child's recollection of threatening material be examined separately from the caregiving behavior researchers observed?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (preschool children and their caregivers studied for sensitivity and subsequent memory biases) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The two-wave analysis included 49 preschoolers. Memory for material in an experimental task is narrower than memory for everyday family interactions.","id":"PMC9978004","title":"Variation in maternal sensitivity and the development of memory biases in preschoolers","authors":"Anne Rifkin-Graboi; Stella Tsotsi; Nadhrah Syazwana; Mary C. Stephenson; Lit Wee Sim; Kerry Lee","journal":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-02-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1093619","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9978004","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9978004/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9978004-4396754bb5df9cac.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4396754bb5df9cac2029d276ce60cb2846c6f1bf07f94007fef6f36a133d8943","sourceTextSha256":"9b61108ee555c34284a7955933e8592fba697503ae235b585a901e0064e970c6","sourceXmlSha256":"9a0bf9a39e6aff97295755bd3fedcbc90b1ec8c259a07c5926d915bae6be6c22","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a23887a067f51611daac3cc4d09ce3a9cc76a560d9af59f90ad49ff99b2c93e1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53713,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionLinks between maternal sensitivity, hippocampal development, and memory abilities suggests early life insensitive care may shape structures and schemas influencing future decisions and stress management, biasing children to negative information. While it is possible that this pattern of neurodevelopment may have adaptive consequences, for example, preventing children from encountering untoward experience with future adversity, it may also leave some children at risk for the development of internalizing problems.MethodsHere, in a Two Wave Study, we examine whether insensitive care predicts sub sequentially assessed memory biases for threatening (but not happy) stimuli in preschoolers (n = 49), and if such relations cut across different forms of relational memory, i.e., memory for relations between two “items,” between an “item” and its spatial location, and an “item” and its temporal sequence. In a subset (n = 18) we also examine links between caregiving, memory, and hippocampal subregion volume.ResultsResults indicate no main or interactive influence of gender on relational memory. However, insensitive caregiving predicted the difference between Angry and Happy memory during the Item-Space condition (B = 2.451, se = 0.969, p = 0.014, 95% CI (0.572, 4.340)], as well as memory for Angry (but not Happy) items [B = −2.203, se = 0.551, p < 0.001, 95% CI (−3.264,−1.094)]. Memory for the difference between Angry and Happy stimuli in the Space condition associated with larger right hippocampal body volumes (Rho = 0.639, p = 0.004). No relations were observed with internalizing problems.DiscussionResults are discussed with reference to developmental stage and in consideration of whether negative biases may serve as an intermediate factor linking early life insensitive care and later socioemotional problems including an increased incidence of internalizing disorders.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anne Rifkin-Graboi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stella Tsotsi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nadhrah Syazwana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary C. Stephenson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lit Wee Sim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kerry Lee","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":19},{"pmcid":"PMC10036745","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114084","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Father cohort study","ageRange":"Infancy and later parenting","population":"Australian fathers reporting on anger, bonding and later parenting stress","rationale":"The study connects reports of paternal anger with bonding and subsequent stress in a sample of fathers.","parentQuestion":"How do fathers describe bonding and the strains of early caregiving over time?","readingPrompts":["How do fathers describe bonding and the strains of early caregiving over time?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (australian fathers reporting on anger, bonding and later parenting stress) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"These data concern Australian fathers and rely on reports about anger, bonding and parenting stress. Later stress may also reflect family changes outside the measures used.","id":"PMC10036745","title":"Father trait anger: Associations with father–infant bonding and subsequent parenting stress","authors":"Lauren M Francis; George J Youssef; Christopher J Greenwood; Peter G Enticott; Ashlee Curtis; Liam G Graeme; Kayla A Mansour; Craig A Olsson; Helen Skouteris; Jeannette Milgrom; Joanne Williams; Tess Knight; Jacqui A Macdonald","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-03-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114084","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10036745","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10036745/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10036745/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10036745-9a442a0c98586a8d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9a442a0c98586a8de60b346d56881f4eeaf29c39530a040cb8b2935a17bad725","sourceTextSha256":"c98b18738ec205794503d597f939eab1e0ab118a24da8e156123f4e3a0a56ee0","sourceXmlSha256":"12596a81d030491abba651345a79acdbe1b921c72ded81b5c55640f238b81224","rightsEvidenceSha256":"eb9c9bc00ac851343c779a0ba28b8442844ae5e5b2a36646251e36c8835699ee","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39564,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionParent anger presents a risk to family safety and child development. Father trait anger may also compromise the early relational context of fathers and offspring, yet evidence is lacking. The aim of this study is to examine effects of father trait anger on parenting stress in the toddler years, and the mediational role of father–infant bonding.MethodData were from 177 Australian fathers of 205 children. Trait anger (total, angry temperament, and angry reaction), father–infant bonding subscales (patience and tolerance, affection and pride, and pleasure in interaction), and subsequent parenting stress (parental distress, difficult child, and parent–child dysfunctional interaction) were assessed. At each of the subscale levels, mediational path models examined whether father–infant bonding explained the relationship between trait anger and parenting stress. Models were presented where there was at least a small association between the mediator and both the predictor and outcome.ResultsPatience and tolerance was the only domain of father–infant bonding correlated with both trait anger and all parenting stress outcomes. Patience and tolerance partially mediated the effect of total trait anger on parental distress and fully mediated effects on difficult child and parent–child dysfunctional interaction. Patience and tolerance fully mediated relationships between angry temperament and all domains of parenting stress. Angry reactions only had a direct effect on parental distress.DiscussionFather trait anger both directly and indirectly (through patience and tolerance in the father–infant bond) impacts their experiences of parenting stress in the toddler years. Early interventions to manage father trait anger and improve father–infant bonding may benefit fathers and children.Keywords: fathers, infants, children, anger, bonding, parenting stress, longitudinal","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lauren M Francis","type":"Person"},{"name":"George J Youssef","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christopher J Greenwood","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter G Enticott","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ashlee Curtis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liam G Graeme","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kayla A Mansour","type":"Person"},{"name":"Craig A Olsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen Skouteris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeannette Milgrom","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joanne Williams","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tess Knight","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jacqui A Macdonald","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":20},{"pmcid":"PMC3879462","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00992","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Two hundred and nineteen parents and children in a study of emotion-regulation strategies.","rationale":"The study distinguishes helping a child reinterpret an event from teaching the child to conceal what they feel.","parentQuestion":"Am I helping my child understand the feeling or asking them to hide it?","readingPrompts":["Which reports captured a child hiding an emotion rather than reinterpreting a situation?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Am I helping my child understand the feeling or asking them to hide it?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC3879462","title":"Face it or hide it: parental socialization of reappraisal and response suppression","authors":"Catherine Gunzenhauser; Anika Fäsche; Wolfgang Friedlmeier; Antje von Suchodoletz","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2014-01-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00992","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3879462","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3879462/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3879462/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC3879462-b9b7b4fa45ff4c05.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b9b7b4fa45ff4c05b813ea92b6117e0ff50d539f6d5ab1f392aea495943e2fa8","sourceTextSha256":"157b74573fcf7d53704f841ddd2136300525dfc530c47627757bd8c94294d2bc","sourceXmlSha256":"94cb2618a9f6c612d9d0aff59cec9354b774cdbf7974751f5369d249d1c3487d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"077b97cd5615d0e0599282c2e5e548ee89e0f3bb603a597f16e73cca0eff94bf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59991,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractMastery of cognitive emotion regulation strategies is an important developmental task. This paper focuses on two strategies that occur from preschool age onwards (Stegge and Meerum Terwogt, 2007): reappraisal and response suppression. Parental socialization of these strategies was investigated in a sample of N = 219 parents and their children. Informed by the tripartite model of family impact on children's emotion regulation, direct relations of emotion socialization components (modeling and reactions to the child's negative emotions) and indirect relations of parental emotion-related beliefs (such as parental emotion regulation self-efficacy) were examined. Data on emotion socialization components and parental beliefs on emotion regulation were collected via self-report. Data on children's emotion regulation strategies were collected via parent report. Findings showed direct effects of parental modeling and parenting practices on children's emotion regulation strategies, with distinct socialization paths for reappraisal and response suppression. An indirect effect of parental emotion regulation self-efficacy on children's reappraisal was found. These associations were not moderated by parent sex. Findings highlight the importance of both socialization components and parental emotion-related beliefs for the socialization of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and suggest a domain-specific approach to the socialization of emotion regulation strategies.Keywords: emotion socialization, parenting, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal, response suppression","authorEntries":[{"name":"Catherine Gunzenhauser","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anika Fäsche","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wolfgang Friedlmeier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antje von Suchodoletz","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":21},{"pmcid":"PMC5061838","doi":"10.1007/s10826-016-0490-x","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Age 3","population":"Two hundred and forty-one two-parent families taking part in a picture-book discussion.","rationale":"Observed talk about negative emotions lets readers look at the actual words mothers and fathers use with preschoolers.","parentQuestion":"How do I invite my child to name a feeling while we read together?","readingPrompts":["How were references to negative feelings coded during the picture-book discussion?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","How do I invite my child to name a feeling while we read together?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC5061838","title":"Associations Between Fathers’ and Mothers’ Psychopathology Symptoms, Parental Emotion Socialization, and Preschoolers’ Social-Emotional Development","authors":"Lotte D. van der Pol; Marleen G. Groeneveld; Joyce J. Endendijk; Sheila R. van Berkel; Elizabeth T. Hallers-Haalboom; Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg; Judi Mesman","journal":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2016-07-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0490-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5061838","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5061838/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5061838-d52a0fc3e04b59ac.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d52a0fc3e04b59ac2a91ec1d7bdf7fc115c9c8721ab9040ae95aa625724b4193","sourceTextSha256":"ef180e75cf75738faac31ca612f54c1684a68a146ca9be08f2ea85a10448f14f","sourceXmlSha256":"e7858c37ebb60a4d01e3d050465c9366bffc02f11914720268e2bc7ab45285bf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6fdf83a1576902285c8c2ef1986a0add7e724ef9814ef2fba962552d0cfd57e1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51750,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"In this study we tested whether the relation between fathers’ and mothers’ psychopathology symptoms and child social-emotional development was mediated by parents’ use of emotion talk about negative emotions in a sample of 241 two-parent families. Parents’ internalizing and externalizing problems were measured with the Adult Self Report and parental emotion talk was observed while they discussed a picture book with their children (child age: 3 years). Children’s parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems and observed prosocial behaviors were assessed at the age of 3 years and again 12 months later. We found that mothers’ use of emotion talk partially mediated the positive association between fathers’ internalizing problems and child internalizing problems. Fathers’ internalizing problems predicted more elaborative mother–child discussions about negative emotions, which in turn predicted more internalizing problems in children a year later. Mothers’ externalizing problems directly predicted more internalizing and externalizing problems in children. These findings emphasize the importance of examining the consequences of parental psychological difficulties for child development from a family-wide perspective.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lotte D. van der Pol","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marleen G. Groeneveld","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joyce J. Endendijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sheila R. van Berkel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth T. Hallers-Haalboom","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Judi Mesman","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10826-016-0490-x","publisherEvidenceSha256":"84542b41aba0f2bf609d242674027674e2332146dfb9f89573f3dbccc0f251f5","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":22},{"pmcid":"PMC5741672","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Middle childhood","population":"Urban Chinese families with 150 children averaging about eight and a half years of age.","rationale":"The study considered how parents handle emotions alongside how the child and adult work together, rather than treating feelings in isolation.","parentQuestion":"What helps us listen to each other when we have a problem to solve?","readingPrompts":["What tasks or measures captured collaboration between the child and parent?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What helps us listen to each other when we have a problem to solve?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC5741672","title":"Parental Emotion Socialization and Child Psychological Adjustment among Chinese Urban Families: Mediation through Child Emotion Regulation and Moderation through Dyadic Collaboration","authors":"Zhuyun Jin; Xutong Zhang; Zhuo Rachel Han","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-12-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5741672","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741672/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5741672/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5741672-9cf44f8d0858d101.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9cf44f8d0858d1010a202df9d8ac7262a0864175653d0ef4ee14b6781ef21b0e","sourceTextSha256":"34323f08dc7688f4b1eb3e99a0603557e5cfa7bd9d9bf361c5997f340911e4ee","sourceXmlSha256":"16199a9ba19e084d36a959564c2fb218a6761cfc5dfd3c6400e43230745d305a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d3c4ca09102dec5d185caca251ce4ea2245033f7c7ec8e4dfe31cf536b06834e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49458,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe theoretical model of emotion regulation and many empirical findings have suggested that children’s emotion regulation may mediate the association between parents’ emotion socialization and children’s psychological adjustment. However, limited research has been conducted on moderators of these relations, despite the argument that the associations between parenting practices and children’s psychological adjustment are probabilistic rather than deterministic. This study examined the mediating role of children’s emotion regulation in linking parents’ emotion socialization and children’s psychological adjustment, and whether dyadic collaboration could moderate the proposed mediation model in a sample of Chinese parents and their children in their middle childhood. Participants were 150 Chinese children (87 boys and 63 girls, Mage = 8.54, SD = 1.67) and their parents (Mage = 39.22, SD = 4.07). Parent–child dyadic collaboration was videotaped and coded from an interaction task. Parents reported on their emotion socialization, children’s emotion regulation and psychopathological symptoms. Results indicated that child emotion regulation mediated the links between parental emotion socialization and child’s psychopathological symptoms. Evidence of moderated mediation was also found: supportive emotion socialization and child emotion regulation were positively correlated only at high and medium levels of dyadic collaboration, with child’s psychopathological symptoms as the dependent variables. Our findings suggested that higher-level parent–child collaboration might further potentiate the protective effect of parental supportive emotion socialization practices against child psychopathological symptoms.Keywords: emotion socialization, child emotion regulation, child psychological adjustment, dyadic collaboration","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zhuyun Jin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xutong Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhuo Rachel Han","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":23},{"pmcid":"PMC6967315","doi":"10.1186/s41155-018-0090-3","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Measurement validation study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Four hundred and eighteen Portuguese adolescents describing maternal emotional responses.","rationale":"The researchers added intense joy to a scale often used for other feelings, giving teenagers a way to describe how adults respond to their excitement.","parentQuestion":"How do I respond when my teen is delighted about something I find unimportant?","readingPrompts":["What did adding a high-intensity positive emotion change about the measure?","Which aspects of the instrument were tested, and where would further validation be needed?","How do I respond when my teen is delighted about something I find unimportant?"],"limitations":"Reliability and validity evidence concern the instrument in the tested sample. These findings do not establish that changing the measured behavior improves outcomes.","id":"PMC6967315","title":"New version of the emotion socialization scale with the positive emotion of overjoy: initial validation evidence with Portuguese adolescents","authors":"Eva Costa Martins; Fernando Ferreira-Santos; Liliana Meira","journal":"Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2018-04-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0090-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6967315","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6967315/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6967315-e1170fdd4f58eca1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e1170fdd4f58eca12c9cac1bfdc3b299b1f2016a45cb5b73e26141ad2b77dcc8","sourceTextSha256":"e0f2166ba2532ca5f848dec72f4618573484534adbdf8aa232f21cead451c115","sourceXmlSha256":"10f380e37006f7c4ec2806c88077c6e2e0aaf4db1793666096d80d6066b4a8e0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e25ad8737483f3c8d0a291e6388a722c43a12b803cf1a2f690aca5d7b2f4706d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39430,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"There are few studies on parental socialization of positive emotions in adolescents and few instruments that measure these parental reactions. Therefore, we developed a new version of the Emotion Socialization Scale (ESS) for the positive emotion of overjoy. We further provided some evidence of validity and reliability of the Portuguese ESS, featuring overjoy, fear, anger, and sadness. Adolescents (N = 418) answered questionnaires on maternal emotion socialization and maternal rearing practices. Confirmatory factor analysis achieved good (reward, neglect, override, magnify) to acceptable (punish) levels of fit, and scales had good levels of internal consistency, except for punish (all emotions) and neglect (overjoy). Association with maternal rearing practices supported the adaptive role of reward and magnify and the less adaptive role of punish, override, neglect of positive emotion, with some exceptions. This investigation demonstrated the importance of assessing parents’ reactions to adolescents’ positive emotion as these may be important indicators of the parent-adolescent relationship quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s41155-018-0090-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eva Costa Martins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fernando Ferreira-Santos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Meira","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":24},{"pmcid":"PMC6066975","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01245","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Fifty-eight Turkish mothers and preschool children taking part in paired laboratory activities.","rationale":"The authors examined how mothers’ views of themselves and their relationships related to interaction during shared tasks.","parentQuestion":"Which assumptions about closeness or independence do I bring to an activity?","readingPrompts":["What did the laboratory tasks allow observers to see about mothers’ interactions?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","Which assumptions about closeness or independence do I bring to an activity?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC6066975","title":"Does Mothers’ Self-Construal Contribute to Parenting Beyond Socioeconomic Status and Maternal Efficacy? an Exploratory Study of Turkish Mothers","authors":"Feyza Corapci; Hande Benveniste; Sibel Bilge","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2018-07-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01245","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6066975","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6066975/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6066975/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6066975-7d20ec5ab063acb2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7d20ec5ab063acb2f573625113e4918ab5ce468d9461d4a16f99f19b07c2d11e","sourceTextSha256":"6dffe9907030f03e2100842d2f24b44de5dc1f0e4a25d05d83e8d96f1f0492e5","sourceXmlSha256":"a1ffcc87f38b8d7caa882f6b1e9b551f91f53a1232c74b64629b71fa951a59f4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"32659ade06f1bc15de7e077827a5dac399f064839c070724dd428f78ae8e9595","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50836,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the relative contribution of mothers’ self-construal to parenting above and beyond family socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal efficacy beliefs about parenting. A total of 58 Turkish mothers and their preschool-aged children participated in dyadic tasks in the laboratory setting. For the measurement of parenting, direct behavioral observations of mother–child interactions in three interaction contexts were utilized, and mother ratings of emotion socialization were obtained. Mothers also reported on their parenting efficacy, self-construal, child temperament, and family demographics. Results revealed a more balanced endorsement of autonomous and relational self-characteristics as well as more sensitive parenting among higher SES mothers. Furthermore, mothers’ self-construal contributed unique variance to the prediction of sensitive parenting over and above SES, maternal efficacy and child temperament. Yet, in the prediction of negatively controlling parenting, mothers’ self-construal did not account for unique variance. Lower parenting efficacy and lower SES were the only predictors of punishing, overriding, and distress magnifying responses. Finally, results indicated a marginally significant indirect effect from SES to sensitive parenting via autonomous-related self-construal, controlling for the indirect effect of maternal efficacy.Keywords: autonomous-related, self-construal, parenting, maternal efficacy, socioeconomic status","authorEntries":[{"name":"Feyza Corapci","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hande Benveniste","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sibel Bilge","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":25},{"pmcid":"PMC6491856","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00909","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Randomized trial analysis","ageRange":"Ages 4–13","population":"Mothers in military families participating in the randomized ADAPT parenting trial.","rationale":"The analysis asks whether change in mothers’ mindfulness helps explain observed changes in parenting after deployment.","parentQuestion":"What helps me notice my own reaction before responding to my child?","readingPrompts":["Which outcomes came from observation and which from mothers’ descriptions of mindfulness?","Which conclusions follow from randomized assignment, and which rely on additional assumptions?","What helps me notice my own reaction before responding to my child?"],"limitations":"Randomization applies to the assigned program. It does not isolate every proposed mechanism or establish effects in populations beyond the trial.","id":"PMC6491856","title":"Do Less Mindful Mothers Show Better Parenting via Improvements in Trait Mindfulness Following a Military Parent Training Program?","authors":"Na Zhang; Jingchen Zhang; Abigail H. Gewirtz","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-04-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00909","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6491856","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6491856/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6491856-c785f41c56571ca3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c785f41c56571ca34d6e0fb774fd53b89ae90b2d7d1f3b0c51c6b3126735ae67","sourceTextSha256":"4a11336e415deca91ba52eb8dc52497ddb6250396aa206071cee156c72b0f37b","sourceXmlSha256":"3637cd4e19142ab582b347ae4163408ff97f81ebbb5632e21cbec057fc8ac184","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e5f9f917a7f2aefbcb21e95bf9abd474c9304ec800933e07b243781d56726e3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55587,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental deployment to war poses risks to children's healthy adjustment. The After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) program was developed for post-deployed military families to promote children's well-being through improving effective parenting. ADAPT combines behavior management with emotion socialization skills for parents, using brief mindfulness practices to strengthen emotion regulation. We used a three-wave longitudinal, experimental design to examine whether ADAPT improved parental trait mindfulness (PTM), and whether the effect was moderated by baseline PTM. We also investigated whether improved PTM was associated with behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects of parenting such as self-reported parental locus of control (PLOC), self-reported parental emotion socialization (PES), self-reported and observed behavioral parenting skills. We analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the ADAPT, with a focus on mothers (n = 313) who were either deployed (17.9%) or non-deployed and partnered with a husband who had been recently deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan and returned (82.1%). Families identified a 4–13-year-old target child (Mean age = 8.34, SD = 2.48; 54.3% girls) and were randomized into ADAPT (a group-based 14-week program) or a control condition (services as usual). At baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up, PTM, PLOC, PES, and parenting skills were self-reported, whereas home-based family interactions involving parents and the child were video-taped and assessed for observed behavioral parenting skills such as discipline and problem-solving using a theory-based coding system. Results showed that mothers with lower baseline PTM reported higher PTM at 1-year while mothers with higher baseline PTM reported lower PTM at 1-year. PTM at 1-year was associated with improved self-reported parenting skills and supportive PES at 2-year, as well as indirectly associated with improved PLOC and reduced nonsupportive PES at 2-year through PTM at 2-year. No associations between PTM and observed parenting skills were detected. We discuss the implications of these findings for incorporating mindfulness practices into behavioral parenting interventions and for personalized prevention considering parents' pre-existing levels of trait mindfulness as a predictor of intervention responsivity.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Na Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jingchen Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abigail H. Gewirtz","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":26},{"pmcid":"PMC7509056","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02044","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 2–5","population":"Three hundred Japanese-speaking married mothers of preschool children.","rationale":"Mothers distinguished coaching, dismissing and withdrawing when describing how they react to a child's emotions.","parentQuestion":"What makes it easier for me to stay present when my preschooler is upset?","readingPrompts":["How did the questionnaire distinguish dismissing a child's emotion from staying uninvolved?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What makes it easier for me to stay present when my preschooler is upset?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC7509056","title":"Determinants of Maternal Emotion Socialization: Based on Belsky’s Process of Parenting Model","authors":"Jing Bao; Michiyo Kato","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-09-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02044","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7509056","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7509056/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7509056/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7509056-bda23368c9fb6474.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bda23368c9fb64746cb06801ce833793dcf9454a3feb0820897383cae1f58abc","sourceTextSha256":"5581acf7eb10cbb7084b9633a9b94ee2b4037f1cadd3a5096648344b822efc5c","sourceXmlSha256":"e8a9a2e206ce6ea954d8c8410bc8a337e356fcb9c3e578e736a2188ebc493b91","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3b7477eb0eacb63e093f21925ecd4caedf7d5cc65178598161e86f38027c89a1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37239,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to investigate how the potential multifactors influence mothers’ emotion socialization. This study involved 300 Japanese-speaking married mothers with 2–5-year-old children, who answered a series of measures of emotion socialization (coaching, dismissing, dysfunction, and non-involvement), emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal and expressive suppression), psychopathology (anxiety and depression), and perceived parenting alliance with their partners. (a) Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated different effects between maternal anxiety and depression, such that higher levels of depression were associated with less coaching and higher levels of anxiety were associated with more dismissing and dysfunction. (b) Moreover, maternal emotion regulation was significant even when controlling for psychopathology, in which reappraisal had significant positive association with coaching and, conversely, expressive suppression had significant negative association with coaching and positive associations with non-involvement, dismissing, and dysfunction. (c) Additionally, moderation analysis revealed that a greater use of reappraisal was associated with more coaching, and this relation was strongest in lower levels of parenting alliance. Similarly, a greater use of reappraisal was associated with less dysfunction only when parenting alliance was low. Reappraisal may be effective in promoting supportive emotion socialization and buffering the negative effect of lower parenting alliance on unsupportive emotion socialization. Based on Belsky’s process of parenting model, we incorporate maternal psychopathology, emotion regulation, and perceived parenting alliance into one model of influencing maternal emotion socialization and highlight the unique role of emotion regulation.Keywords: emotion socialization, emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, parenting alliance","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jing Bao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michiyo Kato","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":27},{"pmcid":"PMC7640742","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579519","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 8–12","population":"Seven hundred and five mothers and fathers reporting on themselves and their children.","rationale":"The model connects adults’ own difficulty regulating emotion with how they respond when a child has strong feelings.","parentQuestion":"How does my own stress shape what I hear when my child is distressed?","readingPrompts":["What separate roles did modeling, regulating emotion and responding to the child play in the tested model?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How does my own stress shape what I hear when my child is distressed?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC7640742","title":"The Cascade Effect of Parent Dysfunction: An Emotion Socialization Transmission Framework","authors":"Jessica A. Seddon; Rita Abdel-Baki; Sarah Feige; Kristel Thomassin","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-10-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579519","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7640742","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7640742/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7640742-2ce959e9032a95f8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2ce959e9032a95f824cbf1e40a5cdb375191fef312731aa437ffda49ee08ed2b","sourceTextSha256":"5473761f3a68199ecc1f6bc9222e57fa13ebf1b1a2efb8cd80854eb4393a1804","sourceXmlSha256":"bdfd589e2473e5a872856adeb4449292e9902613cb16fbf084d8441f7f9a89dc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"712671cf76bc23b5a3f35651ae479d0275749a492fa658d1a8885a9886741555","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44482,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The current study tested a preliminary cascade model of parent dysfunction—i.e., internalizing psychopathology and emotion dysregulation—whereby parent dysfunction is transmitted to children through the impact of parental emotion socialization on child emotion regulation. Participants were 705 mothers (Mage = 36.17, SD = 7.55) and fathers (Mage = 35.43, SD = 6.49) of children aged 8 to 12 years who self-reported on their internalizing psychopathology, emotion regulation difficulties, and emotion socialization practices, and on their child’s internalizing psychopathology and emotion regulation. Using a split sample method, we employed a data-driven approach to develop a conceptual model from our initially proposed theoretical model with the first subsample (n = 352, 51% mothers), and then validated this model in a second subsample (n = 353, 49% mothers). Results supported a model in which the transmission of dysfunction from parent to child was sequentially mediated by unsupportive parental emotion socialization—but not supportive parental emotion socialization—and child emotion dysregulation. The indirect effects from the final model did not differ by parent gender. Findings provide preliminary support for a mechanism by which maternal and paternal internalizing psychopathology and emotion dysregulation disrupt parental emotion socialization by increasing unsupportive emotion socialization practices, which impacts children’s development of emotion regulation skills and risk for internalizing psychopathology.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jessica A. Seddon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rita Abdel-Baki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Feige","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kristel Thomassin","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":28},{"pmcid":"PMC8143508","doi":"10.3390/children8050319","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Theoretical framework","ageRange":"Middle childhood","population":"A theoretical account of parent and peer responses to children’s feelings.","rationale":"The proposed categories invite readers to compare how adults and friends respond to the same child’s emotional expression.","parentQuestion":"How might my child experience my response differently from a friend’s?","readingPrompts":["How could two responses that sound positive differ in the proposed typology?","Which of the proposed categories have yet to be tested against direct observation?","How might my child experience my response differently from a friend’s?"],"limitations":"The article proposes categories rather than testing their effects. The proposed distinctions need empirical examination in different family settings.","id":"PMC8143508","title":"Parent and Peer Emotion Responsivity Styles: An Extension of Gottman’s Emotion Socialization Parenting Typologies","authors":"Jens E. Jespersen; Nathan R. Hardy; Amanda Sheffield Morris","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-04-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050319","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8143508","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8143508/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8143508-be91a2d708ae848b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"be91a2d708ae848bfe6d00f40fff164b5dcd8c7e731191f84dfa8b4588af1b74","sourceTextSha256":"04d8a044d785ae59ad6f85a7767bb23b4e8de02cf19eef21b9f12e50001fc515","sourceXmlSha256":"45e4ae7c04d73a5b768095e5535631be859feb012affe5bbac88ee2a1e387e9d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"86634aaa6f86b1cfbaa8b1382c46ba1325dd60b33a78e330b40227c0b5a4f47c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49734,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This theoretical paper introduces six emotion socialization typologies that can be used for designating emotion responsivity styles of parents and peers of children in middle childhood, referred to as Parent and Peer Emotion Responsivity Styles (PPERS). This typology draws on theoretical foundations of meta-emotion and emotion socialization. These typologies are compliment with and extend Gottman’s emotion-based parenting styles, as they are organized generally by whether the response is more positive or more negative and whether the response is more emotionally constructive or destructive, but extend the four styles to include whether the parent or peer targets the emotion directly when responding to a child’s emotions, or whether they target the emotion-related behavior. On the positive end, there is the Emotion Constructive style, which targets the child’s emotions directly. The other two positive styles include Emotion Responsive and Emotion Acceptive, which target the child’s emotional behaviors with higher or lower levels of activity. On the negative side, there is the Emotion Destructive style which is employed to target the emotion itself, while the Emotion Punitive and Emotion Dismissive styles target the child’s emotion-related behavior with varying levels of activity. Implications for the development and study of these theoretical typologies are discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jens E. Jespersen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nathan R. Hardy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda Sheffield Morris","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":29},{"pmcid":"PMC9364231","doi":"10.1177/01454455211036001","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Ages 3–8","population":"Families seeking treatment for young children with early-onset behavior difficulties.","rationale":"The study places emotion-related parenting in the context of household resources and difficulties that led families to seek help.","parentQuestion":"When behavior is difficult, how can I make space for what the child is feeling?","readingPrompts":["How was family income incorporated when comparing emotion socialization across families?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","When behavior is difficult, how can I make space for what the child is feeling?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC9364231","title":"Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Early-Onset Behavior Disorders: The Role of Parent Emotion Regulation, Emotion Socialization, and Family Income","authors":"April Highlander; Chloe Zachary; Kaeley Jenkins; Raelyn Loiselle; Madison McCall; Jennifer Youngstrom; Laura G McKee; Rex Forehand; Deborah J Jones","journal":"Behavior Modification","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2021-08-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455211036001","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9364231","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9364231/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9364231-b55c72c768bbbbb9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b55c72c768bbbbb910d88a480ce5a4d5f9f75efa2b878469a4a75f94aa448964","sourceTextSha256":"3e3259992c09d77d39357f969b9ae096be493eb43c6b20d1b7f2c57cf9d62725","sourceXmlSha256":"99ebc2a32bc2d952aa5b839798c816e3366a4a8e9d3e4c59ca93198465976c33","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2d415d63b14b7c11067650c551e71afa6c080bf323437e0bcee0505b46cd1138","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45282,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParent emotion regulation and socialization have been linked to various aspects of child functioning. In the case of early-onset behavior disorders in particular, parent emotion regulation may be an important correlate of the coercive cycle implicated in early-onset behavior disorders thus, symptom presentation at baseline. Further, emotion socialization may be complicated by a pattern of parent-child interactions in which both supportive or unsupportive parenting behaviors in response to behavioral dysregulation may increase vulnerability for problem behavior in the future. Some work suggests standard Behavioral Parent Training may impact parent emotion regulation and socialization. Still little is known, however, about how such processes may vary by family income, which is critical given the overrepresentation of low-income children in statistics on early-onset behavior disorders. This study explored parent emotion regulation, socialization, and family income in a sample of socioeconomically diverse treatment-seeking families of young (3–8 years old) children. Findings suggest relations between parental emotion regulation, socialization, and child behavior although the pattern of associations differed at baseline and post-treatment and varied by family income. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.Keywords: behavioral parent training, emotion socialization, emotion regulation, income, early childhood","authorEntries":[{"name":"April Highlander","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chloe Zachary","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaeley Jenkins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Raelyn Loiselle","type":"Person"},{"name":"Madison McCall","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Youngstrom","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura G McKee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rex Forehand","type":"Person"},{"name":"Deborah J Jones","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F01454455211036001","publisherEvidenceSha256":"972b05c77cda276ba9139e121af216cfe7ed0b39c9efcec0f6fc01ef402d4b25","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":30},{"pmcid":"PMC8620103","doi":"10.3390/children8111038","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Program evaluation","ageRange":"Ages 3–15","population":"Seventy-seven caregivers of children with complex trauma in a clinical service.","rationale":"The program offered caregivers ways to recognize and respond to emotions in children who had experienced trauma.","parentQuestion":"What did caregivers practise before trying to resolve an upsetting moment?","readingPrompts":["Which changes were rated by caregivers, and was there a comparison group?","What features of the comparison or follow-up limit the conclusions about change?","What did caregivers practise before trying to resolve an upsetting moment?"],"limitations":"Participation, the comparison conditions and the measurement interval limit what can be attributed to the program alone or assumed to persist after follow-up.","id":"PMC8620103","title":"Trauma-Focused Tuning in to Kids: Evaluation in a Clinical Service","authors":"Sophie S. Havighurst; Jessica L. Murphy; Christiane E. Kehoe","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-11-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8111038","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8620103","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8620103/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8620103-4b76621b6c6f0707.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4b76621b6c6f070753b1c09877bf9896443368ad0bd21c5878cc8b6543506206","sourceTextSha256":"4b825016a0f366ae302e4d00a638b4a351f2ec0e580d1e5f85a93a8d34b7b733","sourceXmlSha256":"8af12a6da98f45283c6c43b815f96f4a16ba913ef5a592bfa1d7b2b53f3c178c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"86634aaa6f86b1cfbaa8b1382c46ba1325dd60b33a78e330b40227c0b5a4f47c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31571,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study evaluated the Tuning in to Kids (TIK) parenting program delivered in a clinical setting with 77 parents and caregivers (hereafter referred to as “parents”) of children who had experienced complex trauma. The TIK program targets parent emotion socialization to improve children’s emotional and behavioral functioning. The study utilized a single-group design with pre- and post-intervention measures. Seventy-seven parents of children (aged 3–15 years) who had experienced complex trauma completed a ten-week version of the Trauma-Focused Tuning in to Kids program (TF-TIK). Measures examined parent reports of: emotion socialization; parent-child relationship; parent mental health; children’s emotional and behavioral functioning. Parents reported significantly improved emotion socialization, parent-child relationship, parent mental health, as well as child emotion regulation and behavior. This study provides initial support for the use of the TF-TIK parenting program in a clinical setting with parents of children who have experienced complex trauma in order to prevent or reduce problems.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sophie S. Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica L. Murphy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane E. Kehoe","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":31},{"pmcid":"PMC9105151","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19095566","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Ages 18–27","population":"One hundred and thirty-three young adults from Italy and Japan.","rationale":"Participants reported perceived rejection separately for mothers and fathers in a small cross-cultural sample.","parentQuestion":"What might a young adult remember differently about the responses of two caregivers?","readingPrompts":["How does the small sample limit interpretation of the gene-by-environment comparison?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What might a young adult remember differently about the responses of two caregivers?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC9105151","title":"The Interaction Effect of Parental Rejection and Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism on Depression: A Cross-Cultural Study in Non-Clinical Samples","authors":"Vincenzo Paolo Senese; Kazuyuki Shinohara; Paola Venuti; Marc H Bornstein; Vittorio Rosanio; Carla Nasti; Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh; Marzia Maresca; Gianluca Esposito; Paul B Tchounwou","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-05-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095566","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9105151","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9105151/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9105151-ee7609310d4c5aa9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ee7609310d4c5aa9678b9cb75774a8d95bb20d5d5753001e5490daf13af3fb48","sourceTextSha256":"13d9f3619e818eb360f3ce62dfa3be4e303d7046e945cf9c061489cfecc5420c","sourceXmlSha256":"60a59ec284d8de0571e25b92f5821d228696e79fa8122d078666d390f294d9bc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40513,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental rejection has been consistently empirically implicated in a wide array of developmental, behavioural and psychological problems worldwide. However, the interaction effect between parental rejection in childhood and the oxytocin receptor genotype on psychological adjustment has yet to be investigated. The present study aimed to investigate gene–environment interaction effects between parental rejection (maternal and paternal) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms (rs53576 and rs2254298) on depressive symptoms in adults in different cultural contexts. Adults from Italy and Japan (N = 133, age = 18–27 years, females = 68) were preliminarily genotyped and then completed the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire for mothers and fathers and the Beck Depression Inventory. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that paternal rejection was related to self-reported depression and that the effect of parental rejection was moderated by OXTR gene polymorphisms and nationality. Among Italians, OXTR rs2254298 A-carriers showed resilience to negative early parental care, whereas among Japanese, OXTR rs53576 non-A-carriers showed resistance to negative early paternal care. These findings align with expected relations between perceived acceptance–rejection and an individual’s psychological adjustment, as proposed by interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory, and indicate the need for future studies adopting a multicultural and multilevel approach to better understand how the effects of parental rejection extend into adulthood.Keywords: depression, gene–environment interactions, oxytocin, interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory, psychological adjustment","authorEntries":[{"name":"Vincenzo Paolo Senese","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kazuyuki Shinohara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paola Venuti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vittorio Rosanio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carla Nasti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marzia Maresca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gianluca Esposito","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":32},{"pmcid":"PMC9180051","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19116844","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 3–13","population":"Eighty parents of children seen in Portuguese child and adolescent psychiatry services.","rationale":"Grouping caregivers’ reported reactions shows why one response to distress cannot stand in for an entire relationship.","parentQuestion":"Which of my reactions to distress might my child experience as dismissive?","readingPrompts":["Did a cluster represent a pattern across responses or a permanent type of parent?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which of my reactions to distress might my child experience as dismissive?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC9180051","title":"Patterns of Parental Reactions to Their Children’s Negative Emotions: A Cluster Analysis with a Clinical Sample","authors":"Ana Isabel Pereira; Catarina Santos; Luísa Barros; Magda Sofia Roberto; Joana Rato; Ana Prata; Cristina Marques","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-06-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116844","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9180051","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9180051/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9180051-9fcd0f09e54b155c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9fcd0f09e54b155c588a955fa7000818e62269b3c006d5755288cd2ff2fa57fe","sourceTextSha256":"36e5b45322fc3eb334f8f92bf2005499a52333c03796b22c06900b3a35e81bdb","sourceXmlSha256":"6a880af4bdeb71357a76841058bcaed66a3713beb14ed2c19f45c643f0d7734f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43122,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parents’ emotion socialization practices are an important source of influence in the development of children’s emotional competencies This study examined parental reactions to child negative emotions in a clinical sample using a cluster analysis approach and explored the associations between clusters of parents’ reactions and children’s and parents’ adjustment. The sample comprised 80 parents of Portuguese children (aged 3–13 years) attending a child and adolescent psychiatry unit. Measures to assess parental reactions to children’s negative emotions, parents’ psychopathological symptoms, parents’ emotion dysregulation, and children’s adjustment were administered to parents. Model-based cluster analysis resulted in three clusters: low unsupportive, high supportive, and inconsistent reactions clusters. These clusters differed significantly in terms of parents’ psychopathological symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and children’s adjustment. A pattern characterized by high supportive reactions to the child’s emotions was associated with higher levels of children’s adjustment. On the other hand, an inconsistent reactions pattern was associated with the worst indicators of children’s adjustment and parental emotion dysregulation. These results suggest the importance of supporting parents of children with emotional and behavioural problems so that they can be more responsive to their children’s emotional manifestations.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ana Isabel Pereira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catarina Santos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Luísa Barros","type":"Person"},{"name":"Magda Sofia Roberto","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joana Rato","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ana Prata","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina Marques","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":33},{"pmcid":"PMC9739229","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192316346","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 11–20","population":"Students aged 11–20 recruited from middle schools in Algeria.","rationale":"The survey asks young people about acceptance by parents alongside sibling victimization and bullying at school.","parentQuestion":"When siblings describe the same conflict differently, does each get an opportunity to be heard?","readingPrompts":["What did the questions distinguish about victimization at home and at school?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","When siblings describe the same conflict differently, does each get an opportunity to be heard?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC9739229","title":"The Associations between Sibling Victimization, Sibling Bullying, Parental Acceptance–Rejection, and School Bullying","authors":"Aiche Sabah; Musheer A Aljaberi; Chung-Ying Lin; Hsin-Pao Chen; Paul B Tchounwou","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-12-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316346","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9739229","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9739229/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9739229-f0a8e87285f5c94f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f0a8e87285f5c94f5945356fa7ea198428d36a49a74b56a14487501eac9cfac2","sourceTextSha256":"c7379b3a5d16366ef2b5ddee525c23253cc25ed204837d3d3147f0d3ff7a58d3","sourceXmlSha256":"fc46a451b2e620b1ebcbd158c66c02793b383f9ee1fde9fff035836eee8c0386","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39954,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBullying has been identified as the most common form of aggression experienced by school-age youth. However, it is still unclear about the family’s influence on school bullying. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the associations between sibling bullying and school bullying, sibling victimization and school victimization, and parental acceptance–rejection and school bullying victimization. The study was cross-sectional and conducted on a sample of students aged between 11 and 20 years recruited from middle schools in Algeria. The study used a survey adopted from the scale of Sibling Bullying, Student Survey of Bullying Behavior—Revised 2, and the Survey of parental acceptance–rejection in collecting the data. The model’s results assessing the association between sibling bullying and school bullying demonstrated that the effect of sibling physical and sibling verbal victims on school victimization was statistically significant. Despite the non-significant effect of sibling emotional victims on school victimization, the effect of sibling physical and sibling verbal bullying on school bullying was statistically significant. However, the effect of sibling emotional bullying on school bullying was not statistically significant. The direct effect of parental acceptance on school victimization was not statistically significant, whereas the effect of parental rejection on school victimization was statistically significant. The direct effect of parental acceptance on school bullying was not statistically significant, while the effect of parental rejection on school bullying was statistically significant. Based on the results, this study provides insights into the understanding of how the family and siblings contribute to school bullying. In particular, sibling victimization, sibling bullying, and parental acceptance–rejection are predictive factors of school bullying among adolescents. Future research should take into account factors based on family to explore the risks of school bullying.Keywords: sibling bullying, school bullying, adolescent students, parental acceptance and rejection, violence, children’s health","authorEntries":[{"name":"Aiche Sabah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Musheer A Aljaberi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chung-Ying Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hsin-Pao Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":34},{"pmcid":"PMC9788707","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2022.2156053","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Ages 6–19","population":"Children and adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic events in the included studies.","rationale":"The review asks how adults respond after a frightening experience and how those responses relate to symptoms reported by young people.","parentQuestion":"How can I find out what my child wants to say after something frightening?","readingPrompts":["Did the included studies distinguish the child's own trauma symptoms from a parent's estimate?","How did the review decide which studies or instruments to include?","How can I find out what my child wants to say after something frightening?"],"limitations":"The scope depends on the search strategy, eligible sources and differences between their measures. The review does not test a specific household practice.","id":"PMC9788707","title":"A systematic literature review of the relationship between parenting responses and child post-traumatic stress symptoms","authors":"Nimrah Afzal; Siyan Ye; Amy C. Page; David Trickey; Mark D. Lyttle; Rachel M. Hiller; Sarah L. Halligan","journal":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publishedDate":"2023-01-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2156053","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9788707","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9788707/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9788707-ed5fa343fd16b800.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ed5fa343fd16b800743510b5cdb755c010843c2effe29d8077173dbeb920f687","sourceTextSha256":"33f7ca9f563ef22cbd3b449653429d7de7957bce965aff8a880dcc77644fd538","sourceXmlSha256":"824adff79c23a438a91f52cbc2687525a88cfab9b0f585b038eeb9fd94391d85","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f96144e10617723226c338058837b1e1a8194391ab930ff54b7f89236967ee68","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48508,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackground: Parents are a key source of support for children exposed to single-incident/acute traumas and can thereby play a potentially significant role in children’s post-trauma psychological adjustment. However, the evidence base examining parental responses to child trauma and child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) has yielded mixed findings.Objective: We conducted a systematic review examining domains of parental responding in relation to child PTSS outcomes.Method: Studies were included if they (1) assessed children (6-19 years) exposed to a potentially traumatic event, (2) assessed parental responses to a child’s trauma, and (3) quantitatively assessed the relationship between parental responses and child PTSS outcomes. A systematic search of three databases (APAPsycNet, PTSDpubs, and Web of Science) yielded 27 manuscripts.Results: Parental overprotection, trauma communication, avoidance of trauma discussion and of trauma reminders, and distraction were consistently related to child PTSS. There was more limited evidence of a role for trauma-related appraisals, harsh parenting, and positive parenting in influencing child outcomes. Significant limitations to the evidence base were identified, including limited longitudinal evidence, single informant bias and small effect sizes.Conclusion: We conclude that key domains of parental responses could be potential intervention targets, but further research must validate the relationship between these parental responses and child PTSS outcomes.\n\nHIGHLIGHTS Child post-traumatic stress symptoms following acute trauma are consistently related to post-trauma parental overprotection, avoidance of trauma discussion and of trauma reminders, and promotion of distraction from trauma-related thoughts and stimuli.The findings from this review provide a potential rationale for targeting these parental domains in clinical interventions addressing children’s post-traumatic stress symptoms.Future research is needed to validate the longitudinal relationship between parental response domains following children’s traumatic exposure and child post-traumatic stress symptoms.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nimrah Afzal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Siyan Ye","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amy C. Page","type":"Person"},{"name":"David Trickey","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mark D. Lyttle","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachel M. Hiller","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah L. Halligan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":35},{"pmcid":"PMC9858990","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20021052","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 13–18","population":"Seven hundred and sixty-one school-going Malaysian adolescents.","rationale":"Parent-specific acceptance and rejection ratings keep adolescents’ own perceptions central to analysis of parenting and self-efficacy.","parentQuestion":"Would my teenager describe my encouragement as confidence in them or pressure to perform?","readingPrompts":["What was reported separately about mothers and fathers in the measures of acceptance?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Would my teenager describe my encouragement as confidence in them or pressure to perform?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC9858990","title":"Parenting Practices and Adolescents’ Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Maternal and Paternal Acceptance-Rejection and Adolescents’ Self-Efficacy","authors":"Shin Ling Wu; Pei Jun Woo; Chin Choo Yap; Glen Johan Ri Young Lim","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-01-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021052","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9858990","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9858990/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9858990-f37cdcf7f47c1486.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f37cdcf7f47c148693c6a9907f052c818a20a57b6b5ca3872040f9ae51057aaf","sourceTextSha256":"fadf02d3baac22949dd0f794080d52c20a57eed449c15b5cd93c8a1365f42342","sourceXmlSha256":"e062e8c2a6a9145bc33488f1b7b5cec4a8b788e48e9fcfb9785fcb0b2c143417","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f6d1eed211cb0c1d9d1832282debd8bb11ba5a64f37de3f9fc3264933150133f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28723,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parenting practices are essential in promoting children’s mental health, especially in effective and ineffective parenting. The use of ineffective parenting practices is no longer encouraged in the west; however, it remains a common practice among Asian households. Ineffective parenting consists of inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment, and poor monitoring which may result in mental health consequences. Thus, this study assessed the mediating effects of adolescents’ self-efficacy and parental acceptance-rejection on the relationship between ineffective parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health. The current study involved a total of 761 school-going Malaysian adolescents aged 13–18 (38.5% males; Mage = 15.65; SDage = 1.43). This study utilized a cross-sectional design where it measured adolescents’ mental health, ineffective parenting practices, parental acceptance-rejection, and adolescents’ self-efficacy. Both paternal and maternal parenting practices and acceptance-rejection were measured independently. Adolescents’ self-efficacy and perceived paternal and maternal acceptance-rejection were found to be significant mediators for ineffective parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health. Our findings suggest that ineffective parenting practices will result in perceived parental rejection and lower self-efficacy which in turn resulted in poorer mental health among adolescents. It means parents should be mindful of their parenting approaches as they have a direct and indirect impact on the mental health of their offspring.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shin Ling Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pei Jun Woo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chin Choo Yap","type":"Person"},{"name":"Glen Johan Ri Young Lim","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":36},{"pmcid":"PMC10376871","doi":"10.3390/bs13070610","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Male adolescents in juvenile justice settings in China.","rationale":"The study considers hostile interpretations of others' behavior and peer victimization alongside parenting and aggression.","parentQuestion":"Can my response leave room for a young person to explain what they thought happened?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors distinguish reported aggressive acts from expectations that others meant harm?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Can my response leave room for a young person to explain what they thought happened?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC10376871","title":"Relationship between Harsh Parenting and Aggressive Behaviors in Male Juvenile Delinquents: Potential Mediating Roles of Peer Victimization and Hostile Attribution Bias","authors":"Shuang Lin; Ying Wang; Gonglu Cheng; Xuejun Bai","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-07-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070610","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10376871","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10376871/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10376871-3b876516ac841b55.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3b876516ac841b556bdc45863b5f80645914034ee693a17bb5dc712458c64809","sourceTextSha256":"e2a39fea02c141bb6c07d670a1de8abeecb79e71a2ed42fd2e5427ea2a48acbc","sourceXmlSha256":"9145d05cd60ca1e36d34385b00cdb6e7d3182284ef87403d48b7d364cc7b1676","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f6d1eed211cb0c1d9d1832282debd8bb11ba5a64f37de3f9fc3264933150133f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR683069","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":24141,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Harsh parenting can be regarded as a harsh behaviors, feelings, and attitudes toward children in the process of parenting. According to the theory of intergenerational transmission of violence, harsh parenting is an important factor affecting children’s aggressive behavior, but the theory does not clarify the specific action path between harsh parenting and aggressive behavior. In order to reveal the relationship between harsh parenting and the aggressive behavior of juvenile delinquents, 604 male juvenile delinquents (N = 604; Mage = 16.57 years; SD = 0.612 years) were investigated using the Harsh Parenting Questionnaire, the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale, and the Word Sentence Association Paradigm for Hostility in Chinese. Analysis using structural equation modeling procedures showed that (a) all variables were positively associated with each other; (b) the partial indirect effect of harsh parenting on aggressive behaviors was determined through the mediators of peer victimization and hostile attribution bias independently; and (c) the partial indirect effect was determined through the mediators of peer victimization and hostile attribution bias sequentially. The results suggest that harsh parenting can explain the highly aggressive behavior of male juvenile delinquents. Moreover, harsh parenting may also predict the risk of peer victimization and hostile attribution bias, thereby predicting the development of highly aggressive behaviors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shuang Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gonglu Cheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xuejun Bai","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":37},{"pmcid":"PMC10441696","doi":"10.1186/s12888-023-05108-w","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Four thousand one hundred and eighty-nine Chinese adolescents completing school and family measures.","rationale":"The analysis considers school support and self-esteem alongside harsh parenting and serious distress, rather than reducing risk to a single relationship.","parentQuestion":"Who else does my teenager trust to hear a difficult concern?","readingPrompts":["What can a single survey establish about the order of harsh discipline and distress?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Who else does my teenager trust to hear a difficult concern?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC10441696","title":"Harsh parenting and suicide ideation among Chinese adolescents: the roles of self-esteem and school social support","authors":"Jingfei Zhao; Yulong Wang","journal":"BMC Psychiatry","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2023-08-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05108-w","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10441696","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10441696/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10441696-4734e53aa3081950.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4734e53aa3081950fe06782d13e77ef0988610c69fe1633cb7ab1114e627bdd6","sourceTextSha256":"d1ffedca843d5fa4ef96edc0c25387ab9d71d6f200dad2e33d4f8f33a72cdda7","sourceXmlSha256":"50f136f2e7ed05444c3c9c3c850f77ddc2d81cda731e1674ae14ebd739914f06","rightsEvidenceSha256":"dae784f4762dd015aa7621e9c885a2310cdec2e5171a9404127c79cb06560173","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR556133","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":27801,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundWhile negative parenting style has considered as a risk factor for suicide ideation, little attention has been given to the mechanisms between harsh parenting and suicide ideation in the context of Chinese culture. This study explored the the potential mediating roles of self-esteem and the potential moderating roles of school social support in the relationship between harsh parenting and suicide ideation among Chinese adolescents.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 4189 Chinese adolescents who completed measures of harsh parenting, school social support, self-esteem, and suicide ideation. The moderated mediation model was used to test the roles of self-esteem and school social support on the association between harsh parenting and adolescent suicide ideation.Results(1) There were significant positive correlations between harsh parenting and adolescents suicide ideation. (2) Self-esteem mediates the relationship between harsh parenting and suicide ideation in adolescents. (3) School social support moderates the indirect effect of harsh parenting on suicidal ideation.ConclusionsBeyond the direct impact of harsh parenting, harsh parenting also indirectly contributes to adolescent suicide ideation via the mediator of adolescents’ self-esteem. School social support moderates the relationship between harsh parenting and self-esteem as well as the relationship between self-esteem and suicide ideation. The findings suggest potential pathways for suicide prevention and intervention strategies and highlighted that buffering effect of school social support is limited as risk increasing.Keywords: Harsh parenting, Suicide ideation, Self-esteem, School social support","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jingfei Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yulong Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":38},{"pmcid":"PMC11549161","doi":"10.1007/s10803-023-06167-4","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Autistic children followed over time in the study cohort.","rationale":"The authors distinguish smacking, shouting and telling off in examining trajectories of emotional and behavioral difficulties in autistic children.","parentQuestion":"When my child seems overwhelmed, how do I distinguish a need for support from a need for a limit?","readingPrompts":["Which forms of harsh discipline were measured separately in the childhood trajectories?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","When my child seems overwhelmed, how do I distinguish a need for support from a need for a limit?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC11549161","title":"Harsh Parenting and Trajectories of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in Autistic Children","authors":"Georgia Cronshaw; Emily Midouhas","journal":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-11-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06167-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11549161","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11549161/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11549161-94d03ae6dcb961d4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"94d03ae6dcb961d4c844da70de3cde3759fb218b5d5f875d41a7cfdcefbb5bdd","sourceTextSha256":"d313487077b968821d6d1c235d57073b84409e7e8cf4276c27c4819dc6532fe0","sourceXmlSha256":"f1a9016b1d0cf2292aab75c42f9b6997dd37918052c2c26a21ee92e3070a9416","rightsEvidenceSha256":"82b377463184ac31e2324136cb4e00c1f4aa51d3e9eb23a306b05c062b2319f6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40194,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Autistic children show higher rates of co-occurring emotional and behavioural difficulties compared to other children in the general population. However, the environmental factors which contribute to the development of emotional (internalising) and behavioural (externalising) difficulties in autistic individuals are poorly understood. This study sought to investigate the association between harsh parenting (smacking, shouting, telling off) and the trajectories of emotional and behavioural difficulties in autistic children from ages 3 to 7. A sample comprising of 349 autistic children participated from the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study. Associations between harsh parenting and child emotional and behavioural difficulties were modelled using multilevel growth curve models. In autistic children, harsh parenting was associated with total emotional and behavioural difficulties and behavioural (but not emotional) problems concurrently. Moreover, harsh parenting was not associated with changes in emotional and behavioural difficulties over time. Harsh parenting may have an important role in externalising problems in young autistic children indicating the need for public health strategies which educate parents on its effects.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10803-023-06167-4.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Georgia Cronshaw","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emily Midouhas","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10803-023-06167-4","publisherEvidenceSha256":"4474bbe0ab8eba0b3a4e09b764f02a9f1c736fd362dd7626dd1c8d782b2be7c8","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":39},{"pmcid":"PMC10673914","doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-48138-w","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Five thousand and forty-seven adolescents completing measures of harsh parenting, bullying, rumination and depression.","rationale":"The study places adolescents’ reports of family discipline alongside peer experiences and repeated negative thinking.","parentQuestion":"What might my teenager still be thinking about long after a disagreement ends?","readingPrompts":["How were rumination, school bullying and harsh discipline distinguished in the analysis?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What might my teenager still be thinking about long after a disagreement ends?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC10673914","title":"The relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent depression","authors":"Mengge Li; Jirui Wang; Peng Ma; Wenyan Sun; Huoliang Gong; Yuan Gao","journal":"Scientific Reports","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2023-11-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48138-w","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10673914","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10673914/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10673914-1fe5e7cd63a05fca.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1fe5e7cd63a05fca21a982f583a5a2e928befca78f2647e80bc2908dcd252855","sourceTextSha256":"c2445c22d28d4bcda77c98f90458cb8d618840b01c61f587c6c7076d68d1ca9a","sourceXmlSha256":"dba845093ccdab1d345f8500331c2a3c0302ab0f162f90db2c37f403431ed3c6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e6ffac7534218d9ab82c68fdfa2a20e0eafcfd5772d7f50680b9695981f8981d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32162,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Guided by Beck’s cognitive model of depression, this study comprehensively explores the mechanisms linking harsh parenting, rumination, and victimization to the development of adolescent depression. A total of 5047 adolescents were assessed using the Harsh Parenting Scale, Rumination Scale, Olweus Bullying/Victimization Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. The results indicated that harsh parenting positively influences adolescent depression. Moreover, rumination emerged as an important mediator between harsh parenting and adolescent depression, similar to victimization. Additionally, we found that both rumination and victimization act as chain mediators in the relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent depression. These findings demonstrate that harsh parenting impacts adolescent depression mediated by rumination and victimization. By shedding light on these mechanisms, this study improves our comprehension of how harsh parenting influences adolescent depression and offers valuable insights for designing interventions to alleviate depression in this population.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mengge Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jirui Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peng Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wenyan Sun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huoliang Gong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Gao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":40},{"pmcid":"PMC3509508","doi":"10.3390/nu4111575","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Research review","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Published evidence about infant self-feeding when families introduce complementary foods.","rationale":"This article examines what evidence supports allowing infants an active role while learning to eat solids. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"What outcomes did studies actually measure when comparing ways of introducing solids?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about what evidence supports allowing infants an active role while learning to eat solids?","What eligibility rules determined which studies and family settings entered the review?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is published evidence about infant self-feeding when families introduce complementary foods."],"limitations":"Included studies may use different definitions and measures. Check the populations, settings and evidence quality before treating a pattern as a practical recommendation.","id":"PMC3509508","title":"How Feasible Is Baby-Led Weaning as an Approach to Infant Feeding? A Review of the Evidence","authors":"Sonya L Cameron; Anne-Louise M Heath; Rachael W Taylor","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2012-11-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4111575","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3509508","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3509508/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC3509508-ab96af8dbab9709d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ab96af8dbab9709dec492f198c2b3a8723d0563f69dd44f230318cbe00bce582","sourceTextSha256":"94633d0d1a672c79bba824c09ab401ce65d001b3d2547b7103c874e28ae4e9d7","sourceXmlSha256":"0a3febc806799d5235a27356c6bffa9844729bbd422f076ad21ec22a8ce9f4ba","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e4b1e0119207b1d2da2f708a1b507a6fc81901a5711be1ab588ed4408ebc7160","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":70480,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBaby-Led Weaning (BLW) is an alternative method for introducing complementary foods to infants in which the infant feeds themselves hand-held foods instead of being spoon-fed by an adult. The BLW infant also shares family food and mealtimes and is offered milk (ideally breast milk) on demand until they self-wean. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many parents are choosing this method instead of conventional spoon-feeding of purées. Observational studies suggest that BLW may encourage improved eating patterns and lead to a healthier body weight, although it is not yet clear whether these associations are causal. This review evaluates the literature with respect to the prerequisites for BLW, which we have defined as beginning complementary foods at six months (for safety reasons), and exclusive breastfeeding to six months (to align with WHO infant feeding guidelines); the gross and oral motor skills required for successful and safe self-feeding of whole foods from six months; and the practicalities of family meals and continued breastfeeding on demand. Baby-Led Weaning will not suit all infants and families, but it is probably achievable for most. However, ultimately, the feasibility of BLW as an approach to infant feeding can only be determined in a randomized controlled trial. Given the popularity of BLW amongst parents, such a study is urgently needed. Keywords: infant, Baby-Led Weaning, breastfeeding, complementary feeding","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sonya L Cameron","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne-Louise M Heath","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachael W Taylor","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":41},{"pmcid":"PMC4861828","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00690","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Preschool and early school age","population":"Caregiver–child pairs observed using a touchscreen tablet, with 104 pairs in the session.","rationale":"This article examines how a parent can guide a young child using mobile technology. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"When we use a tablet together, who chooses what happens next?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how a parent can guide a young child using mobile technology?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is caregiver–child pairs observed using a touchscreen tablet, with 104 pairs in the session."],"limitations":"A pattern in observed behaviour can have several explanations. The study setting and the way the behaviour was recorded matter when interpreting it.","id":"PMC4861828","title":"Parent Scaffolding of Young Children When Engaged with Mobile Technology","authors":"Eileen Wood; Marjan Petkovski; Domenica De Pasquale; Alexandra Gottardo; Mary Ann Evans; Robert S Savage","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2016-05-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00690","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4861828","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4861828/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4861828/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4861828-5d9c17091a6a1bd7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5d9c17091a6a1bd75eb0a9ae8a7600e231883ee6f935a60a54e48f28632248e7","sourceTextSha256":"21673620038b3275bc9741e43d526e8261c3740be253d5afb2b27e26498bafe9","sourceXmlSha256":"3042fcd0309aa686f4ebf25b377014d47f5b0fe908f6e2b1164388fd31240841","rightsEvidenceSha256":"27cf71f3f778599b7df51df64f4252a51b6373e52b4d7d9090c4498a0f608ee4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":52200,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractShared parent–child experiences while engaged with an iPadTM were examined to determine if and then how parents interact with their children when using mobile digital devices. In total, 104 parent–child dyads participated in an observation session where parent–child interactions using the touchscreen tablet device were video recorded in order to observe first-hand the supports and exchanges between parent and child (age range 46.21–75.9 months). Results indicate that parents provide a great deal of support to their children while interacting with the touchscreen tablet device including verbal, emotional-verbal, physical and emotional-physical supports. The types of support offered did not differ as a function of parent gender or experience with mobile devices (users versus non-users). Overall, parents rated their own experience engaging with the touchscreen tablet and that of their child’s positively. Additional survey measures assessed parents’ perceptions of their child’s technology use and attitudes regarding optimal ages and conditions for introducing and using technology. Most parents indicated a preference for very early introduction to mobile technologies. Implications of these findings are discussed.Keywords: parent–child interactions, shared-media-engagement, children and technology, use of mobile devices, iPad","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eileen Wood","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marjan Petkovski","type":"Person"},{"name":"Domenica De Pasquale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexandra Gottardo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary Ann Evans","type":"Person"},{"name":"Robert S Savage","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":42},{"pmcid":"PMC5733360","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02161","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Grades 6–12","population":"Students in Shanghai secondary classrooms reporting parental autonomy granting and school functioning.","rationale":"This article examines how cultural values shape links between parental autonomy granting and school functioning. The placement draws attention to who makes everyday decisions as a young person grows.","parentQuestion":"What does being allowed to decide mean in my child’s school and family settings?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how cultural values shape links between parental autonomy granting and school functioning?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is students in Shanghai secondary classrooms reporting parental autonomy granting and school functioning."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC5733360","title":"Parental Autonomy Granting and School Functioning among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Adolescents’ Cultural Values","authors":"Cixin Wang; Kieu Anh Do; Leiping Bao; Yan R Xia; Chaorong Wu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2017-12-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02161","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5733360","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5733360/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5733360/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5733360-c972998082023bbe.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c972998082023bbe6ba67b4fa6397a8ad442719c2581e6b17dc99b0b78d9cb80","sourceTextSha256":"d8f9710b5a00fe6e9b8cde0dc640471ea0f42b3cef090bcdeadc582214f54a38","sourceXmlSha256":"37a99133cb96d4b82ccd3ef70b51b6b0ee8f95d65ef5316d4c6aaf962bba1028","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7c06f97abe818b3af72a774732f0dc99031d94e5233ed43919470c894aeffc01","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40726,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSchool adjustment and achievement are important indicators of adolescents’ well-being; however, few studies have examined the risk and protective factors predicting students’ school adjustment and achievement at the individual, familial, and cultural level. The present study examined the influences of individual and familial factors and cultural values on Chinese adolescents’ school functioning (e.g., school adjustment and grades). It also tested whether cultural values moderated the relationship between parenting and adolescents’ school functioning. Self-report data were collected from a stratified random sample of 2,864 adolescents (51.5% female, mean age = 15.52 years, grade 6th – 12th) from 55 classrooms, in 13 schools in Shanghai, China. Results showed that self-esteem (bse→adj = 0.05, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001; bse→grades = 0.08, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001), parent–adolescent conflict (bconflict→adj = -0.03, SE = 0.00, p < 0.001; bconflict→grades = -0.04, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001), and conformity to parental expectations (bconform→adj = -0.03, SE = 0.02, p < 0.05; bconform→grades = 0.10, SE = 0.04, p < 0.05) all had significant effects on both school adjustment and grades, respectively. More importantly, results showed that independent self-construal moderated the relationship between parental autonomy granting and adolescents’ grades (bindepxautom = 0.06, SE = 0.02, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that cultural values may influence adolescents’ appraisal of parental autonomy granting, which then impacts their school functioning.Keywords: autonomy granting, independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal, familism, school adjustment, grades","authorEntries":[{"name":"Cixin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kieu Anh Do","type":"Person"},{"name":"Leiping Bao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan R Xia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chaorong Wu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":43},{"pmcid":"PMC5934812","doi":"10.1186/s13052-018-0487-8","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Published research on baby-led approaches to complementary feeding.","rationale":"This article examines how researchers evaluate self-feeding when families introduce solid foods. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"How did researchers distinguish infant choice from other differences between families?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how researchers evaluate self-feeding when families introduce solid foods?","What eligibility rules determined which studies and family settings entered the review?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is published research on baby-led approaches to complementary feeding."],"limitations":"Included studies may use different definitions and measures. Check the populations, settings and evidence quality before treating a pattern as a practical recommendation.","id":"PMC5934812","title":"Baby-led weaning: what a systematic review of the literature adds on","authors":"Enza D’Auria; Marcello Bergamini; Annamaria Staiano; Giuseppe Banderali; Erica Pendezza; Francesca Penagini; Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti; Diego Giampietro Peroni; on behalf of the Italian Society of Pediatrics","journal":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2018-05-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0487-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5934812","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5934812/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5934812-29cb5514626a91a2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"29cb5514626a91a22f2cc01001d66443704cfea680bc0e40d448c67a6f5f8326","sourceTextSha256":"32ff970c181ed93ddfb1e8bea7d803b17d53545799c40bf55268a0cd5c4bbe6f","sourceXmlSha256":"c7b3d3fb383b59079b85ee5dbd4d3fd6013879c8fe6dfd7b4aae4ec7d5fb04df","rightsEvidenceSha256":"48be4200cf2d559e3f9604e4bdfb96d73a16697ec607d039287e4dae9a272647","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38676,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The term weaning describes the time period in which a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or the feeding of infant-formula takes place while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods. It is a crucial time in an infant’s life as not only does it involve with a great deal of rapid change for the child, but it is also associated with the development of food preferences, eating behaviours and body weight in childhood and also in adolescence and adulthood.Therefore, how a child is weaned may have an influence later, on the individual’s entire life. Babies are traditionally first introduced to solid foods using spoon-feeding, in most countries.Beside to traditional approach, an alternative method, promoting infant self-feeding from six months of age, called baby-led weaning or “auto-weaning”, has grown in popularity. This approach causes concern to healthy professionals and parents themselves as data from observational studies pointed out to a potential risk of iron and energy inadequacy as well as choking risk. Aim of this systematic review was to critically examine the current evidence about baby-led weaning approach and to explore the need for future research.A systematic search was conducted in Cochrane library databases and DARE (Database of Abstract of Reviews of Effects), EMBASE and MEDLINE in the period 2000–2018 (up to March 1st) to address some key questions on baby-led weaning. Prisma guidelines for systematic reviews has been followed.After the inclusion/exclusion process, we included for analysis of evidence 12 articles, 10 observational cross-sectional studies and 2 randomized controlled trials. Pooling of results from very different outcomes in the studies included was not possible. Both randomized trials have potential bias; therefore, the quality of the evidence is low.There are still major unresolved issues about baby-led weaning that require answers from research and that should be considered when advices are requested from health professionals by parents willing to approach this method.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Enza D’Auria","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marcello Bergamini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Annamaria Staiano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giuseppe Banderali","type":"Person"},{"name":"Erica Pendezza","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francesca Penagini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Diego Giampietro Peroni","type":"Person"},{"name":"on behalf of the Italian Society of Pediatrics","type":"Organization"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":44},{"pmcid":"PMC6352286","doi":"10.3390/ijerph16020262","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"A national online sample of 2,003 New Zealand parents reporting their views and practices.","rationale":"This article examines the difference between parents’ views on risky play and the freedom they report allowing. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"Which concern keeps a play activity off limits even when I value independence?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about the difference between parents’ views on risky play and the freedom they report allowing?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is a national online sample of 2,003 New Zealand parents reporting their views and practices."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC6352286","title":"A Cross-Sectional Description of Parental Perceptions and Practices Related to Risky Play and Independent Mobility in Children: The New Zealand State of Play Survey","authors":"Charlotte Jelleyman; Julia McPhee; Mariana Brussoni; Anita Bundy; Scott Duncan","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2019-01-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020262","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6352286","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6352286/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6352286-fdfcb347cbc05674.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fdfcb347cbc056744f7e9e91f51bbded0b70d6ea4034ab4cbd26b66bcdb99964","sourceTextSha256":"f735294dfbd3709a375631276ed4dee026a6ce7ad150be7ca2abb3068262878d","sourceXmlSha256":"fc33471e53f47ad17c42878bf822b38ecbdf46c7199e64a16e7d6e791d8c297f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"87c09ad18124d45a19136eabc8d388213fa5e91a9e074c45a98e89aea76722ef","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34036,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe potential for risky play and independent mobility to increase children’s physical activity, and enhance cognitive development and emotional wellbeing has been recognised for some time. The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes of New Zealand parents towards such risky play practices and independent mobility, the barriers preventing them from allowing their children to participate, and how often their children engaged in risky play activities. An online survey comprised mostly of validated scales and standardised questions was completed by a nationally representative sample of 2003 parents. We found that parents had neutral feelings about the risk of injury to their child through play, rather they were concerned about road safety and “stranger danger”. There was strong agreement that there are multiple benefits to be gained from exposure to risk and challenge, and that health and safety rules are too strict. However, 73% of respondents stated that their 5–12 year old child seldom or never engaged in four or more risky activities, and only 14.3% engaged in four or more often or always. While parents agree that their child is likely to benefit from risky play, they do not have the confidence to allow their children to engage in such activities. Future research should address barriers and fears when implementing strategies to facilitate risky play.Keywords: free play, real play, physical activity, risk tolerance, injury prevention, outdoor play, stranger danger","authorEntries":[{"name":"Charlotte Jelleyman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia McPhee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mariana Brussoni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anita Bundy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Scott Duncan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":45},{"pmcid":"PMC6896844","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02661","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Thirty-five mothers and infants completing an object-search task together.","rationale":"This article examines the difference between a helpful prompt and taking over an infant’s cognitive task. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"What signs tell me my baby is still working through a problem before I help?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about the difference between a helpful prompt and taking over an infant’s cognitive task?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is thirty-five mothers and infants completing an object-search task together."],"limitations":"A single object-search setting narrows what counts as engagement. An association for these 35 pairs is not a general rule about when a parent should step in.","id":"PMC6896844","title":"Do Helpful Mothers Help? Effects of Maternal Scaffolding and Infant Engagement on Cognitive Performance","authors":"Kaili Clackson; Sam Wass; Stanimira Georgieva; Laura Brightman; Rebecca Nutbrown; Harriet Almond; Julia Bieluczyk; Giulia Carro; Brier Rigby Dames; Victoria Leong","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-11-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02661","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6896844","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6896844/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6896844/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6896844-9d474cc29af6f462.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9d474cc29af6f46281cc608bb96083bfa6c364f98584c9085bfdac7a8ab68815","sourceTextSha256":"6909eeb13c12e017d6b6aed2419727b01745ddf93e1edff689e73578e9ec6a62","sourceXmlSha256":"ff06751a46db495d0dabc41f62909860bcbd50ca43b0aa34c5ba63502beb1c55","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f1ad2826e7a93436bc4efe24ce1c874f18b9f1aee9ed0aba62bd89b2f078a626","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46267,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractInfants are highly social and much early learning takes place in a social context during interactions with caregivers. Previous research shows that social scaffolding – responsive parenting and joint attention – can confer benefits for infants’ long-term development and learning. However, little previous research has examined whether dynamic (moment-to-moment) adaptations in adults’ social scaffolding are able to produce immediate effects on infants’ performance. Here we ask whether infants’ success on an object search task is more strongly influenced by maternal behavior, including dynamic changes in response behavior, or by fluctuations in infants’ own engagement levels. Thirty-five mother-infant dyads (infants aged 10.8 months, on average) participated in an object search task that was delivered in a naturalistic manner by the child’s mother. Measures of maternal responsiveness (teaching duration; sensitivity) and infant engagement (engagement score; visual attention) were assessed. Mothers varied their task delivery trial by trial, but neither measure of maternal responsiveness significantly predicted infants’ success in performing the search task. Rather, infants’ own level of engagement was the sole significant predictor of accuracy. These results indicate that while parental scaffolding is offered spontaneously (and is undoubtedly crucial for development), in this context children’s endogenous engagement proved to be a more powerful determinant of task success. Future work should explore this interplay between parental and child-internal factors in other learning and social contexts.Keywords: social interaction, maternal responsiveness, engagement, object search, scaffolding (teaching technique)","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kaili Clackson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sam Wass","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stanimira Georgieva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Brightman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Nutbrown","type":"Person"},{"name":"Harriet Almond","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia Bieluczyk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Carro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brier Rigby Dames","type":"Person"},{"name":"Victoria Leong","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":46},{"pmcid":"PMC7006439","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00112","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Middle childhood","population":"Two-father families formed through surrogacy, observed in father–child conversations and later child interviews.","rationale":"This article examines children’s questions about their surrogacy origins and parental support during those conversations. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"How can I let my child decide which questions about their origins to pursue?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about children’s questions about their surrogacy origins and parental support during those conversations?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is two-father families formed through surrogacy, observed in father–child conversations and later child interviews."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC7006439","title":"Children’s Exploration of Their Surrogacy Origins in Gay Two-Father Families: Longitudinal Associations With Child Attachment Security and Parental Scaffolding During Discussions About Conception","authors":"Nicola Carone; Lavinia Barone; Demetria Manzi; Roberto Baiocco; Vittorio Lingiardi; Kathryn Kerns","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-01-31","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00112","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7006439","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7006439/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7006439/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7006439-8337470573d908ae.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8337470573d908aeb24df4f4d9add1df0cb4082cd9c7acd893c5262bb47173a7","sourceTextSha256":"9c0ef756ab73d7690d6868530d3ef048084db3c3e5c5fb87f101498f31249964","sourceXmlSha256":"69c5554c8be8f904a3751d390602ca28c4a480700c17312ac68e98688724f20e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"71ddcc37e13833a29538b9eb45a473d67ea83efb5dd45cb7f2448b6397f23f56","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37621,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEvidence is lacking about the factors that are pivotal in enhancing the exploration of surrogacy origins in children of gay fathers during middle childhood. The present study examined the separate and combined influences of child attachment security and parental scaffolding (i.e., fathers’ attempts to accept, encourage, and emotionally support their children’s expression of thoughts and feelings) during discussions about conception on children’s exploration of their surrogacy origins in 30 Italian children born to gay fathers through gestational surrogacy. Within each family, both father–child dyads (n = 60) participated in a 5-minute videotaped conversation regarding an aspect of the child’s conception when children were mean aged 8.3 years (t1). At this time, children were also administered the Security Scale Questionnaire to evaluate their attachment security. Approximately 18 months later (t2; Mage = 9.9 years), children were interviewed about their surrogacy origins. Linear mixed models (LMMs) for longitudinal data indicated that, with higher levels of parental scaffolding, only children who perceived greater attachment security reported greater exploration of their surrogacy origins. The findings are the first to underscore the importance of conversations about surrogacy within the context of parent–child attachment relationships, as well as the importance of fathers sensitively supporting their children as they explore their origins during middle childhood. In doing so, it is expected that fathers will likely facilitate their children’s positive integration of their surrogacy conception into a coherent sense of identity during adolescence.Keywords: gay father family, surrogacy origins, attachment security, parental scaffolding, middle childhood","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nicola Carone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lavinia Barone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Demetria Manzi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Roberto Baiocco","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vittorio Lingiardi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathryn Kerns","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":47},{"pmcid":"PMC7731133","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17239149","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 9–12","population":"A sample of 1,304 schoolchildren from seven European countries.","rationale":"This article examines how independent school travel differs across seven European countries. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"What makes travelling to school alone feasible in one place and difficult in another?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how independent school travel differs across seven European countries?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is a sample of 1,304 schoolchildren from seven European countries."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC7731133","title":"Children’s Independent Mobility to School in Seven European Countries: A Multinomial Logit Model","authors":"Houshmand Masoumi; Martin van Rooijen; Grzegorz Sierpiński","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2020-12-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239149","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7731133","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7731133/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7731133-a0148f3b44d401a8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a0148f3b44d401a8409193cef210faa0c81a9c3bbde798ad6e1b956476a584f1","sourceTextSha256":"44d1338219eaabdeae8c36c8de1ae93d7d52988b7b7f40ef9754d7ef0b0ff24f","sourceXmlSha256":"5f07ee471bb213c2b73d1093513b4675a697598669a2867f22a295045f5f6d71","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fba87a298071b56fd4c5fe3646a2e4b3cb0652daeca23ecfe2ae2e8fe1f64104","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50956,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe determinants of children’s independent school mobility and the contextual discrepancies between these determinants have not been comprehensively investigated in previous studies. It is important to examine these determinants because independent school mobility is associated with children’s physical activity, according to the literature. This paper examined the associations of different groups of variables such as household, mobility, perceptions, and the built environment with independent school mobility of children between 9 and 12 years using a sample of 1304 girls (50.9%) and boys (49.1%) in seven European countries. The sample was analyzed by Multinomial Logistic Regression, Chi-square test of independence, and Proportional Reduction in Error methods. According to the findings, father’s and mother’s commute mode choice, child’s mode choice of commute to school, child’s bike ownership, parent’s perception of safety, parent’s evaluation of bike lane and sidewalk quality, child’s commute distance, number of driving licenses in the household, accessibility of public transport, and population density in the neighborhood and around the school proved to be very strong and significant determinants of children’s independent school mobility in the Europe-wide sample. The comparison of the levels of independent school mobility did not show any significant differences between high-income countries such as Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, and emerging economies and developing countries like Poland, Greece, Turkey, and Croatia. However, a direct comparison between Poland (emerging economy) (33.6%) and the Netherlands (high-income) (31.7%) revealed significant differences in the level of independent school mobility. This study found the motives for this discrepancy due to the significant difference in bike ownership, the number of household members working outside of the house, household size, commute distances of parents, and driving license possession.Keywords: children’s independent mobility, built environment, physical activity, school transport, sustainable mobility","authorEntries":[{"name":"Houshmand Masoumi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Martin van Rooijen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Grzegorz Sierpiński","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":48},{"pmcid":"PMC7926575","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18042132","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Grades 2–5","population":"Families of elementary-school children in Austin, Texas, surveyed in English or Spanish.","rationale":"This article examines housing and neighbourhood conditions that allow children to travel and play independently. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"Which features of our street make a short independent trip realistic?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about housing and neighbourhood conditions that allow children to travel and play independently?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families of elementary-school children in Austin, Texas, surveyed in English or Spanish."],"limitations":"The study concerned one US city and relied on parents’ accounts. Its neighbourhood and housing patterns may not describe another child’s travel options.","id":"PMC7926575","title":"Housing and Community Environments vs. Independent Mobility: Roles in Promoting Children’s Independent Travel and Unsupervised Outdoor Play","authors":"Lingyi Qiu; Xuemei Zhu; Mildred E Warner","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-02-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042132","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7926575","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7926575/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7926575-71954783cdf36cbf.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"71954783cdf36cbfbe7054eea6e40be380f3f15baefca4c6035a3698e01e182a","sourceTextSha256":"7e0b8bc6239c65bf69975f6629ae96daf0cf223273a197906a99e00644ba9e61","sourceXmlSha256":"0dd32ed01193ec8e923e8c3318b878da10545890b5d12d6eaad95e6691b229aa","rightsEvidenceSha256":"de3292131b6de5d46d692c3d65aa8f1cc70f54936c27aaa83917e561a1155a7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42701,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren’s independent mobility (CIM) has declined dramatically in recent decades despite its benefits in facilitating childhood development, promoting physical activity, and combating the obesity epidemic. This US-based study examines the impacts of housing and neighborhood environments on two modes of CIM—home-based independent travel to non-school destinations and unsupervised outdoor play—while considering personal and social factors. A bilingual parent/guardian survey was distributed to public elementary schools in Austin, Texas, asking about children’s travel and play, housing and neighborhood environments, and personal and social factors. A Google Street View audit was conducted to capture additional housing-related information. Logistic regressions were used to predict CIM. For second to fifth graders (N = 525), less than two-thirds of the parents would allow children’s independent travel to non-school destinations (62%) and unsupervised outdoor play (57.9%), with the majority limited to a short distance (five-minute walk) and a few destinations (e.g., friend’s/relative’s home). Stranger danger was a negative predictor and the presence of friend’s/relative’s home was a positive predictor for both modes of CIM. Quality of neighborhood environment was another positive correlate for independent travel to non-school destinations. Significant personal and social factors were also identified. Study findings demonstrated the impacts of physical environments on CIM and the potential of using relevant interventions to promote children’s health and development.Keywords: children, independent mobility, physical environment, housing, neighborhood, independent travel, unsupervised outdoor play","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lingyi Qiu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xuemei Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mildred E Warner","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":49},{"pmcid":"PMC7998357","doi":"10.3390/children8030225","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"School age","population":"Forty-four parents and 22 children contributing interviews, including walks with children.","rationale":"This article examines how children and caregivers describe responsibility when a child goes out unsupervised. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"What might my child notice on a walk that I miss when deciding where they can go?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how children and caregivers describe responsibility when a child goes out unsupervised?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is forty-four parents and 22 children contributing interviews, including walks with children."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC7998357","title":"“Well, You Feel More Responsible When You’re Unsupervised”: Exploring Family Perspectives on Children’s Independent Mobility","authors":"Negin A. Riazi; Mariana Brussoni; Patricia Vertinsky; Guy Faulkner","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-03-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030225","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7998357","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7998357/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7998357-ca8d8cb62f91c177.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ca8d8cb62f91c1779b60f8c53ede9d81a6bb2a3fa13bf0388ffb423be01cb355","sourceTextSha256":"4ffb88b1446482aa8b01227c3d865ff2a750ebd6b0a3bac62830c481dac10e40","sourceXmlSha256":"4279066352172c428a006412e534ea07a9e99833f020bb0724ae837dd40bb1b4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fffb1303c40ac10f45aeb0328b3aaa8b84a7cdce794744caabe157635b9685b4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":52724,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"While children’s independent mobility (CIM) is associated with various benefits, there is evidence of a generational decline in CIM in westernized countries; therefore, it is helpful to understand how CIM is currently negotiated between children and their parents. The purpose of this study was to examine children’s and parents’ perspectives and negotiations of CIM within the family unit. Face-to-face interviews and walk-along interviews were conducted with parents (n = 44) and children (n = 22), respectively. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Four key preconditions were identified that facilitated negotiation of CIM within family units, including (1) the influence of parents’ childhood experiences regarding their view of CIM (e.g., positive interpretations of childhood on parenting practices), (2) the role of children’s individual characteristics on their independent mobility (e.g., child’s confidence in their abilities), (3) family communication as a key coping strategy (parent–parent and parent–child communication), and (4) the influence of positive perceptions of the social environment on CIM. The findings suggest that CIM thrives when these conditions are present; as a result, it may be particularly helpful to develop policies and programs that support children’s skill training, explore strategies to support communication between parents and children, and build neighbourhood connections.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Negin A. Riazi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mariana Brussoni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patricia Vertinsky","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guy Faulkner","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":50},{"pmcid":"PMC8122942","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18094481","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"Ages 7–12","population":"Twenty-one family interviews with children and caregivers in British Columbia.","rationale":"This article examines how families renegotiated independent travel and activity under pandemic restrictions. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"When ordinary routines changed, which independent trips became easier or harder for my child?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how families renegotiated independent travel and activity under pandemic restrictions?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is twenty-one family interviews with children and caregivers in British Columbia."],"limitations":"Interviews captured a particular period of public-health restrictions in British Columbia. Their themes do not measure usual travel freedoms elsewhere.","id":"PMC8122942","title":"Children’s Independent Mobility and Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study with Families","authors":"Chelsea A. Pelletier; Katie Cornish; Caroline Sanders","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-04-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094481","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8122942","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8122942/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8122942-ccf1a92e699ee86f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ccf1a92e699ee86f906491d1cad3ec070b32b9169cdd1da7c21e42be4e1c00d1","sourceTextSha256":"fe7309c0929414fcdc76d460393f2b4e8bcc90154e9b1291fbde30aab5bcbd79","sourceXmlSha256":"d68b4dc62b150bb027c3ac934ab116dc11c22706df7c777e196121f0480b8389","rightsEvidenceSha256":"86634aaa6f86b1cfbaa8b1382c46ba1325dd60b33a78e330b40227c0b5a4f47c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33550,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Children’s independent mobility (CIM) is the freedom of children to move around their neighbourhood without adult supervision and is closely related to overall physical activity participation. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted movement behaviours for children, with evidence indicating a decrease in physical activity. The aim of this study was to explore experiences of CIM and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of children and their parents. We completed 21 family (at least one parent and one child aged 7–12) semi-structured interviews with 45 participants living in small urban and rural areas of British Columbia, Canada. Three themes were identified through a reflexive thematic analysis: (1) keeping everyone safe from COVID-19; (2) change in pattern and types of activity; (3) social impacts with family, friends, and community. Participants expressed a perceived increase in unstructured activity and a decrease in structured physical activity during the pandemic, which many parents viewed as a positive change. Parents and children indicated negative feelings due to spending less time with peers and reflected positively about spending more time with family. Parents and children expressed fear and anxiety in trying to keep their families safe from virus spread and creativity in adapting play behaviours. Findings highlight the impact of the pandemic on social friendship networks for families and a shift in activity patterns for children toward unstructured play.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chelsea A. Pelletier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katie Cornish","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caroline Sanders","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":51},{"pmcid":"PMC8114163","doi":"10.2196/24861","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Ages 6–12","population":"Canadian mothers of children aged six to twelve enrolled in the Go Play Outside! trial.","rationale":"This article examines whether reframing outdoor risk affects mothers’ willingness to allow challenging play. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"Which of my judgements about outdoor play might change after I reconsider risk?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether reframing outdoor risk affects mothers’ willingness to allow challenging play?","What did the comparison group receive, and did the outcome measure daily practice or reported attitudes?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is canadian mothers of children aged six to twelve enrolled in the Go Play Outside! trial."],"limitations":"The mothers volunteered for this trial. A change in reported risk tolerance does not necessarily show a change in what children did outdoors.","id":"PMC8114163","title":"A Web-Based and In-Person Risk Reframing Intervention to Influence Mothers’ Tolerance for, and Parenting Practices Associated With, Children’s Outdoor Risky Play: Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Mariana Brussoni; Christina S Han; Yingyi Lin; John Jacob; Ian Pike; Anita Bundy; Guy Faulkner; Jennifer Gardy; Brian Fisher; Louise Mâsse; Rita Kukafka; Shirley Wyver; Christine Markham","journal":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2021-04-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/24861","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8114163","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8114163/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8114163-027242271f944dff.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"027242271f944dff02c0aa7288e45f731c01da8d2a231419c988de955c2c18da","sourceTextSha256":"ec4de50f4558a3cb6cfc5db7c887e7b8d30a97fe0e027175d227c45f7d29ed4b","sourceXmlSha256":"a1b8f85753cbd9221a50bb2b72c49ed1c1ab942d5eb371340ab9e826b7d7f0fe","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6f30b032b55392f085efc8a31679e293328f8e114f51a84048e3280702bf1f95","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37570,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundOutdoor risky play, such as climbing, racing, and independent exploration, is an important part of childhood and is associated with various positive physical, mental, and developmental outcomes for children. Parental attitudes and fears, particularly mothers’, are a major deterrent to children’s opportunities for outdoor risky play.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 versions of an intervention to reframe mothers’ perceptions of risk and change parenting behaviors: a web-based intervention or an in-person workshop, compared with the control condition.MethodsThe Go Play Outside! randomized controlled trial was conducted in Canada from 2017 to 2018. Participants were recruited through social media, snowball sampling, and community notices. Mothers of children aged 6-12 years were self-assessed through eligibility questions, and those eligible and consented to participate in the study were randomized into a fully automated web-based intervention, the in-person workshop, or the control condition. The intervention was underpinned by social cognitive theory, incorporating behavior change techniques. Participants progressed through a series of self-reflection exercises and developed a goal for change. Control participants received the Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play. The primary outcome was increase in tolerance of risky play and the secondary outcome was goal attainment. Data were collected online via REDCap at baseline, 1 week, and 3 months after the intervention. Randomization was conducted using sealed envelope. Allocations were concealed to researchers at assignment and data analysis. We conducted mediation analyses to examine whether the intervention influenced elements of social cognitive theory, as hypothesized.ResultsA total of 451 mothers were randomized and completed baseline sociodemographic assessments: 150 in the web-based intervention, 153 in the in-person workshop, and 148 in the control condition. Among these, a total of 351 mothers completed the intervention. At 1 week after the intervention, 113, 85, and 135 mothers completed assessments for each condition, respectively, and at 3 months after the intervention, 105, 84, and 123 completed the assessments, respectively. Compared with mothers in the control condition, mothers in the web-based intervention had significantly higher tolerance of risky play at 1 week (P=.004) and 3 months after the intervention (P=.007); and mothers in the in-person workshop had significantly higher tolerance of risky play at 1 week after the intervention (P=.02). No other significant outcomes were found. None of the potential mediators were found to significantly mediate the outcomes.ConclusionsThe trial demonstrates that the web-based intervention was effective in increasing mothers’ tolerance for risk in play.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03374683; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03374683International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-2552-4Keywords: outdoor play, mothering, independent mobility, physical activity, risk perception, risky play, risk reframing","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mariana Brussoni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christina S Han","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yingyi Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"John Jacob","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ian Pike","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anita Bundy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guy Faulkner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Gardy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brian Fisher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Louise Mâsse","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rita Kukafka","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shirley Wyver","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christine Markham","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":52},{"pmcid":"PMC8121295","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0251437","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Three hundred and seventy-six families followed for three years in three countries.","rationale":"This article examines how maternal and paternal psychological control and adolescent adjustment relate over time across three countries. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"Could a teenager’s difficulties and a parent’s controlling responses each influence the other over time?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how maternal and paternal psychological control and adolescent adjustment relate over time across three countries?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is three hundred and seventy-six families followed for three years in three countries."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC8121295","title":"Maternal and paternal psychological control and adolescents’ negative adjustment: A dyadic longitudinal study in three countries","authors":"Emanuele Basili; Antonio Zuffianò; Concetta Pastorelli; Eriona Thartori; Carolina Lunetti; Ainzara Favini; Flavia Cirimele; Laura Di Giunta; Maria Gerbino; Dario Bacchini; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Jennifer E Lansford; David Giofrè","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2021-05-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251437","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8121295","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8121295/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8121295-e460592caecf25b8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e460592caecf25b8040b82a2c8c1601071445f041cf5afdc73941621a2ba76a4","sourceTextSha256":"7784ae537e3b4d8dbe7f436e6e59249a726fa9802dd1f50977eef11dbbcf6a2e","sourceXmlSha256":"0ea00b109fdd043a4846136ad2135bc3fc784c64c0bfb742c616ccb1e5f49021","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3cf112438d0394852ffc365df1abcdaafeb87a62f9fb33eda70e9f2d52b73ee6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":60533,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPsychological Control (PC) interferes with autonomy-related processes in adolescence and has a negative impact on adolescents’ development related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Several scholars suggested that PC can be used differently by mothers and fathers. However, these differences are still understudied and mainly grounded on maternal and/or adolescents’ perspectives, leading to potentially incomplete inferences on the effects of PC. The present study extends previous research on PC in two directions. First, we tested the dyadic and cumulative effects of maternal and paternal PC on adolescents’ antisocial behaviors and anxious-depressive symptoms. Secondly, we explored the cross-cultural generalizability of these associations in three countries: Italy, Colombia, and USA. Participants included 376 families with data from three consecutive years (T1, adolescents’ age = 13.70). Mothers’ and fathers’ reports of PC and youth’s reports of antisocial and internalizing behaviors were assessed. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) we found that maternal PC predicted adolescents’ reported antisocial behaviors whereas paternal PC predicted lower anxious-depressed symptoms. Comparisons across countries evidenced the cross-cultural invariance of the longitudinal APIM across Italy, Colombia, and USA. The practical implications of these results are discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Emanuele Basili","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antonio Zuffianò","type":"Person"},{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eriona Thartori","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carolina Lunetti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ainzara Favini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Flavia Cirimele","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Gerbino","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"David Giofrè","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":53},{"pmcid":"PMC8180041","doi":"10.1186/s12942-021-00280-2","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"School age","population":"Parent–child pairs in Granada, Spain, and Valparaíso, Chile.","rationale":"This article examines which family and travel characteristics accompany independent trips to school. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"How might the way adults in our household travel shape my child’s options?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about which family and travel characteristics accompany independent trips to school?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is parent–child pairs in Granada, Spain, and Valparaíso, Chile."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC8180041","title":"Parent’s sociodemographic factors, physical activity and active commuting are predictors of independent mobility to school","authors":"F. Rodríguez-Rodríguez; P. Gálvez-Fernández; F. J. Huertas-Delgado; M. J. Aranda-Balboa; R. G. Saucedo-Araujo; M. Herrador-Colmenero","journal":"International Journal of Health Geographics","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2021-06-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00280-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8180041","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8180041/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8180041-000217a09b18d935.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"000217a09b18d9356adeb69821d6daec18073b6ab5d27f6f43d26242d5254f2d","sourceTextSha256":"234d99f8f3a290265e1cfe6a1180b27bf04af5e59549637ae7903cf2e03002b7","sourceXmlSha256":"08e321fc3dcf4266f92cb64dd2521da2e91fb1b755184dc1f5bf9fffd700686f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a614310d9a624083b7f56964fd21226e9aa577d744cd5215f3cb14ccf271ba94","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31081,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundIndependent mobility (IM) provides young people with many opportunities to increase their autonomy and physical activity (PA). This study aimed to analyse whether the parent’s PA, active commuting to work and sociodemographic factors serve as predictors of IM to school in children and adolescents.MethodsA total of 684 parents (52.8% mothers) and their offspring (56.4% girls) were included in this study, which was performed in Granada (Spain) and Valparaíso (Chile). The parents self-reported their sociodemographic characteristics, PA and mode of commuting to work. The mode of commuting to and from school and the offspring accompaniment mode were reported. T-test and chi-square test were used to study quantitative and qualitative differences by parental gender, respectively. Binary logistic regression models (odds ratio = OR) and stepwise analysis were performed to study the association between the parents’ sociodemographic variables and IM to school.ResultsAdolescents showed higher IM to school than children (58.9% vs 40.2%; p < 0.001). No car availability and shorter distance to work were positively associated with higher IM to school in children (OR = 2.22 and 2.29, respectively). Mothers' lower salary/month (OR = 2.75), no car availability (OR = 3.17), and mother passive commuting to work (OR = 2.61) were positively associated with higher IM to school in adolescents. The main predictor of IM to school in children and adolescents was no car availability (OR = 6.53).ConclusionParental sociodemographic factors, such as salary, distance to work and car availability, were associated more strongly with IM than parental PA and active commuting to work.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-021-00280-2.","authorEntries":[{"name":"F. Rodríguez-Rodríguez","type":"Person"},{"name":"P. Gálvez-Fernández","type":"Person"},{"name":"F. J. Huertas-Delgado","type":"Person"},{"name":"M. J. Aranda-Balboa","type":"Person"},{"name":"R. G. Saucedo-Araujo","type":"Person"},{"name":"M. Herrador-Colmenero","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":54},{"pmcid":"PMC8429661","doi":"10.1038/s41533-021-00253-9","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative focus-group study","ageRange":"Ages 6–11","population":"School-age children with asthma and parents contributing to focus groups.","rationale":"This article examines what children and caregivers consider difficult about sharing asthma self-management. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"What barriers does my child name when we discuss taking part in asthma care?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about what children and caregivers consider difficult about sharing asthma self-management?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is school-age children with asthma and parents contributing to focus groups."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC8429661","title":"Child and caregiver experiences and perceptions of asthma self-management","authors":"Lauren Kelada; Charlotte J. Molloy; Peter Hibbert; Louise K. Wiles; Claire Gardner; Emily Klineberg; Jeffrey Braithwaite; Adam Jaffe","journal":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2021-09-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-021-00253-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8429661","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8429661/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8429661-d61797f5425b13cc.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d61797f5425b13cc998b7141b40cd4617b26bbc010d8e724ff9d506ced2fd411","sourceTextSha256":"d091d2950fb2eef491e2af4fbd6ac9fea120ff10fc4445cbddffb098c0367fc5","sourceXmlSha256":"14a3eebd8918e07c549669f8d9d9b33147bc165aa2b72144dbfd113b9d6234b1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"61dba1922e042770bc59f53df751a4d3a47a35657868cbc218b5b8b480a48526","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36357,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood. Self-management is integral to good asthma control. This qualitative paper explores how children with asthma and their parents perceive asthma, their experience with asthma, and how they manage symptoms, preventions and medications within and outside the home. We undertook 15 focus groups with 41 school-aged (6–11 years) children with asthma and 38 parents. Parents and their children attended the same focus groups. We used thematic analysis to analyse the transcripts. Our findings show the impact asthma can have on children’s social and emotional wellbeing and highlight how reliant school-aged children are on their parents to effectively manage their asthma. Parents reported being unsure when their child’s symptoms warranted visiting their doctor or hospital. Schools were identified as a source of difficulty regarding asthma management; families reported that children may be self-conscious about their asthma and using their inhaler at school. School policies and teachers’ lack of asthma knowledge were reported to exacerbate children’s reluctance to use their inhaler at school. Our results have implications for the design and implementation of children’s self-management interventions for their asthma, particularly when they are at school and away from their parents.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lauren Kelada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charlotte J. Molloy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Hibbert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Louise K. Wiles","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Gardner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emily Klineberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeffrey Braithwaite","type":"Person"},{"name":"Adam Jaffe","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":55},{"pmcid":"PMC8781864","doi":"10.3390/nu14020361","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Caregiver–infant pairs observed during a meal in rural Madagascar.","rationale":"This article examines what observations of a single meal can reveal about responses to infants’ feeding cues. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"Which signals of hunger and satiety are visible when someone observes one whole meal?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about what observations of a single meal can reveal about responses to infants’ feeding cues?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is caregiver–infant pairs observed during a meal in rural Madagascar."],"limitations":"A directly observed meal is one snapshot. It does not establish the infant’s usual eating pattern or the effect of a caregiver strategy over time.","id":"PMC8781864","title":"Observation of Traditional Caregiver-Infant Feeding Behaviours and Porridge and Energy Intakes during One Meal to Define Key Messages for Promoting Responsive Feeding in the Amparafaravola District, Rural Madagascar","authors":"Yannick Razafindratsima; Andrimampionona Razakandrainy; Sonia Fortin; Charlotte Ralison; Claire Mouquet-Rivier","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-01-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020361","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8781864","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8781864/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8781864-1a30d6aabfe5a417.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1a30d6aabfe5a41760a9222237e0c342acb18d7728ffd6db1ce3e448c356f7e2","sourceTextSha256":"e0b99868162a4be9a646e3f4f7667d2965697c84e6b38f35e9d468998e42eb8a","sourceXmlSha256":"7a2e19eb5e9481f854d6760a9db2a49c0b128f36709b5563b953cb3af96dcada","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36896,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Undernutrition is highly prevalent in young children in Madagascar and insufficient intake per meal could be one of the main causes. A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding practices including video-recorded meal observations was carried out with 101 caregiver–infant pairs in the Amparafaravola district, Northeast Madagascar. The objective was to quantify the porridge/energy intake of 9–11-month-old children and assess its association with the caregiver–infant feeding behaviours. Then, key messages for promoting responsive feeding (RF) were developed and tested through focus group discussions. The mean porridge intake was 12.8 ± 7.5 g/kg body weight (BW)/meal, corresponding to hardly one-third of the 300 kcal recommended from complementary foods for 9–11-month-old children. Analysis of meal videos suggested that mothers practiced the five positive feeding behaviours (self-feeding, responsive, active, social, and distraction), and rarely the negative ones. Only 6.9% of mothers used positive RF “very frequently”, although it was associated with higher intakes (p < 0.05), with mean intake reaching 21 g/kg BW. In focus groups, caregivers approved the six RF messages and related counselling cards. They suggested some modifications to improve their understanding, and counselling cards were revised accordingly. The long-term impact of RF-promoting card use on the meal intakes and the nutritional status of young children must now be assessed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yannick Razafindratsima","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrimampionona Razakandrainy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sonia Fortin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charlotte Ralison","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Mouquet-Rivier","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":56},{"pmcid":"PMC8835222","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19031604","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Ages 5–17","population":"Published studies of independent mobility in school-age children and adolescents.","rationale":"This article examines how permission, street design and other conditions shape independent mobility. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"What barriers to getting around alone belong to the neighbourhood rather than to my child?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how permission, street design and other conditions shape independent mobility?","What eligibility rules determined which studies and family settings entered the review?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is published studies of independent mobility in school-age children and adolescents."],"limitations":"Included studies may use different definitions and measures. Check the populations, settings and evidence quality before treating a pattern as a practical recommendation.","id":"PMC8835222","title":"Social-Ecological Correlates of Children’s Independent Mobility: A Systematic Review","authors":"Negin A Riazi; Kelly Wunderlich; Lira Yun; Derek C Paterson; Guy Faulkner; José Carmelo Adsuar Sala","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-01-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031604","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8835222","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8835222/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8835222-44fbac4b56da6d2c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"44fbac4b56da6d2ce56106506f4bd8de171a8f87010ca376f9b87f24447aabb6","sourceTextSha256":"17896ba6b2ab2a0616dc32fd47b0ee6cb74ab916f5eae08c283a08d9568ddc16","sourceXmlSha256":"2b0275cc44cf2ac795cbedfed5a600a02f203ec0ae3c64a55b51f074e67340bf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37844,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren’s independent mobility (IM) is associated with a range of benefits and understanding the factors that influence IM can support creation of effective interventions. The review (Prospero CRD42016042174) systematically summarized the available literature for social-ecological correlates of children’s IM in school-aged children and youth (aged 5–17 years). In this case, 53 studies were included and evaluated six individual, 15 interpersonal, 12 social environment, and 19 built environment- level variables. Most studies originated from Australia (n = 15) and Canada (n = 8) with most published in 2011 or later (n = 48). Variables that were consistently (positively and/or negatively) associated with children’s IM were age, ethnicity/race, child’s perceived competence, ownership of a house/access to house keys, having siblings, parents’ attitude toward IM and perception of child’s confidence, children’s interest in environment and activities, parents’ concern around traffic, housing/residential density, length of residency in one’s home, distance to destinations, and proximity to green space. Given the inter-related social-ecological correlates identified, intervention to promote children’s IM will likely need a multi-level and multi-sectoral approach. However, focus areas of building children’s skills and confidence, helping parents gain confidence in their children’s abilities, assuaging parental traffic concerns, and building environments with shorter distances to destinations of interest for children should be prioritized.Keywords: review, active travel, youth, public health, childhood, physical activity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Negin A Riazi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kelly Wunderlich","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lira Yun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Derek C Paterson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guy Faulkner","type":"Person"},{"name":"José Carmelo Adsuar Sala","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":57},{"pmcid":"PMC10065151","doi":"10.3390/socsci11020075","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence into young adulthood","population":"Adolescents from nine countries followed into young adulthood, including the pandemic period.","rationale":"This article examines how adolescent future orientation and parental psychological control relate to later internalizing concerns. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"What is the difference between helping a teenager imagine a future and deciding it for them?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how adolescent future orientation and parental psychological control relate to later internalizing concerns?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescents from nine countries followed into young adulthood, including the pandemic period."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC10065151","title":"Adolescent Positivity and Future Orientation, Parental Psychological Control, and Young Adult Internalising Behaviours during COVID-19 in Nine Countries","authors":"Ann T. Skinner; Leyla Çiftçi; Sierra Jones; Eva Klotz; Tamara Ondrušková; Jennifer E. Lansford; Liane Peña Alampay; Suha M. Al-Hassan; Dario Bacchini; Marc H. Bornstein; Lei Chang; Kirby Deater-Deckard; Laura Di Giunta; Kenneth A. Dodge; Sevtap Gurdal; Qin Liu; Qian Long; Paul Oburu; Concetta Pastorelli; Emma Sorbring; Sombat Tapanya; Laurence Steinberg; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","journal":"Social sciences (Basel, Switzerland)","publisher":"MDPI AG","publishedDate":"2022-02-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020075","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10065151","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10065151/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10065151-8f99b454351c1969.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8f99b454351c19697b6275aa56b37cc9ad1baa9350acab1d2fafa3ac7293c9c6","sourceTextSha256":"57c0cc99df1be33b7f575896b2007da630200ad8e2da801635b1f124d7460c09","sourceXmlSha256":"831c2d526c71c76ef9702b1261ad8051a10414d04e12cea4f2596989c95de7c1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"42771b4fef45980c5190cec209381380de302b7ec65807ed81c2b95a912a1cde","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55011,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many young adults’ lives educationally, economically, and personally. This study investigated associations between COVID-19-related disruption and perception of increases in internalising symptoms among young adults and whether these associations were moderated by earlier measures of adolescent positivity and future orientation and parental psychological control. Participants included 1329 adolescents at Time 1, and 810 of those participants as young adults (M age = 20, 50.4% female) at Time 2 from 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Drawing from a larger longitudinal study of adolescent risk taking and young adult competence, this study controlled for earlier levels of internalising symptoms during adolescence in examining these associations. Higher levels of adolescent positivity and future orientation as well as parent psychological control during late adolescence helped protect young adults from sharper perceived increases in anxiety and depression during the first nine months of widespread pandemic lockdowns in all nine countries. Findings are discussed in terms of how families in the 21st century can foster greater resilience during and after adolescence when faced with community-wide stressors, and the results provide new information about how psychological control may play a protective role during times of significant community-wide threats to personal health and welfare.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ann T. Skinner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Leyla Çiftçi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sierra Jones","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva Klotz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tamara Ondrušková","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E. Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liane Peña Alampay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suha M. Al-Hassan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H. Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater-Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenneth A. Dodge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qin Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qian Long","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul Oburu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Sorbring","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sombat Tapanya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurence Steinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3390%2Fsocsci11020075","publisherEvidenceSha256":"2d73d23618d55fffe0bdf1a738f79e45d821462f9048984ea74c9e95c2ad932a","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":58},{"pmcid":"PMC8978325","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.772023","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"School age","population":"Children reporting paternal parenting, coparenting and academic self-efficacy.","rationale":"This article examines how paternal parenting and coparenting quality relate to a child’s sense of academic competence. The research links support at home to the confidence or motivation a young person brings to their own activities.","parentQuestion":"What kind of encouragement helps my child see themselves as capable in a particular subject?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how paternal parenting and coparenting quality relate to a child’s sense of academic competence?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children reporting paternal parenting, coparenting and academic self-efficacy."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC8978325","title":"The Role of Paternal Parenting and Co-parenting Quality in Children’s Academic Self-Efficacy","authors":"Demet Kara; Nebi Sümer","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-03-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.772023","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8978325","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8978325/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8978325/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8978325-6d12dd30770a445e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6d12dd30770a445eb333acfe53aaab12f0b50f8d9088db784cadebe6a3c2fb10","sourceTextSha256":"d606bba48209334d2b2cb663f7c7f42da336fb91bfaf2b3285d6e0f7c7de7f3a","sourceXmlSha256":"f88d69fb241c082cb4e666328837d308568da5a4083163a7ec1b9c5aadd875a8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"641ab268e42b01c47429fd51a848092f632a27694380007943bc06f57ff80737","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":65087,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study explored the unique effect of fathers’ parenting behaviors and the quality of co-parenting described as the degree of consistency between paternal and maternal parenting behaviors on children’s academic self-efficacy. The power of both pancultural parenting behaviors (i.e., emotional warmth and rejection) and specific parenting controlling behaviors that are relatively common in Turkish culture (i.e., intrusion and guilt induction) in predicting academic self-efficacy was tested. A total of 1,931 children completed measures of parenting behaviors and academic self-efficacy in math and literature courses in their school. Overall, girls reported higher levels of literature self-efficacy, whereas boys reported higher levels of math self-efficacy. Compared to boys, girls perceived higher levels of positive parenting behaviors from both their fathers and mothers. The results of the regression analyses showed that, whereas father warmth had stronger effects on boys’ math self-efficacy, mother warmth had stronger effects on girls’ literature self-efficacy. Examination of the effects of co-parenting quality demonstrated that children with positively consistent parents (i.e., both parents having high positive and low negative parenting behaviors) reported the highest level of academic self-efficacy, whereas those having negatively consistent parents had the lowest level of academic self-efficacy. Analyses on inconsistent co-parenting, however, yielded compensatory effects, which were similar to positively consistent parents, and deterioration effects, which were similar to negatively consistent parents depending on the gender of parent and child, domain of parenting behavior, and academic efficacy. This study contributed to the current literature by showing the unique role of fathers over and beyond mothers, and confirmed the importance of positive parenting and parenting consistency in promoting children’s academic efficacy. Cultural and practical implications of the findings were discussed.Keywords: fathers, paternal and maternal parenting behaviors, parenting consistency, coparenting, academic self-efficacy","authorEntries":[{"name":"Demet Kara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nebi Sümer","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":59},{"pmcid":"PMC9103127","doi":"10.3390/nu14091896","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Systematic review and meta-analysis","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Fourteen longitudinal studies in a systematic review of parental feeding and child eating behaviours.","rationale":"This article examines whether feeding practices and a child’s eating behaviours predict changes in each other. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"Could my feeding behaviour be a response to my child as well as an influence on them?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether feeding practices and a child’s eating behaviours predict changes in each other?","Which differences among studies complicate interpretation of the combined estimate?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is fourteen longitudinal studies in a systematic review of parental feeding and child eating behaviours."],"limitations":"Pooled estimates inherit differences and possible biases in the original studies. The combined sample size does not remove confounding in observational data.","id":"PMC9103127","title":"Bidirectional Associations between Parental Non-Responsive Feeding Practices and Child Eating Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Prospective Studies","authors":"Jian Wang; Bingqian Zhu; Ruxing Wu; Yan-Shing Chang; Yang Cao; Daqiao Zhu","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-04-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091896","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9103127","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9103127/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9103127-8b33152a4e9fe995.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8b33152a4e9fe99578d69744f8055d41d29e7fd8b8f49546e8288d83f4b4320b","sourceTextSha256":"def93fbfa50594aa98f1ed03ba66d1632c32ff7d28e08a6645752a8cca94a950","sourceXmlSha256":"bb63c1545140855c1aed9ed69f927d62e3974821dea4f0e4b0444e749d8e5908","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35396,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: Parental non-responsive feeding practices and child eating behaviors both play significant roles in childhood obesity. However, their longitudinal relationships are less clear. This systematic review aimed to examine their bidirectional associations. Methods: A systematic search of five databases was conducted from inception to February 2022. Data synthesis was performed using a semi-quantitative and quantitative approach. Results: A total of 14 studies with 15348 respondents were included. A total of 94 longitudinal effects from 14 studies of parental non-responsive feeding practices on child eating behaviors were investigated, and 19 statistically significant effects were discovered. Seventy-seven longitudinal effects from nine studies of child eating behaviors on parental feeding practices were examined, with fifteen being statistically significant. The pooled results of meta-analysis showed five statistically significant associations: parental restrictive feeding positively predicted child enjoyment of food (β = 0.044; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.085); use of food as a reward positively predicted child emotional eating (β = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.15); child food responsiveness positively predicted restrictive feeding (β = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06); use food as a reward (β = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10). In addition, the pooled effects showed that child satiety responsiveness negatively predicted restrictive feeding (β = −0.05; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.01). Conclusions: The bidirectional relationships between parental non-responsive feeding practices and child eating behaviors are inconsistent and a few showed statistical significance. Theory-driven longitudinal studies using validated instruments and controlling for potential confounders are needed to unveil their relationships and provide evidence for obesity prevention interventions.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jian Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bingqian Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruxing Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan-Shing Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yang Cao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daqiao Zhu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":60},{"pmcid":"PMC3214894","doi":"10.1186/1471-2458-11-810","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Ages nine to eleven","population":"Primary-school children and families in the Kids, Adults Together prevention program.","rationale":"A classroom component and a family evening were designed to encourage conversations at home about alcohol. The exploratory evaluation gives attention to reaching parents.","parentQuestion":"What could help a school activity lead to a genuine conversation at home?","readingPrompts":["Who attended the family evening, and who might the program have missed?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC3214894","title":"Preventing alcohol misuse in young people aged 9-11 years through promoting family communication: an exploratory evaluation of the Kids, Adults Together (KAT) Programme","authors":"Heather Rothwell; Jeremy Segrott","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2011-10-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-810","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3214894","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3214894/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC3214894-131d395d23a853d7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"131d395d23a853d75980194c70f792a7dac7c0e3ab2594de17d919bb5fa70ca9","sourceTextSha256":"7bfacebc0d8f9bd1c76f46778df25548bae2be3c1b01790e51c07fb9fa1fa20e","sourceXmlSha256":"8d8bb967418f3bc7a6ec85a7a737d865cea53713ce0001a0c49f655e397f7a43","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d4c9d8e76ac5134fe28e79c686b02db6ab581503f9a5813c288b188c0a334770","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54786,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundAlcohol misuse by young people is an important public health issue, and has led to the development of a range of prevention interventions. Evidence concerning the most effective approaches to intervention design and implementation is limited. Parental involvement in school-based interventions is important, but many programmes fail to recruit large numbers of parents. This paper reports findings from an exploratory evaluation of a new alcohol misuse prevention programme - Kids, Adults Together (KAT), which comprised a classroom component, engagement with parents through a fun evening for families with children aged 9-11 years, and a DVD. The evaluation aimed to establish the programme's theoretical basis, explore implementation processes and acceptability, and identify plausible precursors of the intended long-term outcomes.MethodsDocumentary analysis and interviews with key personnel examined the programme's development. Classroom preparation and KAT family events in two schools were observed. Focus groups with children, and interviews with parents who attended KAT family events were held immediately after programme delivery, and again after three months. Interviews with head teachers and with teachers who delivered the classroom preparation were conducted. Follow-up interviews with programme personnel were undertaken. Questionnaires were sent to parents of all children involved in classroom preparation.ResultsKAT achieved high levels of acceptability and involvement among both children and parents. Main perceived impacts of the programme were increased pro-social communication within families (including discussions about harmful parental alcohol consumption), heightened knowledge and awareness of the effects of alcohol consumption and key legal and health issues, and changes in parental drinking behaviours.ConclusionsKAT demonstrated promise as a prevention intervention, primarily through its impact on knowledge and communication processes within families, and its ability to engage with large numbers of parents. A key programme mechanism was the classroom preparation's facilitation of parental involvement in the family fun evening. The programme also incorporated features identified in the literature as likely to increase effectiveness, including a focus on harm reduction, interactive delivery, and targeting primary-school-age children. Further research is needed to test and develop programme theory through implementation in different school contexts, and to examine potential longer-term impacts, and the feasibility of large scale delivery.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Heather Rothwell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeremy Segrott","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":61},{"pmcid":"PMC5724485","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.12728","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Randomized intervention study","ageRange":"Nine months to three years","population":"Fifty-four infants with familial likelihood of autism and their caregivers in a two-site randomized trial.","rationale":"A video-based social communication intervention was delivered in infancy and followed to age three. The study distinguishes changes in interaction from later developmental outcomes.","parentQuestion":"What can reviewing a video together help a caregiver notice about an infant's cues?","readingPrompts":["Which findings were assessed after coaching had ended?","Which outcomes and follow-up periods were specified for the comparison?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Random assignment supports a comparison under the trial conditions. Sample selection, delivery, outcome choice and follow-up limit extension to other households.","id":"PMC5724485","title":"Randomised trial of a parent‐mediated intervention for infants at high risk for autism: longitudinal outcomes to age 3 years","authors":"Jonathan Green; Andrew Pickles; Greg Pasco; Rachael Bedford; Ming Wai Wan; Mayada Elsabbagh; Vicky Slonims; Teea Gliga; Emily Jones; Celeste Cheung; Tony Charman; Mark Johnson; The British Autism Study of Infant Siblings (BASIS) Team; Simon Baron‐Cohen; Patrick Bolton; Kim Davies; Michelle Liew; Janice Fernandes; Isobel Gammer; Erica Salomone; Helena Ribeiro; Leslie Tucker; Carol Taylor; Rhonda Booth; Claire Harrop; Samina Holsgrove; Janet McNally","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2017-04-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12728","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5724485","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5724485/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5724485-4dc9c247f319f1b7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4dc9c247f319f1b7aeccfc9f6e82edaeb42088510f3ea6df7dce57dcf7c78e46","sourceTextSha256":"0574400005e8d3cedc6163a5dbd346c630ccfeae83063d06c1d6e1e3a9c93a97","sourceXmlSha256":"87de3a94a5cdb4d3cca60ad5e66b45ade071da687062be2dc559595a8b656990","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a458aec94d0275744e694ae608abd6c231b6bc017e18cfa79a95d0336cfb9104","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33538,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThere has been increasing interest in the potential for pre‐emptive interventions in the prodrome of autism, but little investigation as to their effect.MethodsA two‐site, two‐arm assessor‐blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a 12‐session parent‐mediated social communication intervention delivered between 9 and 14 months of age (Intervention in the British Autism Study of Infant Siblings‐Video Interaction for Promoting Positive Parenting), against no intervention. Fifty‐four infants (28 intervention, 26 nonintervention) at familial risk of autism but not otherwise selected for developmental atypicality were assessed at 9‐month baseline, 15‐month treatment endpoint, and 27‐ and 39‐month follow‐up. Primary outcome: severity of autism prodromal symptoms, blind‐rated on Autism Observation Schedule for Infants or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2nd Edition across the four assessment points. Secondary outcomes: blind‐rated parent–child interaction and child language; nonblind parent‐rated communication and socialisation. Prespecified intention‐to‐treat analysis combined estimates from repeated measures within correlated regressions to estimate the overall effect of the infancy intervention over time.ResultsEffect estimates in favour of intervention on autism prodromal symptoms, maximal at 27 months, had confidence intervals (CIs) at each separate time point including the null, but showed a significant overall effect over the course of the intervention and follow‐up period (effect size [ES] = 0.32; 95% CI 0.04, 0.60; p = .026). Effects on proximal intervention targets of parent nondirectiveness/synchrony (ES = 0.33; CI 0.04, 0.63; p = .013) and child attentiveness/communication initiation (ES = 0.36; 95% CI 0.04, 0.68; p = .015) showed similar results. There was no effect on categorical diagnostic outcome or formal language measures.ConclusionsFollow‐up to 3 years of the first RCT of a very early social communication intervention for infants at familial risk of developing autism has shown a treatment effect, extending 24 months after intervention end, to reduce the overall severity of autism prodromal symptoms and enhance parent–child dyadic social communication over this period. We highlight the value of extended follow‐up and repeat assessment for early intervention trials.Keywords: Pre‐emptive intervention, prevention trials, autism, autism spectrum disorder, high‐risk siblings, parent‐mediated intervention","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jonathan Green","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrew Pickles","type":"Person"},{"name":"Greg Pasco","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachael Bedford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ming Wai Wan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mayada Elsabbagh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vicky Slonims","type":"Person"},{"name":"Teea Gliga","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emily Jones","type":"Person"},{"name":"Celeste Cheung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tony Charman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mark Johnson","type":"Person"},{"name":"The British Autism Study of Infant Siblings (BASIS) Team","type":"Organization"},{"name":"Simon Baron‐Cohen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Bolton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kim Davies","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michelle Liew","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janice Fernandes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Isobel Gammer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Erica Salomone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helena Ribeiro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Leslie Tucker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carol Taylor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rhonda Booth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Harrop","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samina Holsgrove","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janet McNally","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12728","publisherEvidenceSha256":"9cf663f34c2ce1675b44aa19f382b22cbab0a76d5a5709940ca637fda1c2f9bc","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":62},{"pmcid":"PMC6146231","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01705","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Parents of schoolchildren","population":"155 Israeli parents who answered an anonymous questionnaire about parent–teacher association membership.","rationale":"The researchers investigate why parents join a school association, rather than assuming that all members enter with the same expectations.","parentQuestion":"What motivates a family to join a parent–teacher association?","readingPrompts":["Which motivations were participants willing to report directly?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC6146231","title":"Concealed and Unconcealed Motives for Joining the Parent-Teacher Association: Mapping Sentence and Smallest Space Analysis","authors":"Yael Fisher","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2018-09-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01705","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6146231","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6146231/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6146231/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6146231-03b8532e9bbf7605.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"03b8532e9bbf76059e86d91384b4cb65a775d2a8339bfdfed74c3b1b59dcd479","sourceTextSha256":"144c0377e95bea938017e345e8553cdbec73cf1786413a97677e89483b1359cf","sourceXmlSha256":"c349149539e5978e3054490a8e8ffe57647fac529daf93f8dbcb23bac4979765","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3a8cff3dbb50ab0f348e52b2d374c1c30cc04862107694ed7e535548e5ffe61f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28143,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground and Subject: A Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) is an organization that enables parents to be involved in their children’s schools. Participation in the PTA is one of many steps parents can take to ensure their involvement. Few if any studies have examined parents’ concealed and unconcealed motives (UCM) for joining the PTA.Purpose/Hypotheses: The main purpose was to identify the structure of the concept Motives for Joining the PTA, so as to enhance our understanding of what motivates Israeli parents to join the PTA. The second purpose was to differentiate between parents’ concealed and UCM.Method/Procedure: A self-report anonymous questionnaire, containing 40 items (30 items about aspects of being a member of a PTA and 10 items for reporting background variables), was administrated. Data were collected from a sample of 155 Israeli parents. The initial data processing stage involved EFA (Exploratory factor analysis) using SPSS software. Stage two was a Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), conducted using the Hebrew University Data Analysis Program (HUDAP).Results: EFA indicated three main factors. The internal consistency of the scores in the entire scale, measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was 0.89. Data deployment on the SSA map exhibited both a polarized form (an angular form) and a radial form in a Radex configuration. The first layer (the polarized facet) was composed of three major motives related to self-serving altruistic ideological motives/ (SSAIM), self-serving altruistic pedagogical motives (SSAPM), and egoistic motives (EM). The second layer (the radial form) was composed of concealed motives, UCM, and politically correct-driven motives.Keywords: Facet Theory, SSA, parental involvement, elementary schools, PTA","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yael Fisher","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":63},{"pmcid":"PMC6339273","doi":"10.1186/s13012-018-0851-5","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Children receiving pediatric care","population":"Research describing barriers and facilitators reported by children, parents, clinicians or observers.","rationale":"The review brings together several viewpoints on what makes shared decision-making easier or harder during pediatric care.","parentQuestion":"What makes it possible for a child or parent to speak up when choices are discussed?","readingPrompts":["Which barriers were identified by children themselves?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC6339273","title":"Barriers and facilitators of pediatric shared decision-making: a systematic review","authors":"Laura Boland; Ian D. Graham; France Légaré; Krystina Lewis; Janet Jull; Allyson Shephard; Margaret L. Lawson; Alexandra Davis; Audrey Yameogo; Dawn Stacey","journal":"Implementation Science : IS","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2019-01-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0851-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6339273","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6339273/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6339273-455d22cf864eceef.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"455d22cf864eceef7494b7d332414fa7924ca25142038bc3d0bba438a3785125","sourceTextSha256":"9324e3fb82335419be0c15bd5d1673cb564aa223e559faeb14c697bcade9ea68","sourceXmlSha256":"3b545b321b1413033ed983e3abda2008cd8504e44805ea0254abb9e931594419","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30f80b55ae17baa71ef9c7ceba7d75e52c99fa4a76c3deef5ccd9b8895659768","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":64275,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundShared decision-making (SDM) is rarely implemented in pediatric practice. Pediatric health decision-making differs from that of adult practice. Yet, little is known about the factors that influence the implementation of pediatric shared decision-making (SDM). We synthesized pediatric SDM barriers and facilitators from the perspectives of healthcare providers (HCP), parents, children, and observers (i.e., persons who evaluated the SDM process, but were not directly involved).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review guided by the Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO (inception to March 2017) and included studies that reported clinical pediatric SDM barriers and/or facilitators from the perspective of HCPs, parents, children, and/or observers. We considered all or no comparison groups and included all study designs reporting original data. Content analysis was used to synthesize barriers and facilitators and categorized them according to the OMRU levels (i.e., decision, innovation, adopters, relational, and environment) and participant types (i.e., HCP, parents, children, and observers). We used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to appraise study quality.ResultsOf 20,008 identified citations, 79 were included. At each OMRU level, the most frequent barriers were features of the options (decision), poor quality information (innovation), parent/child emotional state (adopter), power relations (relational), and insufficient time (environment). The most frequent facilitators were low stake decisions (decision), good quality information (innovation), agreement with SDM (adopter), trust and respect (relational), and SDM tools/resources (environment). Across participant types, the most frequent barriers were insufficient time (HCPs), features of the options (parents), power imbalances (children), and HCP skill for SDM (observers). The most frequent facilitators were good quality information (HCP) and agreement with SDM (parents and children). There was no consistent facilitator category for observers. Overall, study quality was moderate with quantitative studies having the highest ratings and mixed-method studies having the lowest ratings.ConclusionsNumerous diverse and interrelated factors influence SDM use in pediatric clinical practice. Our findings can be used to identify potential pediatric SDM barriers and facilitators, guide context-specific barrier and facilitator assessments, and inform interventions for implementing SDM in pediatric practice.Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42015020527Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-018-0851-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Laura Boland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ian D. Graham","type":"Person"},{"name":"France Légaré","type":"Person"},{"name":"Krystina Lewis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janet Jull","type":"Person"},{"name":"Allyson Shephard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Margaret L. Lawson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexandra Davis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Audrey Yameogo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dawn Stacey","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":64},{"pmcid":"PMC6651853","doi":"10.3390/ijerph16132417","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"8,115 adolescents contributing reports about family communication and cyberbullying.","rationale":"The researchers connect problematic family communication with online behavior through a model of psychosocial adjustment. The evidence concerns associations among reported experiences.","parentQuestion":"How might difficulties communicating at home show up in a teenager's account of life online?","readingPrompts":["Which alternative explanations fit the same pattern of questionnaire responses?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC6651853","title":"Family Communication Problems, Psychosocial Adjustment and Cyberbullying","authors":"Ana Romero-Abrio; Belén Martínez-Ferrer; Daniel Musitu-Ferrer; Celeste León-Moreno; María Elena Villarreal-González; Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2019-07-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132417","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6651853","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6651853/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6651853-fadf51dd744cd8a1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fadf51dd744cd8a1a2b6bc4c1af46e8900d3d5a793f040bce926a03eb7bfc063","sourceTextSha256":"c27778fbd5dadccc648f7bf2b216aa718f49b34fe04855dd3127ff38fccce6f1","sourceXmlSha256":"399b994b96056c01407ac32288fb0ecedc1451072e37c1242bb011521a52aa25","rightsEvidenceSha256":"50f0386641f4fb1d15ce99785c7da3a2bc39af63f0594390368b0c91e9021c05","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28932,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between family communication problems and cyberbullying, through psychosocial adjustment—psychological distress, attitude towards institutional authority, and problematic use of social networking sites—in adolescents. Random sampling by conglomerates was performed. A total of 8115 adolescents participated in the study (51.5% boys, 49.5% girls), and were aged between 11 and 16 years old (M = 13.34, SD = 1.04) and enrolled in the State of Nuevo León (Mexico). A structural equations model was developed using the Structural Equation Modeling Software (EQS). The results showed that problematic family communication is directly associated with cyberbullying, and also indirectly through the relationships of psychological distress and attitude towards transgression of social norms with the problematic use of social networking sites. The multi-group analyses also revealed gender differences in these relationships. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and their practical implications were shown.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ana Romero-Abrio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Belén Martínez-Ferrer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Musitu-Ferrer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Celeste León-Moreno","type":"Person"},{"name":"María Elena Villarreal-González","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":65},{"pmcid":"PMC6754689","doi":"10.2196/15318","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Adolescents with type 1 diabetes","population":"Parent–adolescent pairs recruited through a diabetes care clinic in the southwestern United States.","rationale":"An online family-teamwork program used relational agents to support communication about self-management. Assessments focused on feasibility in one group.","parentQuestion":"Could a structured conversation help a teen and parent agree on how to share a daily task?","readingPrompts":["What can the three-month follow-up contribute in the absence of a comparison group?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC6754689","title":"Using Relational Agents to Promote Family Communication Around Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management in the Diabetes Family Teamwork Online Intervention: Longitudinal Pilot Study","authors":"Debbe Thompson; Chishinga Callender; Caroline Gonynor; Karen W Cullen; Maria J Redondo; Ashley Butler; Barbara J Anderson; Gunther Eysenbach; Sindelar Brigitte; Tamara Oser","journal":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2019-09-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/15318","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6754689","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6754689/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6754689-8e0c9ce8b990af7e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8e0c9ce8b990af7eacc406feddfe2d5f378f5ca761187a9ce6511f049810b1ac","sourceTextSha256":"65cfaa00f9980372ba0bbbd254b114710fc5fad001a984806018f40d88305184","sourceXmlSha256":"15b943b6ed32fc40a83712565519ed295af9cc787cbecc11dbf002d493eec828","rightsEvidenceSha256":"537fa284da53d17ce26d6a024b4c267b3ac7dc36e64901281eb2c58b2f203ee6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41292,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundFamily conflict can reduce adolescent adherence to type 1 diabetes management tasks. The Family Teamwork in-person intervention was shown to be efficacious in reducing conflict and low adherence to diabetes-related tasks. Its reach and potential impact, however, were limited by the need to deliver the intervention sessions in person. Relational agents (ie, computerized versions of humans) have been shown to appeal to diverse audiences and may be an acceptable replacement for a human in technology-based behavior change interventions.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of a pilot study assessing feasibility and acceptability of Diabetes Family Teamwork Online, an adapted version of the Family Teamwork intervention, delivered over the internet and guided by a relational agent.MethodsParent-adolescent dyads were recruited through a diabetes care clinic at a large tertiary care hospital in the southwestern United States. A one-group design, with assessments at baseline, immediate postintervention, and 3 months later, was used to assess feasibility. A priori feasibility criteria included an assessment of recruitment, completion, attrition, program satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, attitudes toward the relational agent, and data collection. The institutional review board at Baylor College of Medicine approved the protocol (H-37245).ResultsTwenty-seven adolescents aged 10 to 15 years with type 1 diabetes and their parents were enrolled. Criteria used to assess feasibility were (1) recruitment goals were met (n=20), (2) families completed ≥75% of the modules, (3) attrition rate was ≤10%, (4) program satisfaction was high (≥80% of families), (5) therapeutic alliance was high (average score of ≥60/84), (6) families expressed positive attitudes toward the relational agent (average item score of ≥5 on ≥4 items), (7) ≥80% of data were collected at post 1 and post 2, and (8) few technical issues (≤10%) occurred during intervention delivery. All feasibility criteria were met. Qualitative data confirmed that adolescents and parents had positive reactions to both the content and approach.ConclusionsThe Diabetes Family Teamwork Online intervention proved to be a feasible and acceptable method for enhancing communication around diabetes management tasks in families with an adolescent who has type 1 diabetes.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/resprot.5817Keywords: adolescents, family communication, preadolescents, relational agent, type 1 diabetes","authorEntries":[{"name":"Debbe Thompson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chishinga Callender","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caroline Gonynor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen W Cullen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria J Redondo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ashley Butler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Barbara J Anderson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gunther Eysenbach","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sindelar Brigitte","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tamara Oser","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":66},{"pmcid":"PMC6982055","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17010335","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Ages twelve to eighteen","population":"2,399 adolescents from Andalusia, Spain, reporting differing levels of cybervictimization.","rationale":"The study compares family communication, loneliness and school adjustment across groups with different online experiences.","parentQuestion":"What would a teenager experiencing online harassment want family and school adults to understand?","readingPrompts":["How did the researchers define the levels of cybervictimization?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC6982055","title":"Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents","authors":"Elizabeth Cañas; Estefanía Estévez; Celeste León-Moreno; Gonzalo Musitu","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2020-01-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010335","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6982055","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6982055/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6982055-2eb70c48d738c98a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2eb70c48d738c98a8e5364cfc91489ce2ec6f27bd4d919d767e7dc0a2bb3c1ad","sourceTextSha256":"0a5196233cc72c6ea165c58333bfad357cfb6f0a5fbff79e7fee9774f910a4f7","sourceXmlSha256":"f604147656de2bb5e4ef7966c432f86454347bea0c500d836c4a1bf69c424394","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0eb01d910600af52f558f93df8c13362e6d023f99e6759e88c0442f8c7531181","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34698,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elizabeth Cañas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Estefanía Estévez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Celeste León-Moreno","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gonzalo Musitu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":67},{"pmcid":"PMC8440241","doi":"10.1007/s00787-020-01530-7","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Child and adolescent mental health","population":"A review of 23 decision-support interventions available for use with parents.","rationale":"The study distinguishes presenting options from other elements of making a decision together. Families can use the distinction to examine the structure of an offered tool.","parentQuestion":"Does a decision aid make space for our preferences as well as describing the options?","readingPrompts":["Which elements appear less often than a list of pros and cons?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC8440241","title":"A scoping review and assessment of essential elements of shared decision-making of parent-involved interventions in child and adolescent mental health","authors":"Shaun Liverpool; Brent Pereira; Daniel Hayes; Miranda Wolpert; Julian Edbrooke-Childs","journal":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2020-04-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01530-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8440241","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8440241/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8440241-ae5d2fa6e71adf9e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ae5d2fa6e71adf9ee0a64983309f2abd72e39121565ffec707c23ae517e32b2a","sourceTextSha256":"3285818dc8603f871b5251d9a0b38678c2d64e017bcfe70ab5ed45abd570a2d8","sourceXmlSha256":"f7f00dcae0d87d9dbfc0af0355f8752ff01ca1c39084c57b43ef614e084083bc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4208160f0747b1a329ce8170ed66590b18ccb4f39fb07cc179db4918cc57ea2f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42751,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParents play a critical role in child and adolescent mental health care and treatment. With the increasing implementation of shared decision-making (SDM) across health settings, there is a growing need to understand the decision support interventions used to promote SDM in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). The overall aim of this review is to identify and examine the existing decision support interventions available for parents. A broad search was conducted using the key concepts “shared decision-making”, “parents” and “child and adolescent mental health”. Five electronic databases were searched: PsycInfo, Embase, Medline, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. In addition to these relevant databases, we searched the Ottawa’s Inventory of Decision Aids, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario website, Google, Google Play and known CAMHS’ websites. The search identified 23 interventions available for use with parents. These interventions targeted parents providing care for children with ADHD, ASD, emotional and behavioural problems including depression (EBD), self-harm or universal mental health care. Various modalities including face-to-face, digital and paper-based versions were adopted. The majority of the interventions were able to “present options” (87%) and “discuss the pros and cons” (83%) of treatment. Time, accessibility and appropriateness of the intervention emerged as factors influencing usage and implementation of interventions. Our findings suggest that SDM interventions involving parents have been implemented differently across various presenting mental health difficulties in CAMHS. This review brings awareness of existing parent-involved interventions and has implications for the development, implementation and usage of new interventions.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shaun Liverpool","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brent Pereira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Hayes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miranda Wolpert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julian Edbrooke-Childs","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00787-020-01530-7","publisherEvidenceSha256":"31158437b077bba34cdaed8e1d17594b21b2b797a6d5dba5081abb740041d418","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":68},{"pmcid":"PMC7439671","doi":"10.1186/s12889-020-09350-9","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Ages eleven to fifteen","population":"5,202 adolescents in the 2018 Slovak Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study.","rationale":"The analysis asks whether family communication changes the relationship between exposure to adversity and reported emotional or behavioral problems.","parentQuestion":"What does a young person mean when they say talking with family is easy or hard?","readingPrompts":["How is a test of moderation different from showing an intervention effect?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC7439671","title":"Does family communication moderate the association between adverse childhood experiences and emotional and behavioural problems?","authors":"Miriama Lackova Rebicova; Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska; Daniela Husarova; Daniel Klein; Andrea Madarasova Geckova; Jitse P van Dijk; Sijmen A Reijneveld","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2020-08-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09350-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7439671","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7439671/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7439671-f09ee03241b2bb79.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f09ee03241b2bb79485a1cf768ced5b7dc117b22607e92c8c8de564d9739a9db","sourceTextSha256":"c646b49cc876d273e4b7ddf20812fb37a16dc8830ecd2925297272934f953aad","sourceXmlSha256":"26bec0a90817b1f687b13d313045f9e4145f754a20c5cf547211d6fe3fc2c72f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"14710fba9b66fbcc8b3e9c9b6b21f410908cad57067cea0d2068721c075a7617","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":21064,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and poor family support and communication can increase emotional and behavioural problems (EBP). Therefore, we assessed the association of difficult communication with mother and with father separately with both emotional and behavioural problems (EBP), and whether adolescents’ communication with mother and with father moderates the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) with the EBP of adolescents.MethodsWe used data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study conducted in 2018 in Slovakia, comprising 5202 adolescents aged from 11 to 15 (mean age 13.53; 49.3% boys). EBP were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We used generalized linear regression adjusted for age, gender and family affluence to explore the modification of the associations between ACE and EBP by communication (easy vs. difficult communication) with mother and father.ResultsDifficult communication or a complete lack of communication due to the absence of mother and father increased the probability of emotional (exp (b): 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92|1.00; and 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91|0.99, respectively) and also of behavioural problems (exp (b): 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92|1.00; and 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90|0.97, respectively). We found a statistically significant interaction of communication with father on the association of ACE with EBP, showing that the joint effects were less than multiplicative.ConclusionDifficult communication with mother and father is related to EBP among adolescents, and adolescents’ communication with father moderates the association of ACE with both emotional and behavioural problems among adolescents.Keywords: Family communication, Adverse childhood experiences, Emotional problems, Behavioural problems, Adolescents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Miriama Lackova Rebicova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniela Husarova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Klein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Madarasova Geckova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jitse P van Dijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sijmen A Reijneveld","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":69},{"pmcid":"PMC7899973","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626848","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Children and young people in mental health care","population":"Parents and healthcare professionals contributing interviews and focus groups about treatment decisions.","rationale":"Participants describe the emotional appraisals that can shape a parent's ability to weigh choices in mental healthcare.","parentQuestion":"What feelings may need to be acknowledged before a parent can weigh the options?","readingPrompts":["How did the analysis compare accounts from parents and professionals?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC7899973","title":"An Affective-Appraisal Approach for Parental Shared Decision Making in Children and Young People's Mental Health Settings: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Shaun Liverpool; Daniel Hayes; Julian Edbrooke-Childs","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-02-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626848","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7899973","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7899973/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7899973-bfe8e0abd8e6f259.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bfe8e0abd8e6f2594f9e37367f296cb84bbef02dc9c2a3b88748ea85d561b835","sourceTextSha256":"bf9b1cab27a2ef66f34fa2946aa88257733b1f85a9f15595eb0d11f1fde2fe58","sourceXmlSha256":"2715f918ea3fe511632fdf6ea6afd8f50ede243409c86e5c9f17fb0dbb350c48","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b16fd3491a2cac7307080918701badef2cc633bc8a52a365e151c669ea10a911","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46983,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: The majority of existing shared decision making (SDM) models are yet to explicitly account for emotion as an influencing factor to the SDM process. This study aimed to explore the role of parents' and carers' emotional experiences as a concept that has implications for SDM in children and young people's mental health (CYPMH) settings.Methods: A social constructivist grounded theory approach, analyzing data from focus groups (n = 4) and semi-structured interviews (n = 33) with parents and healthcare professionals, was undertaken. Participants were identified and selected at CYPMH sites and through social media platforms or in-person advertising as part of a larger feasibility trial. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis moved from open to focused coding.Results: The majority of the sample consisted of mothers of adolescent girls. Healthcare professionals had an average of 7.54 (SD = 6.24) years of work experience in CYPMH outpatient capacities. Findings suggested that parents are “expected to, but not always able to” engage in SDM. Themes and subthemes described an affective-appraisal SDM process capturing: (1) views and experiences of SDM, (2) parents' emotional states, (3) the influence of emotions on SDM, and (4) key support systems accessed. The emerging affective-appraisal framework highlighted that negative emotional states hindered parents' active involvement in SDM, and positive emotions encouraged involvement in SDM.Conclusion: The current findings describe an SDM model specific to CYPMH. This new understanding contributes to addressing a possible theory to practice gap opening new challenges and opportunities for academic enquiry.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shaun Liverpool","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Hayes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julian Edbrooke-Childs","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":70},{"pmcid":"PMC7951928","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0247432","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Children and adolescents","population":"Published parent-mediated intervention programs for neurodevelopmental disorders in South Asia.","rationale":"The review brings together programs delivered in specific regional service contexts where families and professionals may divide responsibilities differently.","parentQuestion":"How are parents supported when they take on an intervention role at home?","readingPrompts":["Which countries, services and family circumstances were represented?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC7951928","title":"Parent mediated intervention programmes for children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders in South Asia: A systematic review","authors":"Kamrun Nahar Koly; Susanne P. Martin-Herz; Md. Saimul Islam; Nusrat Sharmin; Hannah Blencowe; Aliya Naheed","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2021-03-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247432","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7951928","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7951928/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7951928-cb36db2f584c5d43.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cb36db2f584c5d43a671239fba43e4c67e8fc22eab0a1c23f8637c4d29deb1ff","sourceTextSha256":"179ea40b89ff60e9f9a78a6a37e0bd7eec4e74dcc6728c8414508bef527bfdb1","sourceXmlSha256":"f13fd7d56687a049c8d86b8edf94578cc5c2c483ed85fa3ef49023399fda9d38","rightsEvidenceSha256":"cccb96eefe134bc9c5244894f9a37bbd708b00228b9111f5997ce334cf5d7185","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53406,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectiveParent-mediated programmes have been found to be cost effective for addressing the needs of the children and adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) in high-income countries. We explored the impact of parent-mediated intervention programmes in South Asia, where the burden of NDD is high.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using the following databases; PUBMED, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Predefined MeSH terms were used, and articles were included if published prior to January 2020. Two independent researchers screened the articles and reviewed data.Outcomes measuresThe review included studies that targeted children and adolescents between 1 and 18 years of age diagnosed with any of four specific NDDs that are commonly reported in South Asia; Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Intellectual Disability (ID), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Cerebral Palsy (CP). Studies that reported on parent or child outcomes, parent-child interaction, parent knowledge of NDDs, or child activities of daily living were included for full text review.ResultsA total of 1585 research articles were retrieved and 23 studies met inclusion criteria, including 9 Randomized Controlled Trials and 14 pre-post intervention studies. Of these, seventeen studies reported effectiveness, and six studies reported feasibility and acceptability of the parent-mediated interventions. Three studies demonstrated improved parent-child interaction, three studies demonstrated improved child communication initiations, five studies reported improved social and communication skills in children, four studies demonstrated improved parental knowledge about how to teach their children, and four studies reported improved motor and cognitive skills, social skills, language development, learning ability, or academic performance in children.ConclusionThis systematic review of 23 studies demonstrated improvements in parent and child skills following parent-mediated intervention in South Asia. Additional evaluations of locally customized parent-mediated programmes are needed to support development of feasible interventions for South Asian countries.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kamrun Nahar Koly","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susanne P. Martin-Herz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Md. Saimul Islam","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nusrat Sharmin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hannah Blencowe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aliya Naheed","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":71},{"pmcid":"PMC8277368","doi":"10.2196/24896","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Participatory development or co-design study","ageRange":"Child and adolescent mental health services","population":"Caregivers and other stakeholders involved in developing a digital decision-support intervention.","rationale":"The development process examines how caregivers might prepare for shared decisions in children's mental health services.","parentQuestion":"What information could help a caregiver arrive prepared to discuss choices?","readingPrompts":["Which features were proposed by stakeholders themselves?","How did participant input translate into a change in the design?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Participation in designing a tool does not prove that using it changes decisions or outcomes. Findings depend on which stakeholders took part in development and testing.","id":"PMC8277368","title":"A Caregiver Digital Intervention to Support Shared Decision Making in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Development Process and Stakeholder Involvement Analysis","authors":"Shaun Liverpool; Julian Edbrooke-Childs; Gunther Eysenbach; Hayley Belli; Lisa McCann; Karen Fortuna","journal":"JMIR Formative Research","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2021-06-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/24896","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8277368","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8277368/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8277368-32f0c949efb50a15.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"32f0c949efb50a15c3155ca03b3cf32fa67ab4c825fc73b8a0b07d97be7f8ee8","sourceTextSha256":"60bd4f528ee0f7486018e4c04b60ac64396801bbdef69ea8aa14eb4e75ee7c4d","sourceXmlSha256":"924602b717f811c45a4c6c87e5114cb35652bafb1793dd69fdf2fbf35099fb74","rightsEvidenceSha256":"96d8606aa1dc09876767c861bb073ae4457b8c2c48785c13da6dbe7e9caa0c7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34628,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParents and caregivers are generally recognized by literature and the law as key to child and adolescent mental health decisions. Digital interventions are increasingly being used to support care and treatment in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). However, evidence of the design and development process is generally not made available.ObjectiveIn light of calls for more transparency, this paper aims to describe the development of an evidence-based, theoretically informed digital decision support intervention for parents and caregivers of young people accessing CAMHS.MethodsThe intervention was developed in line with the UK Medical Research Council framework for developing complex interventions. The process incorporated the steps for developing patient decision aids, as follows: assessing need, assessing feasibility; defining objectives; identifying the framework of decision support; and selecting the methods, designs, and dissemination approach. We synthesized theory, research, international guidelines, and input from relevant stakeholders using an iterative design approach.ResultsThe development steps resulted in Power Up for Parents, a decision support intervention, with five key features (ie, decisions, goals, journey, support, and resources). The intervention aims to encourage discussion, allow parents to ask questions during sessions or seek further information between sessions, and allow service providers to tailor the shared decision-making process to accommodate the needs of the parent and child.ConclusionsWe confirmed that it is possible to use input from end users—integrated with theory and evidence—to create digital interventions to be used in CAMHS. Key lessons with implications for practice, policy, and implementation science, along with preliminary findings, are presented.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/14571Keywords: digital health intervention, caregivers, parents, child mental health","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shaun Liverpool","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julian Edbrooke-Childs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gunther Eysenbach","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hayley Belli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa McCann","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen Fortuna","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":72},{"pmcid":"PMC8319641","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.676721","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Child and adolescent mental health services","population":"3,175 cases across 58 English child and adolescent mental health service sites.","rationale":"Caregiver ratings are analyzed across different services, allowing questions about variation between clinical settings as well as between families.","parentQuestion":"Does a family's experience of participation vary with the service it attends?","readingPrompts":["What differences remain after the model accounts for clustering by service?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC8319641","title":"Parent/Carer-Reported Experience of Shared Decision Making at Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: A Multilevel Modelling Approach","authors":"Shaun Liverpool; Daniel Hayes; Julian Edbrooke-Childs","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-07-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.676721","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8319641","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8319641/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8319641/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8319641-04182e0ab8b9a6c2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"04182e0ab8b9a6c256351964bf8a54dad875ac5793bd11825e9b59d3f74f0e1f","sourceTextSha256":"f193092ae5877f38d39b130851e3000dd0d0bd75f909eb8fc7f7b24019a40dee","sourceXmlSha256":"cf80ab946c8926941d7e17d9249189b2f0a1fc6c172c5fdb2d7dd7572212daca","rightsEvidenceSha256":"58f0e5f992c0314a88d6719ad4eb7ba7e140498fbd8b376d597355c159ab6d80","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36585,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground and Objective: Shared decision making (SDM) has been associated with positive outcomes at child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). However, implementing SDM is sometimes challenging. Understanding the factors associated with parent/carer experience of SDM could provide empirical evidence to support targeted efforts to promote SDM. This study aimed to explore the frequency of parent/carer-reported experience of SDM and examine possible associations between SDM and clinician's perceptions of the (a) children's and young people's psychosocial difficulties, (b) additional complex problems, and (c) impact of the psychosocial difficulties.Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on administrative data collected from CAMHS between 2011 and 2015. The sample was composed of 3,175 cases across 58 sites in England. Frequencies were recorded and associations were explored between clinician-reported measures and parent/carer-reported experiences of SDM using a two-level mixed-effect logistic regression analytic approach.Results: Almost 70% of parents/carers reported experiencing higher levels of SDM. Individual-level variables in model one revealed statistically significant (p <0.05) associations suggesting Asian parents/carers (OR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.4, 2.73]) and parents/carers having children with learning difficulties (OR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.06, 1.97]) were more likely to report higher levels of SDM. However, having two parents/carers involved in the child's care and treatment decisions (OR = 0.3, 95% CI [0.21, 0.44]) and being a parent/carer of a child or young person experiencing conduct problems (OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.63, 0.98]) were associated with lower levels of SDM. When adjusting for service level data (model two) the presence of conduct problems was the only variable found to be significant and predicted lower levels of SDM (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.52, 0.58]).Conclusion: Multilevel modelling of CAMHS administrative data may help identify potential influencing factors to SDM. The current findings may inform useful models to better predict and support SDM.Keywords: multilevel analysis, logistic regression, parents, child mental health, carer","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shaun Liverpool","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Hayes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julian Edbrooke-Childs","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":73},{"pmcid":"PMC8459088","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723366","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Quasi-experimental intervention study","ageRange":"Children aged 31 months","population":"Forty-six children identified as late talkers and their parents, including full-term and low-risk preterm children.","rationale":"The intervention combines dialogic reading with focused language stimulation. The authors examine how parents' contingent talk relates to children's expressive skills.","parentQuestion":"How might a caregiver respond to a child's attempt to communicate during a book?","readingPrompts":["Can the contribution of dialogic reading be separated from focused stimulation?","How were participants assigned, and what differed between the comparison conditions?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Group comparisons can be affected by baseline differences or concurrent support. Effects of a multicomponent program may not identify a single active ingredient.","id":"PMC8459088","title":"The Effects of a Parent-Implemented Language Intervention on Late-Talkers’ Expressive Skills: The Mediational Role of Parental Speech Contingency and Dialogic Reading Abilities","authors":"Chiara Suttora; Mariagrazia Zuccarini; Arianna Aceti; Luigi Corvaglia; Annalisa Guarini; Alessandra Sansavini","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-09-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723366","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8459088","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8459088/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8459088/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8459088-f63d5429f0bc0fb8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f63d5429f0bc0fb8d02e6d26dceef089655355c86647a4f659127e6768478f53","sourceTextSha256":"7a9c30e35af36c18f6d69c3f21c5e4d830baea71fe3c8cc8ac6bb3c43897388e","sourceXmlSha256":"e37b317d17925e11369bd7cec2cc94f997e9fe389181f57b838fdbdb3afeafdb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8f7a8d480ebb3c9bb20d28f54e9387074412da8de586cdc4c2132348e521a5d7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58398,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSeveral qualitative and quantitative features of parental speech input support children’s language development and may play a critical role in improving such process in late talkers. Parent-implemented interventions targeting late-talkers have been developed to promote children’s language outcomes by enhancing their linguistic environment, i.e., parental speech input. This study investigated the effect of a parent-implemented intervention in increasing late talkers’ expressive skills through modifications in structural and functional features of parental speech input. Forty-six thirty-one-month-old late talkers differing in their birth condition (either low-risk preterm or full-term) participated in the study with a parent; 24 parent-child dyads received a parent-implemented intervention centered on dialogic reading and focused stimulation techniques, whereas the other 22 dyads constituted the control group. At pre- and post-intervention, dyads took part in a parent-child shared book-reading session and both parental and child’s speech measures were collected and examined. Results showed that the intervention positively affected parents’ use of responses and expansions of children’s verbal initiatives, as well as the parental amount of talking over reading, whereas no structural features of parental input resulted modified. Mediation analyses pointed out that the intervention indirectly enhanced late-talkers’ use of verbal types and tokens through changes in parental use of expansions and amount of talking over reading. As birth status was entered as a covariate in the analysis, these findings can be extended to children with different gestational age. We conclude that the parent-implemented intervention was effective in supporting late-talkers’ gains in language development as a cascade result of the improvements in parental contingency and dialogic reading abilities. These promising findings suggest to examine not only children and parental outcomes but also the intervention mechanisms promoting changes in late-talkers’ language development as a clearer view on such process can inform the development of feasible, ecological and effective programs.Keywords: parent-implemented intervention, child-directed speech, expressive language delay, late-talkers, preterm birth","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chiara Suttora","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mariagrazia Zuccarini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Arianna Aceti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Luigi Corvaglia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Annalisa Guarini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Sansavini","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":74},{"pmcid":"PMC9122388","doi":"10.1111/hex.13443","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Adolescents in inpatient care","population":"Parents interviewed about participation in adolescent inpatient mental healthcare in Norway.","rationale":"The interviews address the tension between parental involvement, professional responsibilities and adolescents' own roles in care.","parentQuestion":"What does meaningful involvement look like to a parent when an adolescent is in hospital?","readingPrompts":["Were the young people's perspectives obtained directly in these interviews?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC9122388","title":"Parents' perspectives on user participation and shared decision‐making in adolescents' inpatient mental healthcare","authors":"Stig Bjønness; Trond Grønnestad; Jan O Johannessen; Marianne Storm","journal":"Health Expectations : An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2022-02-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13443","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9122388","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9122388/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9122388-a8fd85a46679d495.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a8fd85a46679d495b72a92b7afa597b67b94d25be339ecbf307f868d7432953c","sourceTextSha256":"eda1e3d52cc8402d5bc3530cfc0228c56b2a86c5c7b001cc6b437f87f5188d1d","sourceXmlSha256":"f91c9a8412f8075356dd0f4e69e702929590e506703af599b0955281d016c06a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a060a657582f3645e0930cf5babafb42c323f87dc5ca0477233c788c90de2a93","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39820,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParents are a resource that can be of considerable importance in supporting their adolescents' recovery and shared decision‐making processes. However, involving both adolescents and their parents in treatment creates challenges. Understanding the roles of all decision stakeholders is vital to the implementation of shared decision‐making and delivery of high‐quality healthcare services.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore parents' experiences with adolescents' participation in mental health treatment and how parents perceive being involved in decision‐making processes.DesignThis was a qualitative study with a phenomenological, inductive design. Content analysis of data from qualitative interviews was performed.Setting and ParticipantsThis study took place in a Norwegian public healthcare setting. Twelve parents of adolescents who received treatment for severe mental illness participated.ResultsFour themes were identified: (1) self‐determined treatment, but within limits; (2) the essential roles of parents; (3) the need for information and support; and (4) the fight for individualized treatment and service coordination.ConclusionUser participation is vital in adolescent mental healthcare and parents play essential roles regarding the shared decision‐making process. However, user participation and shared decision‐making pose several dilemmas. Parental involvement in treatment decisions may be necessary when adolescents are mentally ill, but could simultaneously hinder those adolescents' empowerment and recovery. Cooperation among parents, adolescents and healthcare professionals can improve treatment engagement and adherence, but may be challenged by divergent interests. Health services should provide family‐oriented services to utilize the potential of parents as a resource and minimize conflicting interests.Patient or Public ContributionTwo adolescent user representatives participated in designing the study.Keywords: adolescent, inpatient, mental healthcare, parents, qualitative study, shared decision‐making, user participation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Stig Bjønness","type":"Person"},{"name":"Trond Grønnestad","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jan O Johannessen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marianne Storm","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":75},{"pmcid":"PMC9446238","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872301","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Middle-school years","population":"Students represented in 438 classes across 112 schools in the China Education Panel Survey.","rationale":"This panel study follows parent–teacher relationships alongside achievement while accounting for the grouping of pupils within schools.","parentQuestion":"What might a sustained home–school relationship reveal that a single conference cannot?","readingPrompts":["How does the multilevel model handle differences between schools?","Were the same families observed at each time point, and how were missing observations handled?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish temporal order. Baseline differences, changes outside the study and loss to follow-up can still influence associations.","id":"PMC9446238","title":"Longitudinal impact of parent-teacher relationship on middle school students’ academic achievements in China","authors":"Wangqian Fu; Qianqian Pan; Ying Yuan; Guanyu Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-08-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872301","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9446238","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9446238/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9446238/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9446238-3b6fe54f163898af.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3b6fe54f163898afc957cb594850a2685ce050e6c1d137319b3ae794f6fe3e60","sourceTextSha256":"7ef81421857522cebdccbf9bbb26aaa4857f98d276f06b7947455db2fd7b82e1","sourceXmlSha256":"122648ca87895bf4b7a7241c568518e92ade4ec12a3bbe84d70227c4a4206642","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fa9f0017912ee0a4c04b0201ef019e3edda54da0b90b2db7890010eabea80037","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42083,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectiveThe study aims to discuss the longitudinal impact of the parent-teacher relationship on students’ academic achievements in China.MethodBased on the China Education Panel Survey, covering the data from 438 classes of 112 schools in 28 county-level administrative areas in China, we used the hierarchical linear model to analyze the data.ResultsWe found that the parents’ active communication with teachers, parents’ participation in parent meetings, teachers’ active contact, whether parents are afraid to communicate with teachers, and parents’ willingness to participate in parent meetings have significant relationships with students’ academic achievements. At the class level, the extent of teachers’ stress from parents’ requests and teachers’ perception of respect from parents also affected students’ academic achievements significantly in the Chinese context.ConclusionThere was a longitudinal association between the parent-teacher relationship and students’ academic achievements. The practical implication was discussed in the paper.Keywords: parent-teacher relationship, middle school, academic achievements, mainland China, hierarchical linear model","authorEntries":[{"name":"Wangqian Fu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qianqian Pan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Yuan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guanyu Chen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":76},{"pmcid":"PMC9510730","doi":"10.3389/fped.2022.860391","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Narrative review","ageRange":"Infants born preterm","population":"Published work on preterm infants, their parents and shared reading, including neonatal intensive care.","rationale":"The authors examine reading aloud as a way for caregivers to interact with preterm infants in a demanding clinical environment.","parentQuestion":"What does shared reading involve when an infant is in neonatal care?","readingPrompts":["Which suggestions are grounded in direct infant studies and which are theoretical?","Which claims come from direct studies and which are proposed explanations?","How could the setting change which contributions from children or caregivers an observer sees?"],"limitations":"A narrative account can bring together practical and theoretical work. It does not provide a quantitative estimate of effectiveness or ensure that every eligible study was included.","id":"PMC9510730","title":"A narrative review of the effect of parent–child shared reading in preterm infants","authors":"Laure Boissel; Jean-Marc Guilé; Sylvie Viaux-Savelon; Charlotte Mariana; Pascal Corde; Fabrice Wallois; Xavier Benarous","journal":"Frontiers in Pediatrics","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-09-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.860391","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9510730","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510730/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9510730/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9510730-2afb2cc64a959d8c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2afb2cc64a959d8cd0e759359ad22b0eaa78460c14e3b4c5495803d23b5e0756","sourceTextSha256":"7f7d3f27ca7d12d017731f366ae3b298e8dc298f1e0f2e577bbb0bf4c73ee215","sourceXmlSha256":"1ee66262a77d613ea3820ffd836acfb2d030a7192d5568ee2cba2c6656710a38","rightsEvidenceSha256":"98ecc129295fd0d0c6224a6068f0a18153f1d1c7da157952de9513a00e941666","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":25138,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe benefits of book-reading interventions on language development in full-term infants have been well investigated. Because children born preterm face a greater risk of cognitive, language and emotional impairments, this narrative review examines the theoretical evidence, empirical findings, and practical challenges for introducing such intervention to this population. The effect of shared book interventions on typically developing infants is mediated by three components: a linguistic aspect (i.e., exposure to enriched linguistic input), an interactive aspect (i.e., eliciting more synchronous and contingent communication), and a parental aspect (i.e., reducing parental stress and increasing sense of control). Parental shared book reading in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was found to be feasible and well accepted. It provides concrete support for positive parenting in a highly stressful context. Preliminary evidence supports a positive effect of shared reading sessions in physiological parameters of preterm infants in NICU. One study showed that parental shared book reading in an NICU is associated with lower decline in language development during the first 24 months compared to a historical control group. Findings from a community-based birth cohort confirm the positive effect of this intervention on cognitive development with a 2-year-follow up. More structured clinical trials are now needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Questions remain about possible moderators of these interventions, in particular cultural features.Keywords: early interventions, parent–infant intervention, neonatal intensive care unit, prematurity, reading","authorEntries":[{"name":"Laure Boissel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jean-Marc Guilé","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sylvie Viaux-Savelon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charlotte Mariana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pascal Corde","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fabrice Wallois","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xavier Benarous","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":77},{"pmcid":"PMC9600965","doi":"10.3390/children9101483","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Autistic children and their caregivers","population":"Randomized studies of internet-based parent-mediated autism interventions included in a systematic review.","rationale":"The review addresses how families and professionals collaborate online when access to in-person services is disrupted.","parentQuestion":"What support might a family need to take part in online coaching?","readingPrompts":["What could the included trials establish about remote delivery?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC9600965","title":"Managing Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Face of Pandemic Using Internet-Based Parent-Mediated Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","authors":"Iyus Yosep; Stephanie Amabella Prayogo; Kelvin Kohar; Hubert Andrew; Ai Mardhiyah; Shakira Amirah; Sidik Maulana; Maurizio Elia","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-09-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101483","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9600965","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9600965/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9600965-79a4e70e327b762e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"79a4e70e327b762eefcd6d09fe402b733aa27112a3c51a84ea641f7c59ab2493","sourceTextSha256":"4fe76908ce655786f05824addaacd402f3552e1166a2c179e968a82184bccc50","sourceXmlSha256":"587cc20a5c9af2f530c31dbe5d589acd1ea9dbe5a938601e07042ab7631e9e91","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":21120,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is primarily treated with psychosocial intervention. However, it is costly and requires extensive resources to be effective. This inaccessibility is also further worsened by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, making the shift to a digital approach a sensible option. Among the available ASD therapies, parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) have a broad application and lower implementation cost. Hence, this systematic review aims to evaluate the potential that telehealth-based PMI holds and explore its feasibility throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. To build up this study, a systematic search through PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Wiley, and Cochrane was performed until 14 January 2021. Using the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, we ultimately included six studies in the review. Each study was evaluated utilizing the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB)-2 tool. Generally, parents’ outcomes (knowledge, satisfaction, and compliance) were higher in intervention group (E-learning) compared to control (standard treatment or wait-list). Children also showed some improvements in social skill, communication skill, and intelligence after receiving the treatment. In addition, coaching or therapist sessions were found to be crucial as adjuvant to support parents during the intervention. In conclusion, internet-based parent-mediated interventions are promising and recommended for managing ASD patients, in the face of pandemic. However, more variety in study locations is also needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to tackle the knowledge and clinical application gap. Further research should be conducted with a uniform measurement tool to achieve the same perception and reliable pooled analysis.Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, internet-based parent-mediated intervention, COVID-19, systematic review","authorEntries":[{"name":"Iyus Yosep","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie Amabella Prayogo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kelvin Kohar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hubert Andrew","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ai Mardhiyah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shakira Amirah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sidik Maulana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maurizio Elia","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":78},{"pmcid":"PMC9676907","doi":"10.1007/s10643-022-01415-1","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Ages one to four and a half","population":"Twenty-four interviews with Norwegian parents about reading books with young children.","rationale":"Parents describe children's initiative, adults' direction and shared control during reading. The physical act of sitting together also enters their accounts.","parentQuestion":"Who gets to turn the page or change the subject when we read together?","readingPrompts":["How did parents describe a child's initiative in the interviews?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC9676907","title":"The Importance of Embodiment and Agency in Parents’ Positive Attitudes Towards Shared Reading with Their Children","authors":"Natalia Kucirkova; Vibeke Grøver","journal":"Early Childhood Education Journal","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-11-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01415-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9676907","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9676907/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9676907-c15ea0b82b8a4fa3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c15ea0b82b8a4fa3b4a672db285600df5fdd29929bd9004437c40dd194423397","sourceTextSha256":"a8b1c92623d84564412edaa3155645e09cdf71085d916acbeef68c409210398d","sourceXmlSha256":"945b3a140d2c472f44486924e1cdf190c67627d487e5b066336831909c9a4bcc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8b63cb6ffc1f3925d90ad990219d69371c6c2f175877e498879252687c81b7bb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35707,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParents’ attitudes are an important indicator of whether and how parents engage in shared book reading (SBR) at home. This study analysed Norwegian parents’ attitudes towards reading books with their children aged between 1–4.5 years. Thematic analysis of data from 24 interviews revealed two main themes in parents’ accounts: agency (the child’s independence, the adult’s control as well as their shared control during SBR) and embodiment (physical presence and intimate experience of a SBR session). Both themes correspond to parents’ preference for reading print rather than digital books with their children. Findings are discussed from the socio-material theoretical perspective, with attention to their practical and policy implications.Keywords: Parental attitudes, Shared book reading, Early literacy, Norway, Parents, e-books","authorEntries":[{"name":"Natalia Kucirkova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vibeke Grøver","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10643-022-01415-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"4d95dd1c86100cf2b82c4c7986595a31380bca6cfc94f746044366d882543b8c","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":79},{"pmcid":"PMC10143943","doi":"10.5334/aogh.3920","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Children before entering Grade 1","population":"117 women in rural Zambia participated in 15 focus groups about a locally developed children's book.","rationale":"Caregivers discuss how local-language stories can become a basis for talking and reading together before formal schooling.","parentQuestion":"What makes a story feel like something a caregiver and child can share at home?","readingPrompts":["How did local language and familiar settings enter the caregivers' accounts?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","How could the setting change which contributions from children or caregivers an observer sees?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC10143943","title":"A Qualitative Assessment of Community Acceptability and Use of a Locally Developed Children’s Book to Increase Shared Reading and Parent-Child Interactions in Rural Zambia","authors":"Jeanette L Kaiser; Thandiwe Ngoma; Peter C Rockers; Günther Fink; Allison Juntunen; Davidson H Hamer; Ben Chirwa; Nancy A Scott","journal":"Annals of Global Health","publisher":"Ubiquity Press","publishedDate":"2023-04-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3920","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10143943","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10143943/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10143943-385a90bb21cc725d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"385a90bb21cc725dfd4ae54a5c18261db2cd5af91af9d9bac019b5f12d44ffab","sourceTextSha256":"f443fa238bdc528d29443260784f065e6b2c5a1c5e6bc08387c1e1a3edfeb74a","sourceXmlSha256":"8262c51d1bdf19ca7eb1b4f93611965727b74ae9d7f55ed3cbf53d8f4528e493","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1b70560325de0bdd1aa17a4cbe75021116bc12a84772f5166fe508c72390938d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42465,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroduction:Early reading interventions hold promise for increasing language and literacy development in young children and improving caregiver-child interactions. To engage rural caregivers and young children in home reading, Zambian child psychologists and education specialists developed a culturally representative, local language children’s book targeted at pre-grade 1 children.Objectives:We qualitatively assessed community acceptability and use of the book distributed to households with young children in two provinces of Zambia.Methods:We conducted 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) with women (n=117) who received the “Zambian folktales adapted stories for young children” book. A codebook was created a priori, based on established themes in the guide; content analysis was conducted in Nvivo v12. Data were interpreted against the Theoretical Framework on Acceptability.Findings:Respondents described wide acceptability of the children’s book across multiple framework constructs. Respondents believed the book was culturally appropriate for its folktale structure and appreciated the morals and lessons provided by the stories. Respondents described using the book in multiple ways including reading in one-on-one or group settings, asking the child questions about the narrative or pictures, and providing additional commentary on the actions or figures in the pictures. Respondents believed the books were helping children grow their vocabulary and early literacy skills. The book’s simple vocabulary facilitated use by less educated caregivers. The primary concern voiced was the ability of low literacy caregivers to utilize the book for reading.Discussion:The children’s book was widely considered acceptable by rural Zambian communities. It provided a platform for an additional method of caregiver-child interactions in these households for reading, dialogue, and oral storytelling. Shared reading experiences have potentially substantial benefits for the language development and emergent literacy of young children. Programs to develop and deliver culturally acceptable books to households with limited access should be considered by governments and funders.Keywords: emergent literacy, school readiness, early childhood care and education, early childhood development, maternal child health, sub-Saharan Africa, low- and middle-income countries","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jeanette L Kaiser","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thandiwe Ngoma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter C Rockers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Günther Fink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Allison Juntunen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Davidson H Hamer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ben Chirwa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nancy A Scott","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":80},{"pmcid":"PMC4382976","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00360","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Structured task or observational assessment","ageRange":"12 and 15 months","population":"49 infants taking part in a pupil-response study and their parents","rationale":"This article addresses infant attention to another infant’s emotions alongside parents’ altruistic behavior.","parentQuestion":"What do I notice when my infant hears another baby becoming upset?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate infant attention to another infant’s emotions alongside parents’ altruistic behavior?","Which actions were observed directly, and how closely does the task resemble family life?","Does a change in an infant’s pupil size distinguish empathy from general emotional arousal?"],"limitations":"Pupil change is a measure of arousal. It does not independently show that an infant understood the other infant’s emotional state.","id":"PMC4382976","title":"Parents’ empathic perspective taking and altruistic behavior predicts infants’ arousal to others’ emotions","authors":"Michaela B. Upshaw; Cheryl R. Kaiser; Jessica A. Sommerville","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2015-04-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00360","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4382976","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4382976/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC4382976-943d3c9145430f6c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"943d3c9145430f6c910d5ff6d255d05c210273c7fddfe61d936cdcadd8c300d8","sourceTextSha256":"f5ad0256f825ca443a826689139ecce911e13ac8a25400fcb7bcc2cbe862e9f4","sourceXmlSha256":"c02a59cc3c7fd1e578c236f522e47ae0a849c1835bea5ca9b76bd13955b63656","rightsEvidenceSha256":"508b324186247f7d239d1c9013f203471677246c0c26b31d5dd613a148a950ab","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42912,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Empathy emerges in children’s overt behavior around the middle of the second year of life. Younger infants, however, exhibit arousal in response to others’ emotional displays, which is considered to be a precursor to fully developed empathy. The goal of the present study was to investigate individual variability in infants’ arousal toward others’ emotional displays, as indexed by 12- and 15-month-old infants’ (n = 49) pupillary changes in response to another infant’s emotions, and to determine whether such variability is linked to parental empathy and prosociality, as indexed via self-report questionnaires. We found that increases in infants’ pupil dilation in response to others’ emotional displays were associated with aspects of parental empathy and prosociality. Specifically, infants who exhibited the greatest arousal in response to others’ emotions had parents who scored highly on empathic perspective taking and self-reported altruism. These relations may have been found because arousal toward others’ emotions shares certain characteristics with empathic and prosocial dispositions. Together, these results demonstrate the presence of early variability in a precursor to mature empathic responding in infancy, which is meaningfully linked to parents’ empathic dispositions and prosocial behaviors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Michaela B. Upshaw","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cheryl R. Kaiser","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica A. Sommerville","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":81},{"pmcid":"PMC5434190","doi":"10.1002/brb3.685","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Around 6½ years","population":"Families contributing child behavior and parental genetic measures","rationale":"The authors examine how children’s prosocial actions and parental characteristics relate to the warmth parents show.","parentQuestion":"When my child offers help, how do I acknowledge the intention?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how children’s prosocial actions and parental characteristics relate to the warmth parents show?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","How did twin comparisons and experimentally assessed prosociality contribute different evidence?"],"limitations":"A genetic interaction in this sample is not an individual prediction. The tested variants and behavioral measures bound the inference.","id":"PMC5434190","title":"Parental brain‐derived neurotrophic factor genotype, child prosociality, and their interaction as predictors of parents’ warmth","authors":"Reut Avinun; Ariel Knafo‐Noam","journal":"Brain and Behavior","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2017-04-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.685","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5434190","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5434190/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5434190-1303601ebf02c89d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1303601ebf02c89dc745c328904c2f7492ca132781daef05330098138ac8a7e8","sourceTextSha256":"6f3c80c027d89cf7477eccd2ec5c9f09b8bcbdd164a9c020d7de9ace44a87d64","sourceXmlSha256":"1f3b2d2e1890b7ecb2f091fab466644567d628bf598ca80a5ba76dacc2e57dfa","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c25f3a7641549b1e49f31df7153ab99221c0e704ac0fd6f21f0199ede87570b4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39915,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParental warmth has been associated with various child behaviors, from effortful control to callous‐unemotional traits. Factors that have been shown to affect parental warmth include heritability and child behavior. However, there is limited knowledge about which specific genes are involved, how they interact with child behavior, how they affect differential parenting, and how they affect fathers. We examined what affects paternal and maternal warmth by focusing on the child's prosocial behavior and parents’ genotype, specifically a Valine to Methionine substitution at codon 66 in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene.MethodsData was available from a sample of 6.5 year‐old twins, consisting of 369 mothers and 663 children and 255 fathers and 458 children. Self‐reports were used to assess mothers’ and fathers’ warmth. Child prosociality was assessed with the other‐parent report and experimental assessments.ResultsMothers’ warmth was not affected by their BDNF genotype, neither as a main effect nor in an interaction with child prosociality. Fathers with the Met allele scored higher on warmth. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between fathers’ BDNF genotype and child prosociality. For fathers with the Met allele there was a positive association between warmth and child prosociality. Conversely, for fathers with the Val/Val genotype there was no association between warmth and child prosociality. Results were repeated longitudinally in a subsample with data on age 8–9 years. A direct within family analysis showed that fathers with the Met allele were more likely than Val/Val carriers to exhibit differential parenting toward twins who differed in their prosocial behavior. The same pattern of findings was found with mother‐rated and experimentally assessed prosociality.ConclusionsThese results shed light on the genetic and environmental underpinnings of paternal behavior and differential parenting.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Reut Avinun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ariel Knafo‐Noam","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":82},{"pmcid":"PMC5969199","doi":"10.3390/sports6010004","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods study","ageRange":"12–16 years","population":"Young athletes and nonathletes surveyed, plus interviews with athletes and sports parents","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine how relationships at home connect with prosocial action in sport.","parentQuestion":"What do we say about an opponent who needs help during a game?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how relationships at home connect with prosocial action in sport?","Where do the qualitative accounts support, qualify or add to the quantitative results?","How did young athletes’ descriptions of sportsmanship compare with those of sports parents?"],"limitations":"The survey included both athletes and nonathletes, whereas the interview sample was much smaller and focused on sports families.","id":"PMC5969199","title":"Links between Adolescent Athletes’ Prosocial Behavior and Relationship with Parents: A Mixed Methods Study","authors":"Aušra Lisinskienė; Marc Lochbaum","journal":"Sports","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2018-01-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6010004","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5969199","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5969199/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5969199-b3b2e2495dd6ab31.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b3b2e2495dd6ab31612dd2b6af9f433ee95057bcd7bfc669a1bf94b0c4e41275","sourceTextSha256":"5fb01152f14ff6ac112169198af3d080466f2d66047e5033f2beb0fecca131e0","sourceXmlSha256":"3615baefe1fe3c899d6f5965e953a181331c9c4a5c71a319ac732bcfca4d5721","rightsEvidenceSha256":"84738d552d65f17b6d60c734dc3cbb9d337dbd91cbdec7b2b6aa9d059dc9e56a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39281,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Adolescent relationships with parents are of the highest importance. The relationships likely reflect the nature of internal working models in youth sport that may well function as a psychological template during the construction of youth prosocial behavior. However, researchers’ focus to date has concerned specific aspects of parental practices in child-based sporting activities. There is a lack of research covering parent-athlete interpersonal relationships concerned with how the relationships affect adolescent prosocial behavior. The purpose of this mixed methods explanatory sequential study was to examine teenage athletes’ prosocial behavior and their relationships with parents. To achieve our purpose, we obtained quantitative data from 1348 athletes and non-athletes (ages 12–16), and qualitative data from 12 adolescent athletes and 12 youth sports parents. In the quantitative phase, we assessed adolescent prosocial behavior regarding the following six forms of prosocial behavior: public, anonymous, dire, compliant, altruistic and emotional. In the qualitative follow-up, three themes emerged from the adolescent athlete’s perspective: (1) sport as an escape; (2) parent-child relationships in youth sports; (3) adolescents’ desired behavior. Three themes emerged from the parental perspective: (1) sport as protection and as a school of life; (2) painful decisions to release a child; (3) understanding adolescent behavior. We found protection from delinquent behavior and increased prosocial behavior with securely attached young athletes who are actively involved in sports.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Aušra Lisinskienė","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc Lochbaum","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":83},{"pmcid":"PMC5909042","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00546","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"168 mother-child pairs participating in the study","rationale":"The authors examine maternal warmth as a proposed link between mindful parenting and adolescent emotional difficulties.","parentQuestion":"What does pausing before I respond feel like from my teenager’s side?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate maternal warmth as a proposed link between mindful parenting and adolescent emotional difficulties?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Does the proposed sequence from mindful parenting through warmth require assumptions about timing?"],"limitations":"An indirect association among three measured constructs cannot identify the order in which family changes occurred.","id":"PMC5909042","title":"The Indirect Path From Mindful Parenting to Emotional Problems in Adolescents: The Role of Maternal Warmth and Adolescents’ Mindfulness","authors":"Yuyin Wang; Yiying Liang; Linlin Fan; Kexiu Lin; Xiaolin Xie; Junhao Pan; Hui Zhou","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2018-04-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00546","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5909042","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5909042/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5909042/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC5909042-d70db1c011dd0f3f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d70db1c011dd0f3f2c29dd5dc5c4d405c4b7e875d446da7ae4a304495459bdb8","sourceTextSha256":"2fd9d197ed47bc1c1dd5adebbacb636e2d9f89de3ff2e9c5dde72a74fb627ff7","sourceXmlSha256":"17c1df5b0b698026b60ddf36e93041e93b2740a043582f87b9274e541c0fbd68","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4076114cdef639ea129f77978f3cdef9a440b3ca68828c6fb33b5405d80a8f76","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27423,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractMindfulness has been demonstrated to have positive effects on children’s emotional functioning, and adaptive parenting practices are associated with fewer emotional problems. However, the association between mindful parenting and adolescent emotional problems has not been studied much. In the current study, the indirect path from mindful parenting to adolescent emotional problems was examined, with maternal warmth and adolescent dispositional mindfulness as potential mediators. A sample of 168 mother–child dyads participated in this study. A serial indirect effects model showed mother’s mindful parenting could decrease adolescent emotional problems through adolescent’s perceived maternal warmth and their dispositional mindfulness. Findings of this study imply that intervention in mindful parenting may have benefits for adolescents’ emotional problems through enhancing maternal warmth and children’s trait mindfulness.Keywords: mindful parenting, warmth, mindfulness, emotional problems, indirect effect","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yuyin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yiying Liang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linlin Fan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kexiu Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaolin Xie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junhao Pan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hui Zhou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":84},{"pmcid":"PMC6040216","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01063","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Kindergarten","population":"333 Hong Kong kindergarten children, mothers, fathers and class teachers","rationale":"The focus here is warmth, hostility and changes in executive-function difficulties.","parentQuestion":"How do we respond when a child struggles to switch tasks?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate warmth, hostility and changes in executive-function difficulties?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How did teachers’ accounts of executive-function difficulties compare with the parenting reports?"],"limitations":"Children entered the study through Hong Kong kindergartens. School expectations and reporter differences matter when interpreting the two-year pattern.","id":"PMC6040216","title":"Parental Warmth and Hostility and Child Executive Function Problems: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Families","authors":"Chun Bun Lam; Kevin Kien Hoa Chung; Xiaomin Li","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2018-07-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01063","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6040216","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6040216/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6040216/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6040216-22f7b06d8e47c95b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"22f7b06d8e47c95b93e075f34f7c4dd6276da704fa919469dd64bb936010ef7f","sourceTextSha256":"643907185ba47a6dc8e39b851fcfac64aa1625459f3bbd73b7d8e19c0c7ebb0e","sourceXmlSha256":"d9e198df410681362c681483ba51ea6ca0b97d79c0a91cad0f19c852b4422b72","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8c4263b37782df3a896e89dbc13897dae0ce4fd2f49fe8574107e0cb86cbeb04","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43742,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the longitudinal associations of maternal and paternal warmth and hostility with child executive function problems. Data were collected for two consecutive years from 333 kindergarten children who resided in Hong Kong, China, as well as their mothers, fathers, and class teachers. At Time 1, the average age of children was 57.73 months, and 56% of them were girls. At Time 1, mothers and fathers rated their own parenting practices with their children. At Times 1 and 2, class teachers rated children’s problems in three aspects of executive functions, including updating/working memory, inhibition, and shifting/cognitive flexibility. As control variables, at Time 1, parents provided information on child and family demographic factors, and children completed verbal ability tasks. Multilevel modeling revealed that controlling for child and family demographic factors, child verbal abilities, and paternal parenting practices, maternal hostility, but not maternal warmth, was linked to increases in child inhibition and shifting/cognitive flexibility problems. Moreover, paternal hostility, but not paternal warmth, was linked to increases in updating/working memory problems. Theoretically, this study highlighted the importance of considering the contributions of both mothers and fathers, and differentiating between positive and negative aspects of parenting, when examining the development of child executive functions. Practically, this study pointed to the utility of targeting maternal and paternal hostility in family intervention and community education in order to reduce child executive function problems.Keywords: Chinese families, early childhood, executive functions, longitudinal, parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chun Bun Lam","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kevin Kien Hoa Chung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaomin Li","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":85},{"pmcid":"PMC6403163","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00379","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"643 children in the Panel Study on Korean Children","rationale":"The authors examine child social competence alongside maternal warmth and callous-unemotional traits.","parentQuestion":"How do we give a child repeated opportunities to notice someone else’s needs?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate child social competence alongside maternal warmth and callous-unemotional traits?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","Were callous-unemotional traits, child executive function and warmth rated by the same person?"],"limitations":"Associations in this Korean child panel depend on which measure captured social competence and at what point it was measured.","id":"PMC6403163","title":"Longitudinal Association Between Children’s Callous-Unemotional Traits and Social Competence: Child Executive Function and Maternal Warmth as Moderators","authors":"Hyunah Kim; Hyein Chang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2019-02-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00379","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6403163","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6403163/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6403163/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6403163-657396f1436cc5a3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"657396f1436cc5a33aeaa9209342d1239bea8f87b2d6cb972f7fa0bd4bf87d85","sourceTextSha256":"a44b9c24b680181c042a882e47657e7836d1a8648ebac5e289a5436cf73bab36","sourceXmlSha256":"e0ba0a9437c02a3b820ade3b184d2640ac15e8e35388f0f8238b5951caf580c0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6afa1548b08ba04194bff2a145942ba557ef7aa4c12967d23f98b8cd24b747e8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46749,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the longitudinal association between children’s early callous-unemotional (CU) traits and social competence in the transition to school-age, and tested whether this relationship was moderated by child executive function and maternal warmth. Participants were 643 children (49% girls) who were part of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) of the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE). Mothers rated children’s CU at 5 years and executive function at 8 years, and maternal warmth at 5 years. Teachers reported on children’s social competence at 8 years. Results of the model including child executive function as the moderator indicated that deficits in child executive function and child sex (boys) predicted lower social competence. In addition, the moderating effect of executive function on the relationship between CU and social competence approached a trend such that CU predicted lower social competence only for children with lower executive function. In the model that included maternal warmth as a moderator, CU traits was associated with lower social competence, and this effect was more pronounced for boys as indicated by a significant effects of CU × child sex on social competence. The findings are discussed with respect to considering individual and contextual factors by which early CU becomes associated with individual differences in children’s social competence.Keywords: callous-unemotional (CU) traits, social competence, executive function, maternal warmth, Panel Study on Korean Children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Hyunah Kim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hyein Chang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":86},{"pmcid":"PMC6969352","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100658","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Neurophysiological study","ageRange":"11–13 years at assessment","population":"Mothers and children followed in the context of chronic trauma, including war exposure","rationale":"This article addresses maternal responses to others’ pain alongside children’s empathic capacities.","parentQuestion":"How can I acknowledge distress without asking a child to manage mine?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate maternal responses to others’ pain alongside children’s empathic capacities?","What behavioral measure accompanies the physiological measure, and how specific is that link?","What can neural responses to vicarious pain add to the observed measures of caregiving and child empathy?"],"limitations":"Brain responses in a war-exposed sample are indirect measures of a specific task. They cannot define an individual mother’s capacity for empathy.","id":"PMC6969352","title":"Chronic trauma impairs the neural basis of empathy in mothers: Relations to parenting and children’s empathic abilities","authors":"Jonathan Levy; Karen Yirmiya; Abraham Goldstein; Ruth Feldman","journal":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2019-05-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100658","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6969352","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6969352/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6969352-914bd4f982e43714.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"914bd4f982e4371416f8e8a59f66ce53630e1b095b490dc6cece078bd5e27514","sourceTextSha256":"0b3f10b5147dc4acdf2a8f2827d34b3a6d5cce353cfbc114ad0e70c778dd6d02","sourceXmlSha256":"7616717f49e9e46e3537337d97087327a824717c2ad24ef193941b01de662232","rightsEvidenceSha256":"626346b43bb51d6bd2f1adadbeb5949f80665b552807e4cceec523709b13dfb4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49659,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Highlights•Trauma-exposed mothers do not exhibit gamma oscillations in viceromotor cortex.•Viceromotor gamma is a neural marker of mature empathy.•Maternal viceromotor gamma is predicted by mother-child synchrony.•Maternal viceromotor gamma predicts adolescents' prosociality.Keywords: Trauma, Empathy, Magnetoencephalography, Gamma oscillations, Mother-child synchrony, Longitudinal studies\n\nAbstractEarly life stress carries long-term negative consequences for children's well-being and maturation of the social brain. Here, we utilize a unique cohort to test its effects on mothers' social brain, targeting mothers' neural empathic response in relation to caregiving and child empathic abilities. Mother-child dyads living in a zone of repeated war-related trauma were followed from early childhood and mother-child behavioral synchrony was repeatedly observed. At pre-adolescence(11–13 years) children's empathic abilities were assessed and mothers(N = 88, N = 44 war-exposed) underwent magnetoencephalography(MEG) while exposed to vicarious pain. All mothers showed alpha suppression in sensorimotor regions, indicating automatic response to others' pain. However, trauma-exposed mothers did not exhibit gamma oscillations in viceromotor cortex, a neural marker of mature empathy which utilizes interoceptive mechanisms for higher-order understanding and does not emerge before adulthood. Mother-child synchrony across the first decade predicted mothers' viceromotor gamma, and both synchrony and maternal viceromotor gamma mediated the relations between war-exposure and child empathic abilities, possibly charting a cross-generational pathway from mothers' mature neural empathy to children's empathic capacities. Our findings are first to probe the maternal social brain in adolescence in relation to parenting and underscore the need for targeted interventions to mothers raising children in contexts of chronic stress.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jonathan Levy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen Yirmiya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abraham Goldstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruth Feldman","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":87},{"pmcid":"PMC6617038","doi":"10.3390/ijerph16122212","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Childhood after adoption","population":"Children adopted from care in the Wales Adoption Cohort Study","rationale":"This article addresses adoptive parental warmth alongside adversity before placement.","parentQuestion":"How can we make welcome and affection predictable after a major family transition?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate adoptive parental warmth alongside adversity before placement?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How do the case-file histories differ from what adoptive parents reported after placement?"],"limitations":"Records of adversity can be incomplete, and the children with questionnaire follow-up can differ from those represented only in files.","id":"PMC6617038","title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment","authors":"Rebecca E Anthony; Amy L Paine; Katherine H Shelton","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2019-06-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122212","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6617038","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6617038/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC6617038-6ed0afbf5d3ba969.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6ed0afbf5d3ba9696498aae45b34919d3a1876ad55584d89ff51efcf27a74036","sourceTextSha256":"790853a87b3656c1af04370ae1c342c5ebf9ad2c6dcb32fb1ed598d36c00039a","sourceXmlSha256":"f6d88773493c18981a526d0fca9562d8ae8fd8fdf12ea0936c9680a1a2d39547","rightsEvidenceSha256":"87c09ad18124d45a19136eabc8d388213fa5e91a9e074c45a98e89aea76722ef","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Comment in","identifier":"34147498","identifierType":"MED"}],"sourceCharacters":38386,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWe investigated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and children’s internalising symptoms and externalising problems in the Wales Adoption Cohort Study, a prospective longitudinal study that used case file records (n = 374) for a sample of British children adopted from care (M = 2 years, 55% male). Parents (n = 96) completed questionnaires at 3–5 months, 15–17 months, and 31–33 months post-placement. We hypothesised that: (1) children adopted from care would have experienced more ACEs than children in the general population; (2) the number of ACEs would be associated with higher internalising symptom and externalising problem scores; and (3) adoptive parental warmth would moderate the relationship between ACEs and post-placement internalising symptoms and externalising problems. Nearly half (42%) of the children experienced four or more ACEs. Internalising symptoms and externalising problems were significantly higher than the UK general population. The number of ACEs was associated with internalising symptoms 3 years post-adoptive placement but this relationship was moderated by adoptive parental warmth. This study profiles the experiences and characteristics of a national sample of adopted children and highlights the potential importance of parent warmth as a factor that ameliorates the impact of ACEs on poor child outcomes.Keywords: adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), adoption, looked after, parental warmth, mental health, child adjustment","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rebecca E Anthony","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amy L Paine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine H Shelton","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":88},{"pmcid":"PMC7089529","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0230636","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Parents of young children","population":"150 parents from a nonclinical sample reporting on themselves and their children","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine the distinction between general empathy and empathy toward one’s own child.","parentQuestion":"When I am feeling low, which feelings in my child are hardest to notice?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate the distinction between general empathy and empathy toward one’s own child?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did parents’ scores for empathy in general relate to empathy toward their own children?"],"limitations":"Parents’ self-reports of symptoms and empathy may reflect current mood. The study did not establish what a child experienced on a particular occasion.","id":"PMC7089529","title":"Depressive symptoms in parents are associated with reduced empathy toward their young children","authors":"Virginia C. Salo; Sara J. Schunck; Kathryn L. Humphreys","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2020-03-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230636","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7089529","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7089529/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7089529-be6cee9672fb1cd0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"be6cee9672fb1cd024e3f58c2b124d4f794f8cf20a36b3ba509745805f7bfc6a","sourceTextSha256":"3a0f175699369f1ab589ced517c192081d5e07f34fcc6ff92e50fa02dad6779f","sourceXmlSha256":"3fc636451adbe3815ca4d823804d0c3f8ef6be14f082326c63c196cdacb5f075","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4d0016df14fd13bd0e4c5115f8a4b130469be633bf6d951a58e404dd2c4643a1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49975,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundWhile depression is typically associated with reduced levels of empathy, this association differs depending on how empathy is measured. Given the importance of empathy in the parent–child relationship, we sought to examine whether the associations between depression and dispositional empathy would also extend to empathy towards one’s own child.MethodsWithin a non-clinical sample of 150 parents of young children, we examined the associations between self-reported depressive symptoms, dispositional empathic tendencies, and empathy specifically toward their own children, and how these associations might differ based on parent gender.ResultsDepressive symptoms were related to lower levels of cognitive and affective empathy, and higher levels of empathic distress. Over and above the association with dispositional empathy, depressive symptoms were associated with reduced levels of parents’ affective empathy toward their own child. The associations between depressive symptoms and both dispositional and own-child specific empathy varied by parent gender. For fathers, depressive symptoms predicted own-child specific affective empathy, over and above dispositional affective empathy, while for mothers, depressive symptoms predicted own-child specific empathic distress, over and above dispositional empathic distress.ConclusionsThe current findings provide further indication that caregivers with elevated depression may engage in patterns of thoughts and behaviors that have implications for their interactions with their children. Parents’ experienced empathy toward their own child may be one mechanism by which depression impacts the early caregiving environment, and thus may be an important target for intervention in improving the early caregiving experiences for children at elevated risk due to parental depression. Differences in cognitive and affective empathy found among those with depression may be even more pronounced in the thoughts and feelings towards one’s own child, making this an important clinical target.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Virginia C. Salo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara J. Schunck","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathryn L. Humphreys","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":89},{"pmcid":"PMC7602436","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17207487","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Three generations","population":"871 university students, their parents and grandparents in Spanish families","rationale":"The focus here is family warmth and strictness as recalled across generations.","parentQuestion":"Which gestures of affection are shared across generations in our family?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate family warmth and strictness as recalled across generations?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the authors distinguish generational change from differences in what adults remember?"],"limitations":"Comparing students, parents and grandparents at one time cannot untangle historical change from age and recall differences.","id":"PMC7602436","title":"Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment","authors":"Oscar F Garcia; Maria C Fuentes; Enrique Gracia; Emilia Serra; Fernando Garcia","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2020-10-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207487","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7602436","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7602436/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7602436-40a980c14a74b939.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"40a980c14a74b93940e7f792b0b8f75c2e794c037d03138d18f824c6d969228c","sourceTextSha256":"acc2351a731e32c6d39bc360bcf2c4e15d2d4770456ec3c2953fa85ac5de47d1","sourceXmlSha256":"98edfc19c8a920815fc94b89cc48c7277ad2c71f1e7456cde3322b1eeead9ad7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fba87a298071b56fd4c5fe3646a2e4b3cb0652daeca23ecfe2ae2e8fe1f64104","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43844,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractRecent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children’s psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood. Parenting practices characterized by warmth (affection, reasoning, indifference, and detachment) and strictness (revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment) were examined. Psychosocial adjustment was captured with multidimensional self-concept and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness). Participants were 871 individuals who were members of three generations of Spanish families: College students (G3), their parents (G2), and their grandparents (G1). Results showed two different cross-generational patterns in parenting practices, with an increased tendency toward parental warmth (parents use more affection and reasoning but less indifference across generations) and a decreased tendency toward parental strictness (parents use revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment less across generations). Interestingly, despite cross-generational differences in parenting practices, a common pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment was found: indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better self-concept and well-being than authoritative parenting, whereas parenting characterized by non-warmth (authoritarian and neglectful) was related to poor scores.Keywords: parenting practices, warmth, strictness, parenting styles, generations, psychosocial adjustment","authorEntries":[{"name":"Oscar F Garcia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria C Fuentes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Enrique Gracia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emilia Serra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fernando Garcia","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":90},{"pmcid":"PMC7674169","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590384","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"4–6 years","population":"Children followed across early childhood with measures of donation behavior and mothers’ compassion","rationale":"The authors examine changes in a child’s generosity across two ages and the caregiving setting.","parentQuestion":"When does my child offer something voluntarily, and how do I respond?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate changes in a child’s generosity across two ages and the caregiving setting?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","What did a donation in the study cost the child, and did children face the same task at ages four and six?"],"limitations":"Donation behavior in a particular task captures one form of generosity and may depend on how the task and rewards were presented.","id":"PMC7674169","title":"The Development of Generosity From 4 to 6 Years: Examining Stability and the Biopsychosocial Contributions of Children’s Vagal Flexibility and Mothers’ Compassion","authors":"Jonas G Miller; Sarah Kahle; Natalie R Troxel; Paul D Hastings","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-11-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590384","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7674169","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7674169/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7674169/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7674169-46c7ce22dbcb0666.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"46c7ce22dbcb066699c40fbd7434a080f223f28671e3d13d577c182cd93923eb","sourceTextSha256":"b84e1c017e3ce1fcdc573b47f3b15d3317bd1d30f1fa362e8109beed0873164f","sourceXmlSha256":"1fae711601e21a9898cfc9cf20d204ddba231d1c9ebe0bdfebf50633346b158b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b12e244ed9c8bf0754abe3dab8575e6d2f77435311ccb617e46832ecf22b18c7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42326,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIndividual differences in children’s prosocial behaviors, including their willingness to give up something of value for the benefit of others, are rooted in physiological and environmental processes. In a sample of 4-year-old children, we previously found evidence that flexible changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were linked to donation behavior, and that these physiological patterns may support greater sensitivity to the positive effects of compassionate parenting on donation behavior. The current study focused on a follow-up assessment of these children at age 6. First, we examined the stability of individual differences in donation behavior and related parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity from age 4 to 6. Second, we examined associations between donation behavior and RSA at 6 years. Third, we examined whether the association between children’s RSA and donation behavior at age 6 varied depending on mothers’ compassionate love. We found low to modest stability in donation behavior and RSA reactivity from age 4 to 6. These findings provide preliminary evidence that stable individual differences in altruism, as reflected by generosity, and in some aspects of parasympathetic functioning during opportunities to be prosocial, emerge in childhood. In addition, we found that some of the same associations between donation behavior, RSA, and compassionate love that we previously observed in children at 4 years of age continued to be evident 2 years later at age 6. Greater decreases in RSA when given the opportunity to donate were associated with children donating more of their own resources which, in turn, were associated with greater RSA recovery after the task. Lastly, mothers’ compassionate love was positively associated with donation behavior in children who demonstrated stronger decreases in RSA during the task; compassionate parenting and RSA reactivity may serve as external and internal supports for prosociality that build on each other. Taken together, these findings contribute to the perspectives that individual differences in altruistic behaviors are intrinsically linked to healthy vagal flexibility, and that biopsychosocial approaches provide a useful framework for examining and understanding the environmental and physiological processes underlying these individual differences.Keywords: altruism, childhood, compassion, polyvagal theory, vagal regulation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jonas G Miller","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Kahle","type":"Person"},{"name":"Natalie R Troxel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul D Hastings","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":91},{"pmcid":"PMC7683784","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590097","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"12–18 years","population":"1,599 adolescents from secondary schools in Spain","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine teenagers’ perceptions of warmth in families reporting aggression toward parents.","parentQuestion":"How can we distinguish a boundary from withdrawal of affection?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate teenagers’ perceptions of warmth in families reporting aggression toward parents?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Could feeling threatened at home shape reports of warmth as well as the other way around?"],"limitations":"The same young people described family warmth and violence. Those accounts give access to perceived experience, with limited evidence about direction.","id":"PMC7683784","title":"Analyzing the Relationship Between Child-to-Parent Violence and Perceived Parental Warmth","authors":"M Carmen Cano-Lozano; F Javier Rodríguez-Díaz; Samuel P León; Lourdes Contreras","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2020-11-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590097","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7683784","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7683784/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7683784/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC7683784-88650a7a4f216382.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"88650a7a4f21638296a13c35f296b9aa15799d4146cd433bef43532bf05ad855","sourceTextSha256":"5985f952322afc97bcd519184484a424491f43c36fe4063bbdcf1d5378f6dd3b","sourceXmlSha256":"20b268fd6e414f51ca2e02e6df1f46858f53433ba1a6aa4691695a4d4117ca18","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3de8c4d30e3559038d8a7b81b2ae0d85966664af5967086cd7af55c6a883dec9","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45308,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe relationship between child-to-parent violence (CPV) and the perceived parental warmth dimension has been well established. However, it is necessary to further investigate the nature of this relationship considering the involvement of other variables. The objective of this study was to analyze the role of cognitive (hostile attribution), emotional (anger), and social variables (deviant peer group and drug use) in the relationship between the perceived parental warmth dimension (warmth-communication and criticism-rejection) and CPV motivated by reactive or instrumental reasons. The community sample consisted of 1,599 Spanish adolescents (54.8% girls) between the ages of 12 and 18 years (Mage = 14.6, SD = 1.6 years) from different secondary schools in Jaén (75.3%) and Oviedo (24.7%) (Spain). Each participant completed the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q), the Warmth Scale (WS), adolescents’ version, the Social Information Processing (SIP) in Child-to-parent Conflicts Questionnaire and Deviant Peers and Drug Use Questionnaires. The results indicate that perceived parental warmth is negatively correlated with hostile attribution, adolescent anger, relationship with a deviant peer group, while perceived parental criticism is positively linked to these variables. Likewise, hostile attribution and adolescent anger are positively linked to reactive CPV. Relationship with a deviant peer group is associated with drug use, which also predicts both reactive and instrumental CPV. In sum, a lack of perceived parental warmth has important repercussions in the form of the psychological and social maladjustment of children, which in turn is differentially correlated with reactive or instrumental CPV. Thus, prevention and intervention programs for CPV should consider, on the one hand, working with parents on parental practices that incorporate parental warmth as a fundamental element and, on the other hand, working with children on cognitive, emotional, and social aspects, taking into account the different motivations for this type of violence.Keywords: anger, child-to-parent violence, drug use, hostile attribution, instrumental reasons, peer group, perceived parental warmth, reactive reasons","authorEntries":[{"name":"M Carmen Cano-Lozano","type":"Person"},{"name":"F Javier Rodríguez-Díaz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samuel P León","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lourdes Contreras","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":92},{"pmcid":"PMC8304070","doi":"10.3390/brainsci11070923","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"3–6 years at enrollment","population":"Preschool-aged children followed one and two years after enrollment","rationale":"The authors examine the development of conscience alongside temperament and parental warmth.","parentQuestion":"How can I explain the effect of an action on someone else?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate the development of conscience alongside temperament and parental warmth?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","Were warmth, fearless temperament and conscience assessed by the same observer at each follow-up?"],"limitations":"The study began when children were aged three to six. Early traits and scale scores should not become lasting labels for individual children.","id":"PMC8304070","title":"Psychopathic Traits in Childhood: Insights from Parental Warmth and Fearless Temperament via Conscience Development","authors":"Laura López-Romero; Olalla Cutrín; Lorena Maneiro; Beatriz Domínguez-Álvarez; Estrella Romero; Annarita Milone; Gianluca Sesso","journal":"Brain Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2021-07-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070923","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8304070","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8304070/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8304070-7770fcaa3cc38d49.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7770fcaa3cc38d496c53f0458207ed8cf6bcd2c13bd59eae04e0313043239ea1","sourceTextSha256":"eedf7824d75d3876d64edc6d8b0db087dbe54e433215720996b1a285218d4416","sourceXmlSha256":"33b180c5788a12fb61f9526b40635210628e835613b59226537b12adc1a19f2b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2fa9160ab0eb300b1a676a50b8330d345e3fc2e3c77838c6ebac17b4470b64a8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40127,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe role of psychopathic traits in predicting more serious and persistent patterns of child conduct problems has been well documented. The jointly presence of interpersonal (grandiose–deceitful), affective (e.g., callous–unemotional), and behavioral psychopathic traits (impulsive–need of stimulation) identifies a group of children at increased risk of psychosocial maladjustment. The present study aims to disentangle the underlying mechanisms by examining how early parenting (i.e., warmth) and child temperament (i.e., fearlessness) predict later psychopathic traits, via conscience development (CD). Data were collected in a large sample of children (n = 2.266; 48.5% girls), aged 3 to 6 at the onset of the study (Mage = 4.25; SD = 0.91), who were followed up one and two years later. The results showed direct effects from fearlessness to interpersonal and behavioral psychopathic traits. Parental warmth, fearless temperament, and their interaction, predicted CD, which, in turn, showed a negative effect on psychopathic traits. The indirect effects indicated significant negative mediation effects of warmth through CD on psychopathic traits, which seem to be stronger when children present lower levels of fearlessness. Overall, these results contribute to better understand the development of child psychopathic traits and provide additional insight on effective strategies that will help to restrain the potential development of a high-risk profile in early childhood.Keywords: psychopathic traits, childhood, fearlessness, parental warmth, conscience development","authorEntries":[{"name":"Laura López-Romero","type":"Person"},{"name":"Olalla Cutrín","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lorena Maneiro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Beatriz Domínguez-Álvarez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Estrella Romero","type":"Person"},{"name":"Annarita Milone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gianluca Sesso","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":93},{"pmcid":"PMC8374623","doi":"10.1017/S0954579420000231","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Childhood after adoption","population":"Children adopted from care, with case-file data and questionnaire follow-up after placement","rationale":"The focus here is postadoptive warmth across multiple stages of children’s adjustment.","parentQuestion":"Which routines communicate welcome as a child settles into a new home?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate postadoptive warmth across multiple stages of children’s adjustment?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","At which postplacement checks did carers report children’s adjustment, and how many families completed them?"],"limitations":"Case-file data covered more children than the questionnaire follow-ups, so trajectories describe a more limited group than the intake records.","id":"PMC8374623","title":"Charting the trajectories of adopted children's emotional and behavioral problems: The impact of early adversity and postadoptive parental warmth","authors":"Amy L. Paine; Oliver Perra; Rebecca Anthony; Katherine H. Shelton","journal":"Development and Psychopathology","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publishedDate":"2021-08-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000231","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8374623","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8374623/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8374623-74fe6183bf5d9730.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"74fe6183bf5d9730cdf636a5dc34fb7fb024c73f6c24ac5f4452831004e6ae18","sourceTextSha256":"516aa3e47beab5f173d18c70593835c2b1a447156fa1892d29e044f237ff512f","sourceXmlSha256":"b4eb1dcf0845f4c8ed86a3a7ffe0dd50dcee0d691544e27f299bd511939dfe51","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c810dfd039dc9db5d6fb0b94a0dfb230e4d1b2edfbee2048ef1831617ed30df1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62140,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Children who are adopted from care are more likely to experience enduring emotional and behavioral problems across development; however, adoptees’ trajectories of mental health problems and factors that impact their trajectories are poorly understood. Therefore, we used multilevel growth analyses to chart adoptees’ internalizing and externalizing problems across childhood, and examined the associations between preadoptive risk and postadoptive protective factors on their trajectories. This was investigated in a prospective longitudinal study of case file records (N = 374) and questionnaire-based follow-ups (N = 96) at approximately 5, 21, and 36 months postadoptive placement. Preadoptive adversity (indexed by age at placement, days in care, and number of adverse childhood experiences) was associated with higher internalizing and externalizing scores; the decrease in internalizing scores over childhood was accelerated for those exposed to lower levels of preadoptive risk. Warm adoptive parenting was associated with a marked reduction in children's internalizing and externalizing problems over time. Although potentially limited by shared methods variance and lack of variability in parental warmth scores, these findings demonstrate the deleterious impact of preadoptive risk and the positive role of exceptionally warm adoptive parenting on children's trajectories of mental health problems and have relevance for prevention and intervention strategies.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Amy L. Paine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Oliver Perra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Anthony","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine H. Shelton","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1017%2Fs0954579420000231","publisherEvidenceSha256":"8fe5c67cfdd89949fb18ab0024352e9eb7fec7f43c06040f63e3092ad7c16f9f","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":94},{"pmcid":"PMC8552025","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724871","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"6 and 9 months","population":"11 Japanese and 10 Scottish mother-infant pairs observed during feeding","rationale":"This article addresses the timing of mutual responses during feeding in two cultural settings.","parentQuestion":"How can I notice a baby’s pause or invitation during a feed?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate the timing of mutual responses during feeding in two cultural settings?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How did feeding rhythms change from six to nine months within each small group?"],"limitations":"Observations involved 21 mother-infant pairs. Differences between these groups cannot characterize all Japanese or Scottish families.","id":"PMC8552025","title":"Comparison of Japanese and Scottish Mother–Infant Intersubjectivity: Resonance of Timing, Anticipation, and Empathy During Feeding","authors":"Koichi Negayama; Jonathan T Delafield-Butt; Keiko Momose; Konomi Ishijima; Noriko Kawahara","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-10-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724871","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8552025","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8552025/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8552025/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8552025-7552d799107459a0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7552d799107459a0e9ee8b7f7db13fd66e0f8d241013aeceb023d8c4bb95b229","sourceTextSha256":"241a3ae126c0119cf70f0221b648fc5b9289361abb843cdbd7dd825c1f328720","sourceXmlSha256":"cfb66c555baa6532cbc6e788bec586a26faca0b717ba956c72ca578ef28bb63b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"aa2dc1c60487917827c698a04ccf30645c986a8a264704da0203ac0a0eab43b3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49641,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractFeeding involves communication between mothers and infants and requires precise synchrony in a special triadic relationship with the food. It is deeply related to their intersubjectivity. This study compared the development of mother–infant intersubjectivity through interactional synchrony in feeding between 11 Japanese and 10 Scottish mother–infant dyads, observed at 6 and 9 months by video. Japanese mothers were more deliberate in feeding at an earlier age, whereas Scottish mothers were significantly more coercive than Japanese mothers at an earlier age. Japanese mothers brought the spoon to infants with a pause to adjust the timing of insertion to match their infants’ readiness, whereas this pause was not observed in Scottish mothers. Isomorphic mouth opening between mothers and infants was observed. This empathic maternal display is an important element of intersubjectivity in infant feeding that differed between Scottish and Japanese mothers. Scottish mothers’ mouth opening always followed their infants’ mouth opening, but about half of Japanese mothers preceded their infants. Further, the mouths of Scottish infants and mothers opened almost at the same time as spoon insertion. In contrast, Japanese mothers’ mouth opening did not co-occur with the insertion but was close to spoon arrival, a subtle but important difference that allows for greater infant autonomy. The time structure of Scottish mother-infant interactions was simpler and more predictable at 9 months than in Japan, where the structure was more variable, likely due to a stronger regulation by Scottish mothers. In conclusion, Scottish mother-infant intersubjectivity is characterized as more maternally reactive and mother-centered, whereas Japanese mother-infant intersubjectivity is characterized as more maternally empathetic and infant-centered. Cultural differences in intersubjectivity during feeding between Japan and Scotland are further discussed in relation to triadic relationships and parenting styles.Keywords: intersubjectivity, interactional synchrony, Japan and Scotland, mother–infant relations, empathy in feeding, mouth opening","authorEntries":[{"name":"Koichi Negayama","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonathan T Delafield-Butt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Keiko Momose","type":"Person"},{"name":"Konomi Ishijima","type":"Person"},{"name":"Noriko Kawahara","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":95},{"pmcid":"PMC8568170","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0259522","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Measurement study","ageRange":"Adults parenting children","population":"212 parents in the second study following an initial pilot with university students","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine what performance tasks reveal about parental empathy compared with questionnaires.","parentQuestion":"How does a task about a child’s feelings differ from asking a parent about empathy?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate what performance tasks reveal about parental empathy compared with questionnaires?","What exactly does the measure score, and who decides whether an observation meets the definition?","How did findings from the student pilot compare with those from the sample of 212 parents?"],"limitations":"Performance on an analog task may differ from how a parent responds under time pressure to their own child.","id":"PMC8568170","title":"Development and psychometric characteristics of analog measures of parental empathy","authors":"Samantha Gonzalez; Christina M Rodriguez; Soo Hyun Rhee","journal":"PLoS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2021-11-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259522","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8568170","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8568170/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8568170-e27b13c8fe64aab3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e27b13c8fe64aab357049b06acefe6e4cb90f5f2649aed1b3a83d7101ae98ba8","sourceTextSha256":"3e78e50805746ac889070171d8d0150e408c1e708069f703e79098ca6df7600a","sourceXmlSha256":"62a06aaf79b29a719f1f865a260ec33f080e620ace3ffc6a18e8ed58dfd36089","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5ba1efd22d1915c4157a4a9f04f8919f57f85ed010942d021113c17f259b7e60","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":73301,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractDespite substantial literature on the effect of empathy on parenting, empathy research has historically suffered from definitional and methodological limitations. Parental empathy can be characterized as parents’ ability to recognize, take the perspective of, and appropriately react to children’s emotions. Current parental empathy assessment largely relies on self-report measures of dispositional empathy, but many argue parental empathy is distinct from dispositional empathy. Despite efforts to measure parental empathy implicitly, such analog approaches are labor intensive. The current report describes the preliminary development of the Empathy Measure for Parents Analog Task (EMPAT), two novel analog measures of parental empathy: one EMPAT analog uses audio stimuli and a second version uses written evocative scripts. After piloting with a sample of undergraduate students (Study 1), the measures were then administered to a sample of 212 parents (Study 2). For each study, the accuracy of the audio and script stimuli were first confirmed by examination of frequency distributions, then exploratory factor analyses were conducted to determine factor structure for each emotion subscale (i.e., Happy, Mad, Sad, Scared), and finally the composition of each emotion subscale was confirmed with scale reliability analyses. Correlations between each EMPAT version and measures of dispositional empathy, parental empathy, and positive parenting indicators were examined to assess the initial validity of the EMPAT measures. The new analog tasks demonstrated good reliability as well as preliminary evidence of validity, with potential utility in assessing cognitive elements of empathy in particular. With continued efforts to examine measure validity, the implications of these studies suggest the EMPAT tasks show promise in providing improved implicit, efficient assessments of child-directed empathy, which may be important for understanding positive and problematic parenting.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Samantha Gonzalez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christina M Rodriguez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Soo Hyun Rhee","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":96},{"pmcid":"PMC8696346","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729654","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Preschool","population":"Mother-father families with preschoolers in the Building Strong Families project","rationale":"The focus here is material hardship, coparenting and preschool helping behavior.","parentQuestion":"How do the adults in our home support one another when resources are stretched?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate material hardship, coparenting and preschool helping behavior?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Which material hardships and coparenting behaviors were measured separately?"],"limitations":"Economic hardship and co-parent support can change together. Results from a low-income mother-father sample may differ in households with other caregivers.","id":"PMC8696346","title":"Material Hardship in Families With Low Income: Positive Effects of Coparenting on Fathers’ and Mothers’ Parenting and Children’s Prosocial Behaviors","authors":"Joyce Y. Lee; Brenda L. Volling; Shawna J. Lee","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2021-12-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729654","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8696346","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8696346/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC8696346-077d9727e2c29cd1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"077d9727e2c29cd1729fdb34cd87333e3e23293a34bc0748b514f7321d7ff79a","sourceTextSha256":"18517419e0eed89dc546171871fc0c58cacb983d76bd1d998490a8d3f727430a","sourceXmlSha256":"d45caf5bcad404ade0ed0e56aa2a28906f3d3a06ec68df58011730e7721a4cd2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f5a1ded4eb4cb383fbe69ffd413e1fb6155aff7dbf1cbe262fe836eab6506b3e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62603,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Families with low income experience high levels of economic insecurity, but less is known about how mothers and fathers in such families successfully navigate coparenting and parenting in the context of material hardship. The current study utilized a risk and resilience framework to investigate the underlying family processes linking material hardship and children’s prosocial behaviors in a sample of socioeconomically disadvantaged mother-father families with preschoolers from the Building Strong Families project (N = 452). Coparenting alliance and mothers’ and fathers’ responsive parenting were examined as mediators. Results of structural equation modeling showed that coparenting alliance was associated with higher levels of both mothers’ and fathers’ responsive parenting. Subsequently, both parents’ responsive parenting were associated with higher levels of children’s prosocial behaviors. Material hardship was not associated with coparenting alliance and either parent’s responsive parenting. Tests of indirect effects confirmed that the effects of coparenting alliance on children’s prosocial behaviors were mediated through both mothers’ and fathers’ responsive parenting. Overall, these results suggest that when mothers and fathers have a strong coparenting alliance, they are likely to withstand the negative effects of material hardship and thus engage in positive parenting behaviors that benefit their children’s prosocial development. Family strengthening interventions, including responsible fatherhood programs, would do well to integrate a strong focus on enhancing a positive coparenting alliance between mothers and fathers.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Joyce Y. Lee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brenda L. Volling","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shawna J. Lee","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":97},{"pmcid":"PMC9560922","doi":"10.1007/s10826-022-02287-0","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Adolescence and emerging adulthood","population":"891 participants from two disadvantaged communities in South Africa","rationale":"The authors examine how warmth combines with caregiver monitoring in young people’s accounts.","parentQuestion":"When does checking in feel supportive to my teenager?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how warmth combines with caregiver monitoring in young people’s accounts?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Which combinations of monitoring and warmth occurred, and how did adolescents and young adults differ?"],"limitations":"Results describe cross-sectional profiles in two disadvantaged South African communities; the sample included both teenagers and young adults.","id":"PMC9560922","title":"Adolescent Mental Health Resilience and Combinations of Caregiver Monitoring and Warmth: A Person-centred Perspective","authors":"Linda Theron; Sebastiaan Rothmann; Alexander Makhnach; Michael Ungar","journal":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-03-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02287-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9560922","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9560922/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9560922-8e6b852f55b2b373.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8e6b852f55b2b373c9471c1cdf06c2610da576ab62785a819fc71e11c6e6d016","sourceTextSha256":"c24db8a179f86eb81eee509568c4baba93e78a4d4372428ae17575613aac0496","sourceXmlSha256":"ea9faffc0fb8963a8b6d37ff191ae2be242b0bf3626c00ef801d5be2ce3074b6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c2755ba042622e2d5d0c6c9e158da610e6045e9d9ef319a368f6542979c8ebf1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39002,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractCaregiver monitoring and warmth have protective mental health effects for adolescents, including vulnerable adolescents. However, combinations of the aforesaid parenting behaviours and their relationship with adolescent mental health are underexplored, especially among younger and older South African (SA) adolescents challenged by structural disadvantage. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate unique profiles of caregiver monitoring and warmth and their associations with depression and conduct problems as reported by younger and older adolescents from disadvantaged SA communities. Latent profile and linear regression analyses were used to examine cross-sectional survey data generated by 891 adolescents from two disadvantaged SA communities (62.2% aged 13–17 [average age: 16.13]; 37.5% aged 18–24 [average age: 20.62]). Two profiles emerged. The first, i.e. substantial caregiver warmth and some monitoring, was associated with younger and older adolescent reports of statistically significantly fewer symptoms of depression and conduct problems. The second, i.e. caregiver monitoring without much warmth, was associated with significantly more symptoms of depression or conduct problems among younger and older adolescents. Traditional gender effects (i.e. higher depression symptoms among girls; higher conduct problem symptoms among boys) were amplified when caregiver monitoring was combined with low warmth. In short, protecting the mental health of younger and older adolescents from disadvantaged communities requires higher levels of caregiver warmth combined with moderate levels of caregiver supervision. Because stressors associated with disadvantaged communities jeopardise warm parenting, supporting caregiver resilience to those stressors is integral to supporting adolescent mental health.Keywords: Adolescents, Conduct problems, Depression, Mental health resilience, Parenting, South Africa\n\nHighlights Considerable caregiver warmth combined with moderate caregiver supervision protected the mental health of adolescents from disadvantaged study communities.This protective association held for younger (13–17 years) and older (18–24 years) adolescents.Most caregivers from the disadvantaged study communities parented warmly; capacity for warm parenting in the face of disadvantage must be acknowledged and sustained.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Linda Theron","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sebastiaan Rothmann","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexander Makhnach","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael Ungar","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10826-022-02287-0","publisherEvidenceSha256":"a893e1f17a8e80866d1c1b8098a0e2f26cc47a4d3ba1883585ecf039abe9db7a","volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":98},{"pmcid":"PMC9026151","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.837846","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents and families studied during the COVID-19 pandemic","rationale":"The authors examine young people’s self-compassion in the context of maternal anxiety.","parentQuestion":"What lets my teenager talk about worry without feeling responsible for mine?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate young people’s self-compassion in the context of maternal anxiety?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Can the data distinguish the adolescent’s self-compassion from shared exposure to pandemic-related difficulties?"],"limitations":"A pandemic-era family study cannot treat anxiety or self-compassion as if they were experimentally assigned.","id":"PMC9026151","title":"Maternal Anxiety Symptoms and Chinese Adolescents' Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Adolescents' Self-Compassion","authors":"Tong Zhou; Xiaohua Bian; Kening Zhang; Shanyun Zheng; Yinuo Lin; Hong Zheng; Junsheng Liu; Julia Finan","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-04-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.837846","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9026151","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9026151/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9026151-43c7b86132c1ab28.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"43c7b86132c1ab28adbc1bc922ec063742f02257edadde6271ce8d8747336172","sourceTextSha256":"da4b978cdd3bfe7d318e7389f6bc8b40148c06b163407edec5f86056662956f8","sourceXmlSha256":"a2bdc96aec93b73d9229f373dddbe38a73bd601bd6e5b1664d5574fe93838ccf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8ecb451e0d80ffa1ba2c358f37e34c6af00f925027edb7ac24b82c0318232019","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34654,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The COVID-19 outbreak triggered dramatic changes to family life. Parents, especially mothers, were found to experience more psychological distress during the pandemic, which may have had an impact on their children's mental health. The primary goal of this study was to examine the potential protective role of adolescents' self-compassion in the relationship between maternal anxiety and adolescents' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants included 5,720 adolescents (48.9% girls; Mage = 11.60, SDage = 1.36) and their mothers from Zhengzhou city, Henan province, in Mainland China. Adolescents reported their level of self-compassion, PTSD symptoms, and negative affect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers reported their own anxiety symptoms and their children's depression and anxiety symptoms. Results indicated that older female adolescents reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms and negative affect and lower levels of self-compassion than their counterparts. Maternal anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic was consistently positively associated with adolescents' psychological maladjustment. These associations were buffered by adolescents' self-compassion. Specifically, adolescents with higher levels of self-compassion were found to be less psychologically affected by their mothers' anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings highlighted the possibility of improving adolescents' mental health through fostering their self-compassion during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tong Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaohua Bian","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kening Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shanyun Zheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yinuo Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hong Zheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junsheng Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia Finan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":99},{"pmcid":"PMC9103894","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19095133","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"2–8 years","population":"189 Chinese parents reporting on their own wellbeing and their children","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine parental self-compassion alongside prosocial behavior and adjustment in childhood.","parentQuestion":"How do I respond to myself after a parenting moment I regret?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parental self-compassion alongside prosocial behavior and adjustment in childhood?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Can the analysis distinguish child behavior from the way a parent perceives their child on a difficult day?"],"limitations":"The 189 parents reported both personal symptoms and children’s adjustment. Ratings of the two may be related through the reporter.","id":"PMC9103894","title":"Parental Self-Compassion and Child Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Parental Depressive Symptoms","authors":"Rebecca Y. M. Cheung; Zechen Li; Audrey Pui Lam Ho","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-04-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095133","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9103894","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9103894/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9103894-d7b5264636fae2f1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d7b5264636fae2f134fde28524064b6f4840559627310c5f498a33238e83d459","sourceTextSha256":"ed2ef166f6ec93a5f3917e03dd2591da0f7a92dcd901cff6b32454fadbdee62e","sourceXmlSha256":"ede52789c6d3a6dd7b7c7cbe3456ef16124c99ef7d06a2d1e9ef1e3c40ad321a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR482473","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":20655,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Previous research suggests that self-compassion is associated with mental health and well-being. However, little has been done to understand the role of self-compassion in the family context. Hence, the present study investigated the associations between parents’ self-compassion, parent’s depressive symptoms, and child adjustment. A total 189 Chinese parents (101 mothers) whose children were 2–8 years old were recruited to complete a questionnaire, including measures of parents’ self-compassion, depressive symptoms, and children’s prosocial behavior, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems. Findings indicated mediation effects, in that parents’ depressive symptoms mediated the association between their self-compassion and child adjustment outcomes, namely children’s internalizing and externalizing problems, after controlling for the effects of monthly family income, child gender, and parent gender. Competing hypothesis suggested that parents’ self-compassion did not moderate between parents’ depressive symptoms and child adjustment outcomes. Hence, the association between parental depressive symptoms and child adjustment was not dependent on the level of parents’ self-compassion. As an implication, researchers and practitioners should be made aware of the benefits of parents’ self-compassion on parents’ mental health and child adjustment.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rebecca Y. M. Cheung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zechen Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Audrey Pui Lam Ho","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":1,"issueOrder":100},{"pmcid":"PMC10333415","doi":"10.1007/s00737-023-01332-1","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Systematic review and meta-analysis","ageRange":"Perinatal period and infancy","population":"Study samples of mothers assessed for distress and mother-infant bonding","rationale":"Pooling across samples provides a way to examine the consistency and variation of links between maternal mental health and bonding.","parentQuestion":"How much do findings vary when researchers define parental distress and bonding differently?","readingPrompts":["How much do findings vary when researchers define parental distress and bonding differently?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (study samples of mothers assessed for distress and mother-infant bonding) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The review included 133 studies but identified 118 distinct samples. Estimates depend on which measures, populations and overlapping evidence contribute to a particular pooled analysis.","id":"PMC10333415","title":"Associations between maternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Gypsy A O’Dea; George J Youssef; Lauryn J Hagg; Lauren M Francis; Elizabeth A Spry; Larissa Rossen; Imogene Smith; Samantha J Teague; Kayla Mansour; Anna Booth; Sasha Davies; Delyse Hutchinson; Jacqui A Macdonald","journal":"Archives of Women's Mental Health","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-06-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01332-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10333415","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10333415/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10333415-ee7f34658b44aafc.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ee7f34658b44aafce2fe1ee694e0565568ead8f02e382543f9af18d7f3925715","sourceTextSha256":"f39be7c08ee2bc2fb64c9c31b07cb965a7645ef05856d57b66f7129a599fff0d","sourceXmlSha256":"797abd57e4cb0346833490ec21db014c88752507a28f7469fa74d64eba788cbb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8b2520ecca6e75c8897ae8ea433f6f3125f26c0c743563ebae7059fd6b9f5c9e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38334,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPurposeMaternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding problems each predict poorer offspring outcomes. They are also related to each other, yet the extensive literature reporting their association has not been meta-analysed.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, ProQuest DTG, and OATD for English-language peer-reviewed and grey literature reporting an association between mother-infant bonding, and multiple indicators of maternal psychological distress.ResultsWe included 133 studies representing 118 samples; 99 samples (110,968 mothers) were eligible for meta-analysis. Results showed concurrent associations across a range of timepoints during the first year postpartum, between bonding problems and depression (r = .27 [95% CI 0.20, 0.35] to r = .47 [95% CI 0.41, 0.53]), anxiety (r = .27 [95% CI 0.24, 0.31] to r = .39 [95% CI 0.15, 0.59]), and stress (r = .46 [95% CI 0.40, 0.52]). Associations between antenatal distress and subsequent postpartum bonding problems were mostly weaker and with wider confidence intervals: depression (r = .20 [95% CI 0.14, 0.50] to r = .25 [95% CI 0.64, 0.85]), anxiety (r = .16 [95% CI 0.10, 0.22]), and stress (r = .15 [95% CI − 0.67, 0.80]). Pre-conception depression and anxiety were associated with postpartum bonding problems (r = − 0.17 [95% CI − 0.22, − 0.11]).ConclusionMaternal psychological distress is associated with postpartum mother-infant bonding problems. Co-occurrence of psychological distress and bonding problems is common, but should not be assumed. There may be benefit in augmenting existing perinatal screening programs with well-validated mother-infant bonding measures.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00737-023-01332-1.Keywords: Maternal-infant bonding, Perinatal, Mental health, Systematic review, Meta-analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Gypsy A O’Dea","type":"Person"},{"name":"George J Youssef","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lauryn J Hagg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lauren M Francis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth A Spry","type":"Person"},{"name":"Larissa Rossen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Imogene Smith","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samantha J Teague","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kayla Mansour","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Booth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sasha Davies","type":"Person"},{"name":"Delyse Hutchinson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jacqui A Macdonald","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00737-023-01332-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6e4cc201ae45333beee3866af6478f0c91da6844bdcdbe247a733ed549318432","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":1},{"pmcid":"PMC10298680","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20126155","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Clinical observational study","ageRange":"Early postpartum","population":"Mothers with postpartum major depression and their infants","rationale":"The analysis considers mothers' attachment networks alongside perceived difficulties in their new caregiving relationship.","parentQuestion":"How does a mother's network of close relationships enter research on infant bonding?","readingPrompts":["How does a mother's network of close relationships enter research on infant bonding?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers with postpartum major depression and their infants) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The participants had postpartum major depression. Patterns linking adult attachment networks and mother-infant bonding in this clinical group may not describe families outside treatment.","id":"PMC10298680","title":"Maternal Attachment Networks and Mother–Infant Bonding Disturbances among Mothers with Postpartum Major Depression","authors":"Stéphanie Vanwalleghem; Raphaële Miljkovitch; Aino Sirparanta; Camille Toléon; Stéphanie Leclercq; Anne-Sophie Deborde; Susana Tereno","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-06-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126155","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10298680","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10298680/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10298680-cabf6935f177ec22.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cabf6935f177ec22ff2f5ac71dfb11382a1e905422b55d2d301d8e3dd8f87a6c","sourceTextSha256":"7c21c9302337b45acba15ebea1a08f8401a7c7360096fab2970e606bb4c8dfd5","sourceXmlSha256":"6758819569db231da709bf657c77f31aa4601388b1f1cc30b90adeac490f9c2d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27517,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe literature suggests that maternal insecure attachment is a risk factor for postpartum depression which, in turn, affects motherinfant bonding. However, recent research in attachment suggests that the investigation of attachment networks provides further insight in the understanding of psychological outcomes. This study aims to test a model according to which mothers’ attachment towards each of their parents contributes to explain attachment towards their romantic partners, which itself is associated with maternal postpartum depression and, in turn, with motherinfant bonding. The Attachment Multiple Model Interview, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were administered to 90 mothers of infants under 6 months of age (32 with postpartum major depression). Results showed that attachment towards the partner (1) is best explained by attachment to the father and (2) mediates the link between attachment to the father and depression severity. Also, depression severity mediates the link between attachment to the partner and motherinfant bonding. These results highlight the role of attachment models towards the romantic partner and the father in the perinatal period and the relevance of attachment-focused therapeutic programs in treating postpartum maternal depression.Keywords: attachment, partner, postpartum depression, mother–infant bonding","authorEntries":[{"name":"Stéphanie Vanwalleghem","type":"Person"},{"name":"Raphaële Miljkovitch","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aino Sirparanta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camille Toléon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stéphanie Leclercq","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne-Sophie Deborde","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susana Tereno","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":2},{"pmcid":"PMC10591072","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1255490","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Parents of dependent children","population":"Parents reporting on their family of origin and responsiveness toward their own child","rationale":"The article asks about intergenerational patterns of responsiveness, while distinguishing current caregiving from recalled family experience.","parentQuestion":"How can the family a parent grew up in be studied alongside the way they now respond to a child?","readingPrompts":["How can the family a parent grew up in be studied alongside the way they now respond to a child?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (parents reporting on their family of origin and responsiveness toward their own child) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Parents' accounts of their family of origin may be influenced by current relationships. A link with present-day responsiveness does not establish an unchanged pattern across generations.","id":"PMC10591072","title":"Unraveling the link between family of origin and parental responsiveness toward own child","authors":"Paulina Anikiej-Wiczenbach; Maria Kaźmierczak","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-10-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1255490","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10591072","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10591072/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10591072/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10591072-7fc0da598cd00bd0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7fc0da598cd00bd00b7e699071384254e131f0b945e0ad263d6da72ed909b322","sourceTextSha256":"4e808b4f3de51c691b98d8463437a049c8eb3f5c7e25cfed9d1fd9cc829e38d4","sourceXmlSha256":"d3fa607f68054510de07fcd7488c6317f04ba53519bb45a06315943cea72676a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"82aeba97482bb0869279c4df6df3e7aaa25102d7a9cebca645ab076e3aba3575","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32064,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study investigates the influence of family of origin on parental responsiveness toward own child, taking into account gender differences. A total of 110 triads of mothers, fathers, and their first child aged 6–10 months participated in the standardized Free Play procedure. Parental responsiveness was assessed through observational measures (using Ainsworth procedure) and self-reported scales (Parental Responsiveness Scale). Results revealed correlations between objectively assessed responsiveness and self-reported parental styles in the family of origin, separately for mothers and fathers. Among mothers having daughters, parental sensitivity (an important aspect of observationally measured responsiveness) was positively correlated with having had a liberal loving mother and a negative correlation with an autocratic mother. Cooperation (another aspect of observationally measured responsiveness) was correlated positively with having had a liberal loving mother. Meanwhile, having a liberal unloving mother predicted lover sensitivity and cooperation. Similar correlations were not observed for mothers having sons. Among fathers having daughters, both aspects of observed responsiveness were positively correlated with having had a democratic father and negatively with autocratic or liberal unloving parents. Moreover, having a liberal unloving father and autocratic mother predicted their lower responsiveness toward daughters. These findings highlight the role of family dynamics in shaping parental responsiveness and emphasize the importance of understanding these dynamics in promoting responsive parenting.Keywords: family of origin, parental responsiveness, Ainsworth Scale, observational measures, family dynamics","authorEntries":[{"name":"Paulina Anikiej-Wiczenbach","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Kaźmierczak","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":3},{"pmcid":"PMC10701945","doi":"10.1186/s40359-023-01480-0","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Pilot observational study","ageRange":"Infants age 3 months","population":"Young fathers, their infants and a comparison group of young mothers","rationale":"The pilot examines references to infant mental states alongside observed interaction styles, bringing young fathers into research on sensitive caregiving.","parentQuestion":"How can a father talk about what his baby may be trying to communicate?","readingPrompts":["How can a father talk about what his baby may be trying to communicate?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (young fathers, their infants and a comparison group of young mothers) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The study compared 22 young fathers with their partners during interactions with three-month-olds. These brief observations offer little basis for inferring differences between parents more broadly.","id":"PMC10701945","title":"Mind-mindedness and styles of interaction of young fathers with their infants at three months: a pilot study","authors":"Elena Ierardi; Simona Fantoni; Margherita Moioli; Alessandro Albizzati; Cristina Riva Crugnola","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2023-12-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01480-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10701945","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10701945/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10701945-587b0a0a4cb36ef9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"587b0a0a4cb36ef99e9c018f72e29aee53df8924dc5b4bedafb18f16d82d0f14","sourceTextSha256":"00b3e14b8e38ee47e95195fa43f3ac87630790a45baa564533602337d0ade7a0","sourceXmlSha256":"ec8af997391988dfc0d1e8a1b88a35cd2df8526fa0d1e64cd800813b221c09f3","rightsEvidenceSha256":"dae784f4762dd015aa7621e9c885a2310cdec2e5171a9404127c79cb06560173","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33981,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundFatherhood at a young age can be characterized by a multiproblematic background with several risk factors that can negatively affect father-child relationships, the father’s well-being and child’s social-emotional development.MethodsThis pilot study evaluated paternal interaction styles and mentalization in a sample of 22 young fathers and their 3-month-old infants and compared these variables with those of 22 adolescent and young mothers (the fathers’ partners). Parent-infant interaction were codified with Care-Index to evaluate styles of interaction and with Mind-Mindedness system to evaluate mentalization.ResultsThe results showed that young fathers had high scores in controlling behaviors and low scores in sensitivity, placing them in a risk range. The young father’s interaction profile did not differ from the young mother’s interaction profile. Infants had high scores in passive behaviors and low scores in cooperative behaviors, placing them in a high-risk range. Moreover, young fathers had more nonattuned mind-related comments than their partners.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that low responsiveness and low mind-mindedness characterize the quality of adolescent and young father-infant interactions, highlighting the value of providing early intervention to support the father–child relationship, enhancing the father’s sensitivity and his ability to keep the infant in mind.Keywords: Adolescent and young father, Father-infant interaction, Paternal mind-mindedness, Paternal sensitivity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elena Ierardi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Simona Fantoni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Margherita Moioli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandro Albizzati","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina Riva Crugnola","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":4},{"pmcid":"PMC10782755","doi":"10.1186/s12884-023-06179-z","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal secondary analysis of clinical cohort data","ageRange":"Discharge through the first year","population":"Fathers, mothers and infants followed after neonatal intensive care","rationale":"The investigators assess paternal anxiety and maternal bonding at several time points following neonatal intensive care.","parentQuestion":"How can one parent's distress be studied alongside the other parent's sense of bonding?","readingPrompts":["How can one parent's distress be studied alongside the other parent's sense of bonding?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (fathers, mothers and infants followed after neonatal intensive care) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Families entered this analysis following neonatal intensive care. Paternal anxiety and maternal bonding were observed, so their relationship cannot be attributed to paternal symptoms alone.","id":"PMC10782755","title":"The effect of paternal anxiety on mother-infant bonding in neonatal intensive care","authors":"Mark Ettenberger; Łucja Bieleninik; Andreas Størksen Stordal; Claire Ghetti","journal":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-01-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06179-z","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10782755","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10782755/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10782755-1191822e8652c255.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1191822e8652c255952ce50a531945469e34104ccfbd33a1c78de9555653b0a1","sourceTextSha256":"d9c6c2fa654637bfcb1d12c42b4d5b46f7369a35cae4cbd540063280baea033c","sourceXmlSha256":"9d31bc921cc14e5a69b15bab645dc0e5f497af9b6bcf1040101a0b681fe7c2ca","rightsEvidenceSha256":"73eeb9f8a337856821b782d292edb91a0cbdca121c5719b3c89aeb222eea96d5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":24791,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundThe hospitalization of a preterm infant in the NICU can lead to mental health difficulties in parents, but not much is known how paternal anxiety might affect the mother-infant relationship.MethodsThis prospective cohort study is a secondary analysis investigating how paternal anxiety levels might affect maternal bonding in the NICU using the dataset of the multinational pragmatic randomized controlled trial LongSTEP. A linear mixed-effects model was used for correlations of paternal anxiety (GAD-7) and maternal bonding (PBQ) at NICU discharge, and at 6 and 12 months infant corrected age. Secondary analyses examined effects on paternal anxiety related to: site (Argentina, Colombia, Israel, Norway, and Poland), maternal depression (EPDS), infant gestational age at birth, paternal age, and type of pregnancy.ResultsPaternal anxiety did not predict maternal bonding at NICU discharge (p = 0.096), at 6 months (p = 0.316), or at 12 months infant corrected age (p = 0.473). Secondary outcomes showed a statistically significant site effect, with higher paternal anxiety levels at the two Colombian sites at baseline (p = 0.014 and p = 0.020) and for one site at discharge (p = 0.012), but not for paternal age (p = 0.925 and p = 0.793), infant gestational age at birth (p = 0.974 and p = 0.686 and p = 0.340), or type of pregnancy (p = 0.381). Maternal depression predicted paternal anxiety at baseline (p < 0.001) and at discharge (p = 0.003).ConclusionsIn this study, paternal anxiety did not predict maternal bonding. Paternal anxiety varied by site, indicating a need for research on potential cultural differences in manifestation of paternal anxiety. Maternal depression predicted paternal anxiety, confirming a previously reported correlation. Further research on variations in paternal mental health in the neonatal period is warranted, as well as exploration of the social contagion of mental health in preterm parents.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03564184.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-023-06179-z.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mark Ettenberger","type":"Person"},{"name":"Łucja Bieleninik","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andreas Størksen Stordal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Ghetti","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":5},{"pmcid":"PMC12628443","doi":"10.1007/s10578-023-01654-2","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"5–6 years","population":"Mothers and fathers of preschool children assessed with a German reflective-functioning questionnaire","rationale":"The study relates parents' accounts of their capacity to think about mental states to their attachment representations and behavior.","parentQuestion":"How do parents describe their efforts to understand what a preschooler has in mind?","readingPrompts":["How do parents describe their efforts to understand what a preschooler has in mind?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and fathers of preschool children assessed with a German reflective-functioning questionnaire) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Parents of five- and six-year-olds reported on their own reflective functioning. Their evaluations of thinking about feelings are distinct from the child's account of a particular interaction.","id":"PMC12628443","title":"Precursors and Effects of Self-reported Parental Reflective Functioning: Links to Parental Attachment Representations and Behavioral Sensitivity","authors":"Melanie T Kungl; Sandra Gabler; Lars O White; Gottfried Spangler; Pascal Vrticka","journal":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-02-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01654-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12628443","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12628443/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12628443-184676236d073384.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"184676236d073384698b3f48e69466b660ee6120fb0b12a384b06e19f8a385e6","sourceTextSha256":"91a67c0d278443d9ed04d24f763546eed54fea2807971ebc941ef553e87765c4","sourceXmlSha256":"51ec76cf8e16c260fa096c8a340d351935e37cabb602d7b49f1f1e457b66889b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bcaab3f4456f93c5218c461a696d6ac5c0ec5f7533973331119627c4fe1f882","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66978,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental reflective functioning is thought to provide a missing link between caregivers’ own attachment histories and their ensuing parenting behaviors. The current study sought to extend research on this association involving 115 parents, both mothers and fathers, of 5-to-6-year-old preschoolers using the German version of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). Our study was the first to combine Adult Attachment Interview classifications of parental attachment, behavioral observations of parental sensitivity and PRFQ ratings while drawing on a sizable father subsample. We found theoretically consistent significant relations between all measures, while our results particularly highlighted the role of dismissing attachment for decreases in parenting quality on both cognitive and behavioral levels as the dismissing status differentially affected specific components of self-reported parental reflective functioning and observed sensitivity. Interestingly, these patterns were largely comparable in mothers and fathers. Exploratory mediation analyses further suggested that decreased parental reflective functioning may partially mediate the relationship between parents’ dismissing attachment and decreased parental sensitivity. Thus, for prevention and intervention programs targeting parental sensitivity and thus children’s long term healthy mental development, the interplay between parental reflective functioning and parents’ own attachment history emerges as a key mechanism. Finally, our study served as a further validation of the PRFQ given the caveat that the pre-mentalizing subscale may need further revision in the German version.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10578-023-01654-2.Keywords: Parental reflective functioning, Sensitivity, Attachment, PRFQ, Parent–child interaction","authorEntries":[{"name":"Melanie T Kungl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sandra Gabler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lars O White","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gottfried Spangler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pascal Vrticka","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10578-023-01654-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e105fc823fc0dbe706876420c5dbc577927c014a75317df0102b4964f14145f8","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":6},{"pmcid":"PMC10853535","doi":"10.1038/s41398-024-02805-2","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal neuroimaging study","ageRange":"First 12 weeks postpartum","population":"Healthy mothers scanned repeatedly in the first weeks after childbirth","rationale":"Repeated scans and attachment measures offer a narrow, time-specific look at the transition to caregiving.","parentQuestion":"How cautiously should we interpret a link between brain change after birth and reported attachment?","readingPrompts":["How cautiously should we interpret a link between brain change after birth and reported attachment?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (healthy mothers scanned repeatedly in the first weeks after childbirth) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Twenty healthy postpartum women underwent repeated scans. Small-sample brain-volume associations are insufficient for assessing an individual mother's bond with her baby.","id":"PMC10853535","title":"Time-sensitive changes in the maternal brain and their influence on mother-child attachment","authors":"Susanne Nehls; Elena Losse; Christian Enzensberger; Thomas Frodl; Natalia Chechko","journal":"Translational Psychiatry","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2024-02-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02805-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10853535","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10853535/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10853535-3a9e3f1e9ef8ed97.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3a9e3f1e9ef8ed97d6e2efb821f72b8156e4f5d018dabc32940e4a26c4b09d94","sourceTextSha256":"9e41102b342a49e486e3233da35bd4561ce6ae8165cb7c76acbad0ecd2f42bac","sourceXmlSha256":"b4a46eb09af1bd5b11bd4f2c42563bbc8930449225db4d207c7d03503cb7b471","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7250732342632f0602d7f4af6828bd8a6a426c2b1f082f790f57940176e03209","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39390,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPregnancy and the postpartum period are characterized by an increased neuroplasticity in the maternal brain. To explore the dynamics of postpartum changes in gray matter volume (GMV), magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 20 healthy postpartum women immediately after childbirth and at 3-week intervals for 12 postpartum weeks. The control group comprised 20 age-matched nulliparous women. The first 6 postpartum weeks (constituting the subacute postpartum period) are associated with decreasing progesterone levels and a massive restructuring in GMV, affecting the amygdala/hippocampus, the prefrontal/subgenual cortex, and the insula, which approach their sizes in nulliparous women only around weeks 3–6 postpartum. Based on the amygdala volume shortly after delivery, the maternal brain can be reliably distinguished from the nulliparous brain. Even 12 weeks after childbirth, the GMV in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and the cortical thickness of the subgenual and lateral prefrontal cortices do not reach the pre-pregnancy levels. During this period, a volume decrease is seen in the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the dorsal striatum. A less hostile behavior toward the child at 6–12 weeks postpartum is predicted by the GMV change in the amygdala, the temporal pole, the olfactory gyrus, the anterior cingulate, the thalamus and the cerebellum in the same period. In summary, the restructuring of the maternal brain follows time-dependent trajectories. The fact that the volume changes persist at 12 weeks postpartum indicates that the maternal brain does not fully revert to pre-pregnancy physiology. Postpartum neuroplasticity suggests that these changes may be particularly significant in the regions important for parenting.Subject terms: Neuroscience, Diseases","authorEntries":[{"name":"Susanne Nehls","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Losse","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christian Enzensberger","type":"Person"},{"name":"Thomas Frodl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Natalia Chechko","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":7},{"pmcid":"PMC10969468","doi":"10.3390/children11030291","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents involved in child welfare services in disadvantaged neighborhoods in southern Spain","rationale":"The study places attachment and adjustment within a specific child welfare and community context.","parentQuestion":"How do teenagers experiencing family conflict describe their ties to each parent?","readingPrompts":["How do teenagers experiencing family conflict describe their ties to each parent?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (adolescents involved in child welfare services in disadvantaged neighborhoods in southern Spain) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The 67 adolescents were involved with child welfare services in disadvantaged neighborhoods in southern Spain. Their experiences should not be generalized to every family experiencing marital conflict.","id":"PMC10969468","title":"Parental Attachment and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescents Exposed to Marital Conflict","authors":"Jesús Maya; Isabel Fuentes; Ana Isabel Arcos-Romero; Lucía Jiménez; Georgios Sideridis","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-02-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030291","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10969468","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10969468/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10969468-15fac79d8ed76c4c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"15fac79d8ed76c4c595d3b24410e3f43c35818ea0daf5c5feda8c9099edd9d9a","sourceTextSha256":"43d27e86ca1375fc0908d5f4a9cbefeb05c91da5fc2ea9b9319c30a549fd6bcd","sourceXmlSha256":"b9cc05899af6fde824611a699af2062eca27ae5bb0e42b5423e81ef248ad455f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR799423","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":34283,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Abstract(1) Background: Interparental conflict is a phenomenon that poses a serious threat not only to the quality of life of the couple but also to the father–child relationship, mother–child relationship, and well-being of adolescents. This study examined the difference in parental attachment and adjustment in adolescents exposed to marital conflict versus those not exposed to parental conflicts in low-income areas. (2) Methods: 67 adolescents involved in Child Welfare Services (CWS) in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in southern Spain were examined. The sample was split into two groups according to the exposure to marital conflict. Subsequently, differences between groups were analysed on father attachment, mother attachment, aggression, antisocial behaviour, and emotional intelligence. (3) Results: Primarily, the data showed significantly worse attachment with the father among conflict-exposed versus non-conflict-exposed adolescents. These results were not found for the attachment with the mother. Additionally, greater anger and worse stress management were found in conflict-exposed adolescents. (4) Conclusions: The results partially confirmed the spillover and compensatory hypothesis. Practical implications point out that developing preventive interventions that protect the father–adolescent attachment in situations of family conflict is recommended.Keywords: parental attachment, adolescents, marital conflict, behaviour problems, emotional intelligence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jesús Maya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Isabel Fuentes","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ana Isabel Arcos-Romero","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucía Jiménez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Georgios Sideridis","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":8},{"pmcid":"PMC10968831","doi":"10.3390/children11030301","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational cohort study","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Mothers and infants assessed for trauma history, sensitivity and infant temperament","rationale":"The investigators examine maternal trauma and sensitivity in relation to temperament while keeping parent and child measures distinct.","parentQuestion":"How can studies account for a mother's prior experiences when describing responsive caregiving?","readingPrompts":["How can studies account for a mother's prior experiences when describing responsive caregiving?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and infants assessed for trauma history, sensitivity and infant temperament) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"A reported trauma history does not fully describe its impact or the supports a mother has received. Observed sensitivity and parent-rated infant temperament can also reflect different perspectives.","id":"PMC10968831","title":"Associations among Maternal Trauma History, Postnatal Maternal Sensitivity, and Infant Temperament","authors":"Jennifer Lynn Hambleton; Nicki Lynn Aubuchon-Endsley; Jasmin Kurien; Erika Ota","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-03-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030301","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10968831","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10968831/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10968831-b865a6aa5f44ce70.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b865a6aa5f44ce70136693b35005aad5855caf79cfab9d3758e9134734b359de","sourceTextSha256":"94e5c2d33df937a9f5e87950bcd01547229151cdeef5e25a044157dcac61687a","sourceXmlSha256":"9cff645acd5b38a675aba4026ec6d0a61bd149c9033114c2866ff6de69b24cdb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53074,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWomen are at increased risk of trauma exposure and of experiencing prolonged posttraumatic stress. Maternal trauma exposure and associated impairment may adversely impact mother–infant interaction quality, which may in turn be associated with infant temperament difficulties. More research is needed to identify which maternal trauma predictors are most robustly related to infant temperament outcomes. The present study aimed to address this gap by examining maternal sensitivity as a mediator of relations between maternal trauma and infant temperament in a longitudinal study of a rural cohort of mother–infant dyads. Mediation via maternal sensitivity was not supported in any of the primary analyses. Greater maternal trauma exposure was found to predict greater infant regulation behavior, a finding that was in opposition to expected results and which may be explained by protective factors found within the sample. The present sample was skewed toward married, educated women who reported high social support satisfaction and low trauma-associated impairment. The findings elucidate protective factors that may mitigate adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants. Future research models should include additional maternal trauma variables (e.g., recency, type, revictimization/polyvictimization), in utero maternal cortisol exposure, maternal insensitivity/ambiguous response patterns during caregiver tasks, and analysis of the IBQ-R subscales.Keywords: maternal, prenatal, infant, trauma, temperament, development, sensitivity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jennifer Lynn Hambleton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicki Lynn Aubuchon-Endsley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jasmin Kurien","type":"Person"},{"name":"Erika Ota","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":9},{"pmcid":"PMC10954191","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0298084","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric validation","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Lebanese adolescents completing an Arabic-language measure of parent and peer attachment","rationale":"The study evaluates a locally translated instrument that asks adolescents about their relationships with parents and peers.","parentQuestion":"How do researchers check that an attachment scale works in a new language?","readingPrompts":["How do researchers check that an attachment scale works in a new language?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (lebanese adolescents completing an Arabic-language measure of parent and peer attachment) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"A translated adolescent self-report scale measures the respondent's perception of attachment. Reliability in this sample does not establish that a score means the same thing across all Arabic-speaking settings.","id":"PMC10954191","title":"Exploring attachment security in a sample of Lebanese adolescents: The validation of the Arabic IPPA-R","authors":"Pia Tohme; Nour Yaktine; Elma Nassar; Karim Badr; Ian Grey; Rudy Abi-Habib","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2024-03-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298084","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10954191","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10954191/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10954191-22db6eb5a9807c58.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"22db6eb5a9807c581ad78b2270e5c592d5bce34d088b8001a4f14a13d799dc79","sourceTextSha256":"750f93667486552018106940dc4799edc2b3a78f4ce7b769d05f58d91842d00c","sourceXmlSha256":"8d7f898b52164633c0d4e0ff235901a14afdd790206033d94e5126d3cd72dfd5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8299834de61c379e026420e27c89f31b1f4c20ac4f20a5bcaf9a02db1b37f59d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42384,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Despite growing evidence supporting the importance of the quality of attachment during adolescence, no studies have been conducted to date in the Arab world due to an absence of valid and reliable tools to measure this construct in Arabic. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment–Revised (IPPA-R) was devised as a self-report questionnaire in English to assess the quality of adolescent attachment to mother, father, and peers, each scale consisting of 25 items. The current study sets out to determine the psychometric properties of the Arabic IPPA-R and to explore attachment styles in Lebanon in a sample of 765 Lebanese adolescents. Results suggested a modified three-factor structure to reach satisfactory reliability of the Arabic IPPA-R, resulting in a modified questionnaire consisting of 19 items for each of mother (α = .82) and father (α = .85), and 21 items for peers (α = .89). Strict measurement invariance across gender was achieved for the IPPA-R parental forms, while only scalar invariance was achieved for the IPPA-R peers form. Overall, there were significant differences in attachment scores to mother and father, with adolescents scoring higher on attachment to mother, with both scores being significantly lower than attachment to peers. Gender differences were found on the peer scale with girls scoring significantly higher than boys. Results are interpreted from a cultural lens, emphasizing the importance of accounting for cultural, religious, and socio-economic factors in understanding adolescent attachment. This study is the first conducted in the Arab region and provides a road map to understanding gender-roles, parental expectations and adolescent perceived parenting, and their impact on adolescent attachment scores.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Pia Tohme","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nour Yaktine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elma Nassar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karim Badr","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ian Grey","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rudy Abi-Habib","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":10},{"pmcid":"PMC11023587","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0299427","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric validation","ageRange":"Children ages 0–5","population":"Polish mothers reporting on their capacity to reflect on their child's mental states","rationale":"The authors examine instrument properties in a community sample, before making claims about relationships between reflective parenting and other outcomes.","parentQuestion":"How well does a translated questionnaire capture the way a parent thinks about a young child's feelings?","readingPrompts":["How well does a translated questionnaire capture the way a parent thinks about a young child's feelings?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (polish mothers reporting on their capacity to reflect on their child's mental states) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The validation sample comprised Polish mothers with children up to age five. Psychometric performance in another language, age range or caregiver group needs separate study.","id":"PMC11023587","title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Polish mothers","authors":"Anna Kamza; Patrick Luyten; Konrad Piotrowski","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2024-04-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299427","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11023587","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11023587/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11023587-a09e600e7de48e8d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a09e600e7de48e8d2ea492debce4692004b79eec947354bb9cd5d9efeb668f67","sourceTextSha256":"f7c8312a12e05c7cddf6f3a7bf02a3d7b44c600c451461184d43e4c77a63ad11","sourceXmlSha256":"c8a4bd39781844ec7c7dfbbc697a401fe9c55a47683892c4f9216382524b7647","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e2f0ea6e3a08416c481e9dc350bc534568af3aef0408a54013871fd8f2827603","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51866,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental reflective functioning (PRF) refers to a parent’s capacity to reflect on and understand the inner mental states of their child, their own mental states with regard to their child, and how these mental states may influence their behavior and interactions. This capacity has been shown to foster secure attachment in children and their socio-emotional development. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Polish translation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ), a brief screening measure of PRF, in a large community sample of Polish mothers of children aged 0–5 years (N = 979). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized three-factor structure of the PRFQ, which consists of three subscales: prementalizing modes, certainty about mental states, and interest and curiosity in mental states. However, item loadings suggested that the 15-item version fitted the data better than the original 18-item version. These three PRFQ subscales exhibited satisfactory and moderate six-month test–retest reliability. They also correlated in theoretically expected ways with several criterion measures such as maternal attachment, maternal parenting stress, parental role restriction, depression severity, and borderline symptoms. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the PRFQ as a measure of parental reflective functioning in Polish mothers.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anna Kamza","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Luyten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Konrad Piotrowski","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":11},{"pmcid":"PMC12744350","doi":"10.1017/S0954579424000774","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Developmental observational study","ageRange":"Infancy to toddlerhood","population":"Infants assessed in a still-face procedure and followed into toddlerhood","rationale":"This study links observed distress, physiological responses and caregiving across two developmental stages.","parentQuestion":"How might what we see during one stressful task differ from everyday regulation?","readingPrompts":["How might what we see during one stressful task differ from everyday regulation?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (infants assessed in a still-face procedure and followed into toddlerhood) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The still-face task is a structured, time-limited challenge. Responses measured in that setting do not describe everything about an infant's or toddler's ordinary emotional regulation.","id":"PMC12744350","title":"Understanding emotion dysregulation from infancy to toddlerhood with a multilevel perspective: The buffering effect of maternal sensitivity","authors":"Mindy A Brown; Mengyu (Miranda) Gao; Jennifer Isenhour; Nila Shakiba; Sheila E Crowell; K Lee Raby; Elisabeth Conradt","journal":"Development and psychopathology","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publishedDate":"2024-04-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579424000774","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12744350","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12744350/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12744350-ed64c943e7c957fa.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ed64c943e7c957fa571b4a9524ace7570c53451889ce7b1b058b992ada5a890a","sourceTextSha256":"e7f163b9cb87de265972e124687ad0acdce07a61c599230eae79ee92b582b95c","sourceXmlSha256":"11852bbb7944f4e915bf54b653b287144e4d54041e72a8b2f4bdb087d2953ae4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4b96fa653a58cc8cdbcbc44601a152288ad309368eee8d7610488dc220b0820e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55352,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChallenges with childhood emotion regulation may have origins in infancy and forecast later social and cognitive developmental delays, academic difficulties, and psychopathology. This study tested whether markers of emotion dysregulation in infancy predict emotion dysregulation in toddlerhood, and whether those associations depended on maternal sensitivity. When children (N = 111) were 7 months, baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), RSA withdrawal, and distress were collected during the Still Face Paradigm (SFP). Mothers’ reports of infant regulation and orientation and maternal sensitivity were also collected at that time. Mothers’ reports of toddlers’ dysregulation were collected at 18 months. A set of hierarchical regressions indicated that low baseline RSA and less change in RSA from baseline to stressor predicted greater dysregulation at 18 months, but only for infants who experienced low maternal sensitivity. Baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal were not significantly associated with later dysregulation for infants with highly sensitive mothers. Infants who exhibited low distress during the SFP and who had lower regulatory and orienting abilities at 7 months had higher dysregulation at 18 months regardless of maternal sensitivity. Altogether, these results suggest that risk for dysregulation in toddlerhood has biobehavioral origins in infancy but may be buffered by sensitive caregiving.Keywords: behavioral affect, infant emotion dysregulation, maternal sensitivity, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, still-face paradigm","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mindy A Brown","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mengyu (Miranda) Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Isenhour","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nila Shakiba","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sheila E Crowell","type":"Person"},{"name":"K Lee Raby","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisabeth Conradt","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1017%2Fs0954579424000774","publisherEvidenceSha256":"2a92a7ca36541234ad64155f387b0dd7c72b4b00cc5fb6e46c6cc43d7b4eab7d","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":12},{"pmcid":"PMC11732040","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2024.1331016","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Clinical observational study","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Mothers and infants seen in a German social-pediatric clinic for crying, sleeping or eating difficulties","rationale":"The work examines mothers' references to infant mental states in a clinical situation where signals can be challenging to interpret.","parentQuestion":"How do caregivers interpret a baby's signals when everyday settling or feeding is difficult?","readingPrompts":["How do caregivers interpret a baby's signals when everyday settling or feeding is difficult?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and infants seen in a German social-pediatric clinic for crying, sleeping or eating difficulties) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"These 44 mother-infant pairs were already receiving care for excessive crying, sleeping or eating difficulties. Patterns in a referral sample may differ from those in the community.","id":"PMC11732040","title":"Mind-mindedness in mothers of infants with excessive crying/sleeping/eating disorders","authors":"Maria Licata-Dandel; Susanne Kristen-Antonow; Sarah Marx; Volker Mall","journal":"Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-05-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2024.1331016","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11732040","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11732040/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11732040-073d78e814255ff1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"073d78e814255ff12285a06d1eb84eaacdcc8fb094479eb804489be1170a156b","sourceTextSha256":"fd25f30c93c5470ac13f2871969c6cabd3c486f3f9cbdf3ed3e9c1bffb44ba96","sourceXmlSha256":"fced3417d030f5923ea33b918f72d3761534929b895d492afa2cfb7e28183dc9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0eb1450f42a6c19d5bd7e948b2a5316b128b88b8e34cb62417a0aee6b8e2e25c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28728,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionExcessive crying, sleeping, and eating disorders are among the most prevalent mental health diagnoses in the first 3 years of life and involve significant health service use. Parents of infants with excessive crying/sleeping/eating disorders report high levels of stress, since they feel incapable of soothing and/or nurturing their baby. Infants' distress can lead to a breakdown in parents' mentalizing abilities and, more specifically, parental mind-mindedness in the parent-child interaction. Moreover, the signals of infants with excessive crying/sleeping/eating disorders tend to be equivocal and difficult to read. This also might contribute to lower parent-child interaction quality. Until now, parental mind-mindedness, which is regarded as a prerequisite for sensitivity, has not been investigated in mothers of infants with excessive crying/sleeping/eating disorders. We investigated whether mind-mindedness in mothers of infants with excessive crying, sleeping and/or eating disorders differed from a healthy control group. We supposed that mothers of infants with excessive crying/sleeping/eating disorders would use (1) less appropriate mind-related comments (AMRCs), and (2) more non-attuned mind-related comments (NAMRCs) than mothers in the control group.MethodsOur sample consisted of 44 mothers and their infants who were patients in a socio-paediatric clinic in Germany. The children were diagnosed with excessive crying, sleeping and/or eating disorders according to DC:0-5 (= clinical group). The control group was composed of 64 healthy children and their mothers. Maternal mind-mindedness was coded during a free-play interaction.ResultsResults showed that mothers of infants with excessive crying, sleeping and/or eating disorders used both more AMRCs (p = .029) as well as more NAMRCs (p = .006) than mothers in the control group.DiscussionThe findings are discussed in terms of implications for interventions (e.g., enhancing mind-mindedness trough video-feedback).Keywords: maternal mind-mindedness, infancy, excessive crying, sleeping disorders, eating disorders, regulatory problems/disorders","authorEntries":[{"name":"Maria Licata-Dandel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susanne Kristen-Antonow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Marx","type":"Person"},{"name":"Volker Mall","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":13},{"pmcid":"PMC11172360","doi":"10.3390/cancers16112152","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Scoping review","ageRange":"Childhood cancer populations","population":"Studies of communication within families facing childhood cancer","rationale":"The review maps a limited literature on communication and health outcomes, a setting where information, uncertainty and trust can intersect.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of conversations between parents and children have researchers actually studied during cancer care?","readingPrompts":["What kinds of conversations between parents and children have researchers actually studied during cancer care?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (studies of communication within families facing childhood cancer) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Only ten publications met the review criteria. Their studies of parent-child communication in cancer care do not establish a single approach that improves all measured health outcomes.","id":"PMC11172360","title":"Therapeutic Parent–Child Communication and Health Outcomes in the Childhood Cancer Context: A Scoping Review","authors":"Heeyeon Son; Nani Kim; Lori Wiener; Amanda L Thompson; Eduardo Bruera","journal":"Cancers","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-06-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112152","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11172360","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11172360/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11172360-f00ef61724f99aa4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f00ef61724f99aa4c3ee809a19718603c8cd6c00a0080de5142f260b9a74c4cb","sourceTextSha256":"40078b2d379c63ba16f56a589937c34b5db79b47cf5eee45f98776f83f02119a","sourceXmlSha256":"1a58fc04ac8c5638b7a19b346387677bbb40103de4bfb162f0a5fcc7dc6a606b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40025,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSimple SummaryFamily communication in the cancer context has gained attention as a crucial factor related to the quality of life of children and adolescents. The aim of this review was to examine therapeutic parent–child communication and its impact on health outcomes in children and adolescents with cancer. This review identified an emerging body of evidence that therapeutic parent–child communication contributes to better psychological health outcomes at both the individual and family levels in the childhood cancer context. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of family communication may provide knowledge for developing interventions to improve family communication and health outcomes.AbstractFamily communication has been thought to be an important area to support children’s adjustment to a cancer diagnosis. However, the characteristics of therapeutic parent–child communication that contribute to better patient outcomes and the specific patient health outcomes have been less explored. This current review explored the characteristics of therapeutic parent–child communication and its physical and psychological health outcomes. A total of 5034 articles were initially identified, and only 10 articles remained for inclusion in this review after application of the exclusion criteria. Most studies used a cross-sectional design and measured verbal communication characteristics and its psychological outcomes, but no physical outcomes. The characteristics of therapeutic verbal communication (openness, maternal validation, quality of information shared, etc.) and nonverbal communication (eye contact, close physical distance, and acknowledging behaviors) were identified. The psychological health outcomes included less distress, a lower level of PTSS, less internalizing and externalizing of symptoms, increased levels of social emotional competencies, better peer relationships, and more cooperation during the procedure at the individual level. Increased family cohesion and family adaptation were family-level outcomes. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify what qualities of communication predict better psychological outcomes so that interventions can be developed and tested. In addition, physical outcomes should be evaluated.Keywords: child, adolescent, cancer, communication, health outcomes","authorEntries":[{"name":"Heeyeon Son","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nani Kim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lori Wiener","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda L Thompson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eduardo Bruera","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":14},{"pmcid":"PMC11426413","doi":"10.1007/s12671-024-02379-6","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Scoping review","ageRange":"Developmental stages vary across sources","population":"Published studies of mindful parenting and parental reflective functioning","rationale":"Comparing reflective functioning with mindful parenting helps distinguish attention to a child's inner experience from broader parental awareness.","parentQuestion":"What is involved in wondering what a child may be thinking or feeling?","readingPrompts":["What is involved in wondering what a child may be thinking or feeling?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (published studies of mindful parenting and parental reflective functioning) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The scoping review maps literature on mindful parenting and reflective functioning through early 2020. Similar terms across studies may describe different skills and measures.","id":"PMC11426413","title":"Parental Reflective Capacities: A Scoping Review of Mindful Parenting and Parental Reflective Functioning","authors":"Tuyen Huynh; Margaret L Kerr; Christina N Kim; Endang Fourianalistyawati; Vickie Ya-Rong Chang; Larissa G Duncan","journal":"Mindfulness","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-06-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02379-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11426413","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11426413/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11426413-cf999183d87decdb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cf999183d87decdbfc320d7153002d74d796aa08ce1c7ba9df07cfb39c907b2a","sourceTextSha256":"12d366c235978fb5e5dee9903b6625f50f8d5bb1426f6934b3ecc0091d073600","sourceXmlSha256":"25c0e1e973829ce3b1e5b7ee53a4b7c7c7a13d1c54b9dff2218976e15d1db1bf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a4815507a6598391500802c3088a4ef39e6d5fb0ec7565e88c8370daae1b4a76","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66744,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivesTwo key parental reflective capacities—mindful parenting (MP) and parental reflective functioning (PRF) — have been shown to promote healthy parent-child relationships through parents’ increased sensitivity and responsiveness to their children’s needs in spite of parenting stressors. Despite the theoretical overlap between these two constructs, researchers have continued to examine them independently. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to review the overlapping and distinctive outcomes and correlates in the empirical MP and PRF literatures.MethodA comprehensive literature search across the MP and PRF literature for studies published from 2005 through early 2020 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) was conducted.ResultsA review of 301 articles (n = 180 MP and n = 121 PRF) revealed overlapping study outcomes and correlates, including improvement in parent and child well-being, parenting behaviors, and attachment. Both MP and PRF literatures suggest MP and PRF are amenable to intervention-induced changes, although mostly documented in White mothers, which results may not be generalizable to diverse populations.ConclusionsResearchers should consider the impact MP and PRF have on positive family relationships. Results suggest that scholars should consider investigating and intervening on MP and PRF simultaneously. Specifically, results identified MP and PRF convergent associations and perhaps synergistic impacts on positive parenting behaviors. Limitations and future directions are discussed.PreregistrationThis review was not preregistered.Keywords: Mindful parenting, Mindfulness, Parental reflective functioning, Parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tuyen Huynh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Margaret L Kerr","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christina N Kim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Endang Fourianalistyawati","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vickie Ya-Rong Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Larissa G Duncan","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs12671-024-02379-6","publisherEvidenceSha256":"1ada9b9626c9f012fcd8199c772a9f7b5c853d940900392b225c5a59c643b512","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":15},{"pmcid":"PMC11909066","doi":"10.1007/s00787-024-02541-4","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric validation","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"German-speaking adolescents and their parents who completed communication scales","rationale":"Paired reports permit examination of how an instrument distinguishes communication strengths and difficulties across respondents.","parentQuestion":"Would a parent and teenager rate openness in the same conversation alike?","readingPrompts":["Would a parent and teenager rate openness in the same conversation alike?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (german-speaking adolescents and their parents who completed communication scales) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Factor analyses tested how a German-language scale behaved in parent-adolescent pairs. Agreement between questionnaire items does not by itself show how a family handles a difficult conversation.","id":"PMC11909066","title":"Psychometric evaluation of the german version of the parent-adolescent communication scale","authors":"Holger Zapf; Johannes Boettcher","journal":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-08-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02541-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11909066","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11909066/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11909066-786a9c24c2c30cd5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"786a9c24c2c30cd558d2eddb49214543eb62f533fdf3873f65d873dc418a13b0","sourceTextSha256":"1bd7337a6339fd07f7540c8ef16dd8b531116c18c9c3f68e1bed97fa9ec55432","sourceXmlSha256":"26d733b468a89ee3031535dc66d3011ad4de492a6ed5c83dafbc2206024e4a09","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6bcaab3f4456f93c5218c461a696d6ac5c0ec5f7533973331119627c4fe1f882","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR796968","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":34226,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe quality of dyadic Parent–Child Communication (PCC) between parents and their adolescent children may be important for the adolescent’s general development and mental health during adolescence. Since German instruments for measuring PCC are still lacking, this study aimed to validate the German translation of the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), an internationally established self-report questionnaire. To examine the theoretical-based two-factor model of the PACS in a German population sample of 1044 parent-adolescent dyads, confirmatory factor analyses were used. Moreover, the cross-group measurement invariance of the instrument was assessed. Two clinical samples were used to assess discriminative validity. Bland–Altman plots were used to asses parent-adolescent agreement. The two-factor structure of the PACS was supported. Scalar measurement invariance was established for parent age groups and adolescent gender but not for adolescent age groups and parent gender. Convergent and divergent validity were established. Discriminative validity was only established for the adolescent version in the adolescent psychiatry sample. Test–retest reliability was satisfactory, and rater agreement was medium. The German translation of the PACS is a reliable and valid measurement to assess parent-adolescent communication quality per self-report. Research directions include the concordance discrepancy in clinical samples and further investigation of changes in parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on communication problems and open communication. Registration: NCT05332236 (clinicaltrials.gov), first registered 2022-04-11.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00787-024-02541-4.Keywords: Parent-adolescent communication, Parent-adolescent relationship, Parent-child relationship, Adolescent mental health, Psychometric properties","authorEntries":[{"name":"Holger Zapf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johannes Boettcher","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00787-024-02541-4","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6d2fb10fe56836caf4811ec4142c6350df40e05b80c22ada77ce38c4e263e705","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":16},{"pmcid":"PMC11352242","doi":"10.3390/children11081022","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal cohort study","ageRange":"Pregnancy to preschool","population":"Mother-child dyads in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition cohort","rationale":"Following families from the perinatal period makes the order of measurements visible when interpreting attachment patterns.","parentQuestion":"What early-life information was recorded before researchers assessed preschool attachment?","readingPrompts":["What early-life information was recorded before researchers assessed preschool attachment?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (mother-child dyads in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition cohort) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The APrON cohort provides measurements from pregnancy into childhood, but the observed predictors were not randomly assigned and some families may be lost to follow-up.","id":"PMC11352242","title":"Perinatal Predictors and Mediators of Attachment Patterns in Preschool Children: Exploration of Children’s Contributions in Interactions with Mothers","authors":"Stefan Kurbatfinski; Jennifer Woo; Henry Ntanda; Gerald Giesbrecht; Nicole Letourneau; Pietro Muratori","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-08-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081022","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11352242","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11352242/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11352242-59bebe4364968aa5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"59bebe4364968aa52f1a76db04dd3dcb1e649d547d4088dcb15be0ff21e63164","sourceTextSha256":"def82bb9a7f0d84662b537b2871112ba68c85b5cdfa713c843575e6bf0a70d8e","sourceXmlSha256":"446045821e06121d2537a3f7b0fe2657bd7813d6f6270a210c5ce8363db7466d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57502,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractInsecure and disorganized attachment patterns in children are linked to poor health outcomes over the lifespan. Attachment patterns may be predicted by variables that influence the quality of children’s interactions with their primary caregivers/parents (usually mothers) such as prenatal and postnatal exposures and the children’s own behaviours in interactions. The purposes of this exploratory study were to examine: (1) prenatal predictors of children’s attachment patterns, and (2) postnatal mediators and moderators of associations between prenatal predictors and children’s attachment patterns, with adjustment for relevant covariates. Mother–child dyads (n = 214) from the longitudinal Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort were studied using valid and reliable measures. Hayes’ mediation analysis was employed to determine direct and indirect effects. Mothers’ prenatal cortisol levels directly predicted disorganized (versus organized) child attachment in unadjusted models. Children’s passivity (in adjusted models) and compulsivity (in unadjusted and adjusted models) in parent-child interactions mediated the pathway between mothers’ prenatal cortisol levels and children’s disorganized attachment patterns. Serial mediation analyses revealed that mothers’ cortisol levels predicted their children’s cortisol levels, which predicted children’s compulsivity, and, ultimately, disorganized attachment in both unadjusted and adjusted models. No predictors were correlated with children’s insecure (versus secure) attachment. This exploratory research suggests that prenatal exposure to mothers’ cortisol levels and children’s behavioural contributions to parent–child interaction quality should be considered in the genesis of children’s attachment patterns, especially disorganization. Interventions focused on parent-child interactions could also focus on addressing children’s behavioral contributions. Keywords: attachment, child health, child interactive behaviour, cortisol, stress, mediation, predictors","authorEntries":[{"name":"Stefan Kurbatfinski","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Woo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Henry Ntanda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gerald Giesbrecht","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Letourneau","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pietro Muratori","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":17},{"pmcid":"PMC11524462","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0312777","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"14–17 and 18–29 years","population":"Chilean adolescents and emerging adults reporting attachment to parents and friends","rationale":"Comparing reports across relationship partners and age groups helps separate parental connection from peer support.","parentQuestion":"How do older children describe a bond with parents as friendships become more important?","readingPrompts":["How do older children describe a bond with parents as friendships become more important?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (chilean adolescents and emerging adults reporting attachment to parents and friends) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Chilean adolescents and emerging adults completed self-report measures at one point. Age-group differences cannot reveal how an individual person's attachments change over time.","id":"PMC11524462","title":"Parental attachment, attachment to friends, and well-being among Chilean adolescents and emerging adults","authors":"Omayck Valarezo-Bravo; Mónica Guzmán-González; Anna Włodarczyk; Silvia Ubillos-Landa; Giulia Casu","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2024-10-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312777","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11524462","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11524462/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11524462-b5e54734bb21a046.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b5e54734bb21a0463d1690996cff8039f5fab6428ec9c1828aaeb6dd400d4885","sourceTextSha256":"a261c8b52be517fc5b0d3f70a497e98b6c26b07e69c42b3e283d45263ae825fa","sourceXmlSha256":"2b594863ba95185dfc6e51dc8b3319bc6d185c3c96403e91040535b1d66177a7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"73db0bb8e82e5b41e5601b818e2de19315090b9913f36451211b1f70b88e039f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35795,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Adolescence and emerging adulthood are two life stages marked by notable cognitive and socioemotional changes. During both periods, friendships play an increasingly significant role and can significantly impact individuals positively or negatively. Despite the evolving nature of these relationships, parents remain crucial to the development of both adolescents and emerging adults, playing a key role in their well-being. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of attachment to friends in the relationship between parental attachment and the well-being of Chilean adolescents and emerging adults. In a cross-sectional correlational study, 363 adolescents (48.2% female) aged 14 to 17 years (M = 15.33, SD = 0.95) and 199 emerging adults (67.8% female) aged 18 to 29 years (M = 22.42, SD = 2.53) completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and the Pemberton Happiness Index Scale to assess general, eudaimonic, hedonic, and social well-being. Results of path analyses indicated that, for both adolescents and emerging adults, a more secure attachment to parents was directly associated with higher scores in all well-being dimensions. Additionally, more secure parental attachment was indirectly associated with better eudaimonic and social well-being through a more secure attachment to friends. These findings suggest that enhancing parental attachment could be a valuable focus in clinical interventions aimed at improving overall well-being in adolescents and emerging adults.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Omayck Valarezo-Bravo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mónica Guzmán-González","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Włodarczyk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvia Ubillos-Landa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Casu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":18},{"pmcid":"PMC11616854","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0314074","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric validation","ageRange":"Childhood; consult the source for eligibility","population":"Parents assessed with a German adaptation of a reflective-functioning questionnaire","rationale":"The validation study examines how parents report thinking about a child's internal experience, a process relevant to responding without premature assumptions.","parentQuestion":"Can a questionnaire distinguish curiosity about a child's mind from certainty about it?","readingPrompts":["Can a questionnaire distinguish curiosity about a child's mind from certainty about it?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (parents assessed with a German adaptation of a reflective-functioning questionnaire) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The study evaluates a German-language questionnaire; a parent's response may be influenced by how they interpret items about their child's mental states.","id":"PMC11616854","title":"Parental considerations about their childs’ mental health: Validating the German adaptation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire","authors":"Andreas S. Wildner; Su Mevsim Küçükakyüz; Anton K. G. Marx; Tobias Nolte; Corinna Reck; Peter Fonagy; Patrick Luyten; Alexandra von Tettenborn; Mitho Müller; Anna-Lena Zietlow; Christian F. J. Woll-Weber","journal":"PLOS ONE","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2024-12-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314074","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11616854","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11616854/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11616854-d0ba0bf11a4bf399.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d0ba0bf11a4bf399b9c4a7c11e8decb1dc9f6926f2973c1e500da103bd315ad3","sourceTextSha256":"108d484434a7430fbb7d6b06a1be3b024220ba97e93b5f22121b9cb0ffcce047","sourceXmlSha256":"f76bfa0c511da5ce86e350305d30dbb998e84bd5735554d8c9db298d02ce819e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"23f27d0e43e796489f761dff1b331d7e95ef83ef1955ba525cb882b39c96f7bc","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32929,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionParental Reflective Functioning describes the parents’ ability to view their child as motivated by mental states. The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) represents an 18-item and three-factor self-report measure. Our goal was to conduct the first German validation study.MethodIn a community sample of 378 mothers of children aged 10.2–78.6 months, we used Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a cross-validation approach to assess model fit. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω. Concurrent validity was assessed using correlations with relevant constructs.ResultsThe three-factor structure of the original validation could be confirmed. The German model only needed minor modifications: two items had to be removed, and one error covariance was added. The resulting 16-item questionnaire with the three subscales “Pre-mentalizing”, “Interest and Curiosity about Mental States”, and “Certainty about Mental States” was successfully cross-validated (CFI = .94, TLI = .93, SRMR = .07, RMSEA = .04 (CI [.01, .06])). These factors were related in theoretically expected ways to parental attachment dimensions, emotional availability, parenting stress, and infant attachment status.ConclusionWhile reliability could still be improved, the German 16-item version of the PRFQ represents a valid measure of parental reflective functioning.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andreas S. Wildner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Su Mevsim Küçükakyüz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anton K. G. Marx","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tobias Nolte","type":"Person"},{"name":"Corinna Reck","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Fonagy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Luyten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexandra von Tettenborn","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mitho Müller","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna-Lena Zietlow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christian F. J. Woll-Weber","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":19},{"pmcid":"PMC11763270","doi":"10.7759/cureus.76422","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Clinical case and narrative review","ageRange":"Infancy and toddlerhood","population":"A twin case considered alongside published work on infant-caregiver relationships","rationale":"A clinical illustration and narrative literature review explore why relationships with two children of the same age may develop differently.","parentQuestion":"How can a caregiver recognize each twin's signals as individual?","readingPrompts":["How can a caregiver recognize each twin's signals as individual?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (a twin case considered alongside published work on infant-caregiver relationships) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The discussion combines a clinical case with a nonsystematic review. It can illustrate how twins' relationships may differ, but cannot estimate how common any attachment pattern is.","id":"PMC11763270","title":"Two Babies, Two Bonds: Challenges in Attachment Relationships in Twins","authors":"Daniela Simões; Tiago Soares; Graça Fernandes","journal":"Cureus","publisher":"Cureus Inc.","publishedDate":"2024-12-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.76422","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11763270","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11763270/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11763270-0ef71d397250b260.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0ef71d397250b260ad570d360be6994d1e701f7f8a291d8301eb0571be2f2211","sourceTextSha256":"27be8f13731491211fcdb41faf3dfbe64eda3bced9600bd4808f6af2c34fbc57","sourceXmlSha256":"435211baf669e92630d0c99bc29ce821952cca24930a76953db5b7bed44fd933","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2583ad02d10f0f13b7ece6bf447b895fc20d0e26deb88f18f21eada30b8eddce","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":18059,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The attachment relationship constitutes the first emotionally significant affective bond, usually between the infant and the mother, serving as a model for subsequent relationships. It is considered a vital component of social and emotional development in the early years and an important early indicator of infant mental health. In twins, the attachment process may exhibit unique characteristics, influenced by the dual parenting dynamic and the individual needs of each baby. With this article, we intend to explore the challenges of infant-caregiver relationships and the attachment process in twins through a brief, non-systematic literature review regarding a clinical case of a 21-month-old female born from a twin pregnancy complicated by selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR), prematurity, and very low birth weight. The patient was initially suspected of displaying an insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment style, differing from her twin sister. Studies have shown a high concordance in attachment style between twin pairs, although a higher prevalence of insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment style compared to the general population. This may reflect challenges commonly presented in twin pregnancies and the perinatal period, such as sFGR, prematurity, and feeding difficulties, which increase parental stress that may impair early attachment between parents and infants. Attachment is not a fixed bond. Early identification and intervention in infant-caregiver relationship difficulties within this vulnerable group can help mitigate the challenges of dual parenting, fostering secure bonds and promoting healthy infant development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Daniela Simões","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiago Soares","type":"Person"},{"name":"Graça Fernandes","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":20},{"pmcid":"PMC10758459","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283801","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Children under 10","population":"Five hundred and nine veteran parents responding to an online research panel.","rationale":"The analysis considers trauma symptoms and the adult’s ability to interpret a child’s mental state when examining harsh parenting.","parentQuestion":"What helps me ask what my child meant before I react to what I saw?","readingPrompts":["Which experiences were attributed to military service and which preceded it?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What helps me ask what my child meant before I react to what I saw?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC10758459","title":"Harsh parenting among veterans: parents' military-related PTSD, mentalization, and pre-military trauma","authors":"Xiafei Wang; Qingyang Liu; Gabriel J Merrin; Amanda Keller; Dalhee Yoon; Ava Henderson","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-12-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283801","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10758459","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10758459/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10758459/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10758459-6b1031581e51dfde.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6b1031581e51dfde50faaf16ae363cad8e11b0317c637df9d0006a53b8e0a994","sourceTextSha256":"6c4258bc444b1e10a27671f6183f866f7cbcf5a6a908827575c53326b63bda36","sourceXmlSha256":"d1912009f7f6103b8b06039a8be8d604072c180b24308a147abbcf077df5a2da","rightsEvidenceSha256":"6abc3118d8d9843c32cd10439f723411bd96d6a96dfdf6474c6b6e9200297e72","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51004,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivesVeteran parents experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may resort to harsh parenting. The indirect pathway from parental military-related PTSD to harsh parenting, and the moderating role of parents' pre-military trauma histories, has been less explored. Informed by mentalization theory, as well as trauma-sensitive and posttraumatic growth perspectives, we aim to explore the associations between veteran parents' military-related PTSD, mentalization, harsh parenting, and prior trauma before military service.MethodsData were collected from an online research panel of 509 veteran parents with children under 10. We employed Structural Equation Models to test indirect and moderating effects.ResultsWe identified an indirect effect of parental pre-mentalization from military PTSD to harsh parenting [corporal punishment: b = 0.35, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.23, 0.46); psychological aggression: b = 0.14, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.09, 0.19)]. Multi-group analysis on four parent groups (parents with only pre-military physical trauma, parents with only pre-military psychological trauma, parents with both pre-military physical and psychological trauma, and parents with no pre-military physical or psychological trauma) highlighted differences in these associations, particularly between parents with only pre-military physical trauma and those without any physical and psychological trauma. The military-related PTSD effects on psychological aggression, corporal punishment, and pre-mentalization were all significantly higher for parents without pre-military physical and psychological trauma.ConclusionModifying parents' interpretation of their child's mental states can potentially counteract the effects of veterans' military PTSD on harsh parenting. Family-based programs should be created considering veteran parents' pre-military trauma histories.Keywords: veterans, posttraumatic stress disorder, harsh parenting, pre-mentalization, pre-military trauma","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiafei Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qingyang Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gabriel J Merrin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda Keller","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dalhee Yoon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ava Henderson","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":21},{"pmcid":"PMC11351946","doi":"10.3390/bs14080660","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"A questionnaire sample of 1,078 junior high school students.","rationale":"Young people's own accounts connect family responses to feelings with how they try to regulate those feelings themselves.","parentQuestion":"How would my teenager describe what is welcome to say at home?","readingPrompts":["Which strategies for managing emotions did the students report using themselves?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How would my teenager describe what is welcome to say at home?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC11351946","title":"Connections between Parental Emotion Socialization and Internalizing Problems in Adolescents: Examining the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies and Moderating Effect of Gender","authors":"Xiaowei Guo; Ruichao Jiao; Jingxin Wang","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-08-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080660","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11351946","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11351946/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11351946-df8520f2e97a9af6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"df8520f2e97a9af6fbfb2f4585886b16fd892c830ba51e86ad3e2bedcbf8b870","sourceTextSha256":"e5ec77eb7a9b00d0f9d4cc084a1a3b59ab98269990d50f9fd45b25933bd95acc","sourceXmlSha256":"7756b98be9e0f67ba5be0403c6f5583c36a1a6a88a245370e7163f91324da2a6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38987,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"To explore the mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies on the correlation between parental emotion socialization and internalizing problems in adolescents, as well as the moderating effect of gender, a questionnaire survey was administered to 1078 junior high school students (Mage = 13.96 ± 1.00). The results revealed that supportive parental emotion socialization was negatively correlated with adolescents internalizing problems, whereas non-supportive parental emotion socialization was positively correlated with such problems. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies functioned as parallel mediators in the relationship between supportive parental emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems, while only expressive suppression mediated the correlation between non-supportive emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems. Gender did not exhibit a moderating effect on the mediation model. These findings suggest that supportive parental responses to adolescents’ negative emotions can reduce the incidence of depression and anxiety by cultivating increased utilization of cognitive reappraisal strategies and decreased reliance on expressive suppression strategies among adolescents, whereas non-supportive responses exacerbate the occurrence of depression and anxiety by promoting greater utilization of expressive suppression strategies. In addition, no significant gender differences were observed in the mediation effects. These findings emphasize the importance of prevention programs focusing on parental emotion socialization in adolescence.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaowei Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruichao Jiao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jingxin Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":22},{"pmcid":"PMC11389622","doi":"10.1080/16549716.2024.2397838","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Children under 5","population":"Households represented in Mongolia’s 2018 Social Indicator Survey.","rationale":"The survey separately counts physical punishment and psychological aggression in early childhood, allowing the language used toward small children to be considered.","parentQuestion":"When setting a boundary, how would my words sound to a very young child?","readingPrompts":["Whose report determined whether a child had experienced a given disciplinary practice?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","When setting a boundary, how would my words sound to a very young child?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC11389622","title":"Prevalence and factors of physical punishment and psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia: an analysis of the 2018 Social Indicator Survey","authors":"Anujin Enkhbat; Seungman Cha; Ermias Tadesse Beyene; Yan Jin","journal":"Global Health Action","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publishedDate":"2024-09-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2397838","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11389622","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11389622/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11389622-56d228b7e604b63d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"56d228b7e604b63da4d2f104779e3a0cfe297294637a8077b69c72158115db61","sourceTextSha256":"4c174c1ddbeaf626f16292c7e09c2353d8a32bb51a1056ef844a5d45e2e4ebc1","sourceXmlSha256":"28dba1137c59704c5f171383558cd6b565fd7b315c392defa77c564c11ccadf5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e1c133527dd85dbc8ba41659efda4cfd08e18e7e3ee4cbbaca53798c24af348f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42140,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackgroundThe global prevalence of violence against children is alarmingly high, with millions facing violent discipline and physical punishment. In Mongolia, domestic violence-related criminal offenses have sharply increased, with a 46.92% surge in the first quarter of 2020 compared to 2019.ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with physical punishment and/or psychological aggression experienced by children under 5 years old from their caregivers.MethodsWe used data from the nationally representative 2018 MICS6 dataset. To examine the association between independent and dependent variables, we used multilevel Poisson regression because it provides a better estimate and is more interpretable when the prevalence is relatively high.ResultsThe prevalence of psychological aggression was reported at 32.3% and physical punishment at 31.6%, including severe forms. Nonviolent techniques were common, with 77.5% exclusively using nonviolent discipline. Psychological aggression was more likely to occur in older children (3 and 4 years old) and in households with Buddhist heads. Additionally, 3-year-olds are more likely to experience physical punishment compared to 2-year-olds.ConclusionThese findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions, including age-sensitive parental education programs and religious and cultural sensitivity measures. Comprehensive educational and awareness programs are essential to foster a culture of nonviolence across all educational levels, highlighting the need for context-specific policies to safeguard the well-being of children in Mongolia.\n\nPaper ContextMain findingThe study highlights concerning rates of physical punishment and psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia.Added KnowledgeThe study findings contribute novel insights into the intricate relationship between sociocultural factors and disciplinary practices, emphasizing the influence of religious affiliations and maternal education on child-rearing approaches.Global health impact for policy and actionUrgent policy interventions are warranted to address violence against children, with an emphasis on culturally sensitive parental education programs and comprehensive awareness campaigns.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anujin Enkhbat","type":"Person"},{"name":"Seungman Cha","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ermias Tadesse Beyene","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Jin","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":23},{"pmcid":"PMC12677847","doi":"10.47626/1516-4446-2024-3652","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Mothers in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil.","rationale":"The authors relate patterns of maternal depressive symptoms over time to harsh parenting and quality of life. The context includes caregivers’ support needs.","parentQuestion":"What would help an adult respond more gently on days when their own resources are stretched?","readingPrompts":["Which families were retained for the complete-case analysis of the birth cohort?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","What would help an adult respond more gently on days when their own resources are stretched?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12677847","title":"Maternal depressive symptoms trajectories and harsh parenting: the mediating role of maternal quality of life in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort","authors":"Alicia Matijasevich; Jessica Mayumi Maruyama; Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues; Iná S. Santos","journal":"Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry","publisher":"Brazilian Psychiatric Association","publishedDate":"2024-09-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2024-3652","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12677847","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12677847/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12677847-eed9e048de279b9f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"eed9e048de279b9fb48554782e28281669bbd6779397755c5d0ce8e4967c81c7","sourceTextSha256":"1a2ecfd110c1b36f242adccab5340f61106018ad708d8c26fd58f8d5db499408","sourceXmlSha256":"7c3f50fbeff5351dae40ead258633c8f7a836e1df56d482bcc46748b0f1c5712","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e47efffd2df728a45415ffbff9e75bc6f7ac7765ec824e550673c439387e7359","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28823,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Objective:To study the impacts of maternal depressive symptoms trajectories and harsh parenting and explore if the maternal quality of life (QoL) mediates this association.Methods:We used data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, a population-based longitudinal study from Pelotas, Brazil (n=3,285 mothers, complete cases analysis). We used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to assess maternal depressive symptoms and calculated their trajectories from 3 months until the 11-year follow-up using a group-based modeling approach. Psychological and physical aggression were measured using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC). Maternal QoL was measured by the question “How is your quality of life?” Data were analyzed using path models in Mplus.Results:All maternal depressive symptoms trajectories increased the frequency of psychological and physical aggression at early adolescence when compared to the reference group. Mediation analysis indicated that maternal depressive symptoms led to low levels of perceived maternal QoL, which in turn was associated with increased use of harsh parenting. The proportion of total effect explained by maternal QoL ranged from 4.04% (0.00-5.58%) to 16.31% (10.88-19.10%).Conclusion:Our findings, within a longitudinal framework from a middle-income country, support existing evidence that maternal depressive symptoms are associated with harsh parenting. Our results also suggest that one mechanism underlying this association is lower perceived maternal QoL.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alicia Matijasevich","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica Mayumi Maruyama","type":"Person"},{"name":"Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues","type":"Person"},{"name":"Iná S. Santos","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":24},{"pmcid":"PMC11515719","doi":"10.1186/s13034-024-00826-9","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"A survey analysis of 3,295 Chinese adolescents.","rationale":"Separate questions about mothers’ and fathers’ actions allow teenagers to describe different experiences within one family.","parentQuestion":"If asked separately about each adult, how might my teenager describe discipline at home?","readingPrompts":["How did the analysis distinguish maternal harshness from paternal harshness?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","If asked separately about each adult, how might my teenager describe discipline at home?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC11515719","title":"Maternal and paternal harsh parenting and anxiety symptoms in Chinese adolescents: examining a multiple mediation model","authors":"Xiujuan Yang; Ling Lin; Wen Feng; Pei Liu; Nana Liang; Zhenpeng Xue; Yuejiao Ma; Yuan Shen; Wenwen Yu; Jianping Lu; Jianbo Liu","journal":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-10-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00826-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11515719","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11515719/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11515719-87e368d86cb962cc.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"87e368d86cb962cc7a54c6cf2a628e938ee6d59500c9861e31106aaa8f9e0e0a","sourceTextSha256":"b59c94d31cabbcad0825d253890d75873320e20911f2cd98a730880071b660e4","sourceXmlSha256":"b806ea428aa7f7d396f71b554505f8eba0fd350afcc7c25d36759db37cd98641","rightsEvidenceSha256":"387fd82318517ce9014368308b62e54d23022cd3d75b35fe3efe25f35b136d27","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57541,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundHarsh parenting has been recognized as a risk factor for adolescent anxiety; however, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear, and it is unknown whether this relationship is influenced by different parental roles and living arrangements. This study aimed to investigate the mediating mechanisms between harsh parenting and adolescent anxiety symptoms using a multiple mediation model and to further compare specific roles of harsh parenting and distinguish between the living arrangements.MethodsA total of 3505 adolescents completed this survey, and 3295 adolescents (54.7% girls, Mage = 14.97 years) were included in the study. Participants completed self-assessments measuring harsh parenting, self-efficacy, school connectedness, Internet addiction, sleep problems, and anxiety. They were categorized into three groups based on living arrangements: living with both parents, only with the mother, or only with the father.ResultsCorrelational analyses revealed that both maternal and paternal harsh parenting were associated with increased anxiety symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) mediation analyses and multigroup analyses showed that the independent mediating effects of school connectedness, Internet addiction, and sleep problems, as well as the sequential mediating pathways involving self-efficacy → school connectedness, self-efficacy → Internet addiction, and self-efficacy → sleep problems, vary across the adolescents’ living arrangements in the association between maternal and paternal harsh parenting and adolescent anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsThis study elucidated the mechanisms linking harsh parenting to adolescent anxiety symptoms and validated the effects of different parental roles and living arrangements. The findings provide important insights for developing targeted interventions to address anxiety symptoms in adolescents exposed to harsh parenting.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13034-024-00826-9.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiujuan Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ling Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wen Feng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pei Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nana Liang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhenpeng Xue","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuejiao Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Shen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wenwen Yu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jianping Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jianbo Liu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":25},{"pmcid":"PMC11593265","doi":"10.3390/children11111361","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 12–18","population":"Mothers and fathers reporting on their own distress, rejection and adolescents’ well-being.","rationale":"The analysis distinguishes caregiver symptoms from how acceptance or rejection is expressed in the relationship.","parentQuestion":"How can I make acceptance clear when I am having a particularly hard day myself?","readingPrompts":["Which measures asked about parents’ symptoms and which asked about the adolescent?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How can I make acceptance clear when I am having a particularly hard day myself?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC11593265","title":"The Impact of Parental Depressive, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms on Adolescents’ Mental Health and Quality of Life: The Moderating Role of Parental Rejection","authors":"Eirini Sofrona; Georgios Giannakopoulos; Christina Liossi","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-11-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111361","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11593265","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11593265/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11593265-3c8ffb3c71c380a8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3c8ffb3c71c380a85b1ed32504d4f286953ab8535acd70ada47369f67a15234c","sourceTextSha256":"ac38c9813b1149b5137d5a3e98e4a42b5b078f98adeffc9045bf43cd2fa2757e","sourceXmlSha256":"bb5c3e2a9f1f6158d9cec313a5a4611203cc8c67fee0a69f0947a3fc2f1ec075","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR910996","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":39720,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground/Objectives: Parental internalizing issues, particularly maternal mental health, can significantly influence adolescents’ mental health by altering parenting behaviors and roles. This study explores the role of parental rejection in moderating the relationship between parental depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms and adolescents’ mental health and quality of life. Methods: One hundred thirty eight mothers (mean age: 47.96, SD = 5.06 years) and 68 fathers (mean age: 51.07, SD = 5.53 years) of adolescents aged 12–18 completed measures on mental health, parental rejection, and adolescent well-being. Results: Maternal rejection was found to moderate the relationship between maternal anxiety symptoms and adolescents’ quality of life, as well as between maternal anxiety symptoms and adolescents’ mental health problems. Paternal rejection moderated the relationship between paternal stress symptoms and adolescents’ mental health. However, parental rejection did not moderate the relationship between parental depression and adolescents’ quality of life or mental health. Conclusions: These findings highlight the distinct roles of maternal and paternal rejection in adolescent development and suggest that parental mental health, particularly anxiety and stress, has a significant impact on adolescent well-being. Future studies should consider the influence of both parents and focus on longitudinal effects. These results emphasize the need for interventions addressing parental rejection to improve adolescent outcomes.Keywords: children and adolescents, parental rejection, parental depressive, anxiety, stress symptoms, quality of life, mental health problems","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eirini Sofrona","type":"Person"},{"name":"Georgios Giannakopoulos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christina Liossi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":26},{"pmcid":"PMC11628251","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385250","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 6–15","population":"Three thousand four hundred and seventy-three children in rural southwest China whose parents migrated for work.","rationale":"The study considers perceived parental rejection alongside the social climate children experience in class.","parentQuestion":"How can an adult maintain an accepting relationship when work separates the family?","readingPrompts":["How did the measures distinguish classroom relationships from perceived parental rejection?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How can an adult maintain an accepting relationship when work separates the family?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC11628251","title":"Parental rejection and internalizing/externalizing problems among left-behind children: the moderating role of interpersonal harmony in class","authors":"Zixiao Liu; Zizheng Zhao; Huijing Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-11-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385250","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11628251","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11628251/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11628251-a0f1137ffe6b5964.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a0f1137ffe6b5964caa4792076ea385ebcb9baf40ca50a3452ff4f7d66d3c62d","sourceTextSha256":"c8a839e43c27cfcf1f0f2a5f6002825898a344fb6b0e9d827dedee0601b31c99","sourceXmlSha256":"b5e56a8591c7f9d0eaebc715e366816c2fbc1d1c6d22400d579b56c52260eddc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f23859879e4ea08b11c1ab35c20f80d0fccd29eb14991cf6f0450029c62a2c5b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41203,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background and objectivesLeft-behind children are characterized by prolonged separation from one or both parents, which exposes them to a constant lack of good parenting, leading to increased risk of internalizing and (or) externalizing problems. This study explored the effects of parental rejection on internalizing and externalizing problems, and examined the moderating role of interpersonal harmony in class.MethodsThe sample comprised 3,473 left-behind children (aged 6 ~ 15; 54.1% girls) in a rural area of southwest China. Self-reported measures including Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Class Interpersonal Harmony Questionnaire and Child Behavior Scale were administrated. Regression analysis was employed and Hayes PROCESS macro was utilized to test the moderation effect.ResultsThe analysis showed that parental rejection had a significant predictive effect on both internalizing problems (β = 0.33, p < 0.001) and externalizing problems (β = 0.40, p < 0.001) of the left-behind children. Teacher interpersonal climate (β = −0.05, p < 0.001) and peer interpersonal climate (β = −0.04, p < 0.01) significantly moderated the relationship between parental rejection and externalizing problems for children with both parents absence, but not for children with single parent absence.ConclusionBenign teacher interpersonal climate and peer interpersonal climate may buffer the detrimental effect of parental rejection on left-behind children’s externalizing problems.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zixiao Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zizheng Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huijing Chen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":27},{"pmcid":"PMC12209066","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00285-7","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Ages 3–4","population":"Preschool children and mothers observed doing a shared drawing task in the southeastern United States.","rationale":"Coded sequences show how researchers distinguish an adult coaching move from what the child does immediately afterward.","parentQuestion":"What happens in the moments just after I name my child’s frustration?","readingPrompts":["What counted as coaching, and how soon afterward did the researchers code the child’s response?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What happens in the moments just after I name my child’s frustration?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC12209066","title":"Maternal Emotion Coaching and Child Emotion Regulation: Within-Interaction Sequences in Early Childhood","authors":"Danhua Zhu; Fantasy T Lozada; Cynthia L Smith; Martha Ann Bell; Julie C Dunsmore","journal":"Affective Science","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2025-01-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-024-00285-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12209066","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12209066/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12209066-8c29d859b6a9e14f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8c29d859b6a9e14f159d21e8345f29eae146992017eff06c99bfee9492b2194a","sourceTextSha256":"8090ad05c5ae56cc884d4b6cc91f2c7a56e7c82f5c38dc6bf4c20b2d09e370b7","sourceXmlSha256":"7c33b58e5f30aca93dfb7d9b218767921e32fa804099064dd1ec8ab1c638831a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"19f5d0531ec906a2de2a3db50151d28e4aa926844e8212801e9574594eb830c0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34966,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEmotion socialization is a dynamic transactional process that unfolds at the moment during parent-child interactions. To better understand these transactions (both parent-driven and child-driven) in early childhood, we conducted a lag-sequential analysis examining sequential contingency between maternal emotion coaching and child emotion regulation at ages 3 and 4 years. Mother-child dyads in the southeastern United States (N = 208 for age 3 timepoint [101 boys, 107 girls] and 227 for age 4 timepoint [115 boys, 112 girls]) participated in a laboratory etch-a-sketch task, which was videorecorded and later observationally coded for maternal coaching of both positive and negative emotions and for child emotion regulation (indexed as compliance, engagement, and low frustration) at 30-s intervals. At age 3, we found two reciprocal sequences: (1) When mothers coached positive emotions, children were subsequently more likely to show compliance, and when children complied, mothers were subsequently more likely to coach their positive emotions; (2) when mothers coached negative emotions, children were subsequently more likely to display frustration, and when children showed frustration, mothers were subsequently more likely to coach their negative emotions. At age 4, we only found parent-driven, positive emotion–related sequences: when mothers coached positive emotions, children were subsequently more likely to show compliance and engagement. Findings shed light on the distinct functions of positive and negative emotions as well as the intricacy of dynamic emotion socialization transactions in relation to child emotion regulation during early childhood.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-024-00285-7.Keywords: Emotion coaching, Emotion regulation, Early childhood, Within-interaction sequences, Observational","authorEntries":[{"name":"Danhua Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fantasy T Lozada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cynthia L Smith","type":"Person"},{"name":"Martha Ann Bell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julie C Dunsmore","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":28},{"pmcid":"PMC12350818","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.14120","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Meta-analysis","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Individual data from 19 randomized parenting trials including 1,720 children with ADHD.","rationale":"Comparing specific parenting changes across trials helps separate responses to behavior from assumptions about a child’s intentions.","parentQuestion":"Which changes in caregiver behavior did the trials actually measure?","readingPrompts":["Which parenting measures could the reviewers harmonize across the randomized trials?","How much variation across studies remains after the results are combined?","Which changes in caregiver behavior did the trials actually measure?"],"limitations":"The estimate combines studies with different measures and samples. A pooled finding does not identify the result to expect for a particular family.","id":"PMC12350818","title":"Research Review: Mechanisms of change and between‐family differences in parenting interventions for children with ADHD – an individual participant data meta‐analysis","authors":"Constantina Psyllou; Marjolein Luman; Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker; Saskia Van der Oord; Asma Aghebati; Bianca Boyer; Jan Buitelaar; Andrea Chronis‐Tuscano; David Daley; Tycho J. Dekkers; George J. DuPaul; Gregory A. Fabiano; Maite Ferrin; Nike Franke; Naama Gershy Tsahor; Elizabeth Harvey; Timo Hennig; Sharonne Herbert; Pieter J. Hoekstra; Lee Kern; Jennifer A. Mautone; Amori Yee Mikami; Sébastien Normand; Linda J. Pfiffner; Shizuka Shimabukuro; Satyam Antonio Schramm; Julie B. Schweitzer; Margaret H. Sibley; Edmund Sonuga‐Barke; Catherine Thompson; Margaret J. Thompson; Gail Tripp; Carolyn Webster‐Stratton; Yuhuan Xie; Patty Leijten; Annabeth P. Groenman","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-02-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14120","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12350818","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12350818/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12350818-ed78cc038018e639.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ed78cc038018e6399c3893a65a505b0c91ed594830d4190cb867816dac605d21","sourceTextSha256":"f406c8460f593199fd362b552a113fe53ba82a36637b0f1a99836d6ab136e607","sourceXmlSha256":"8aa1045541250bcdc0e556795dd548cb7f0e6c2e7f9c08f7da196694b6c3a72d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"08d03fc09924960e09edaf4b85bc4a433c9816fe8822dfc04f5ce6fd44e97f0a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45644,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundUnderstanding the mechanisms of change and between‐family differences in behavioural parenting interventions for children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may help personalise interventions. Therefore, we examined whether improvements in parenting are associated with changes in child behaviour and functional outcomes, and how these associations vary based on parents' baseline parenting levels.MethodsWe collected individual participant data including 19 randomised controlled trials focusing on children with ADHD (n = 1,720). Immediate post‐intervention measures of child ADHD and oppositional behaviour severity, reported by parents and functional impairment reported by either the parent or probably masked clinicians, were treated as outcomes. We estimated pathways from intervention (vs. control) to child outcomes, via immediate post‐intervention parent reports of constructive parenting (e.g. praise), non‐constructive parenting (e.g. physical punishment) and parent–child affection (e.g. warmth), while controlling for baseline values of both child outcomes and parenting levels. Baseline values of each parenting variable were used as moderators of the mediated pathways.ResultsImprovements in parenting behaviours and parent–child affection immediately following the intervention jointly explained concurrent improvements in children's ADHD severity, oppositional behaviour and functional impairment. Furthermore, when reversing the direction of the pathways, improvements in all child outcomes jointly explained improvements in each aspect of parenting. Improvements in non‐constructive parenting and parent–child affection uniquely accounted for intervention effects on functional impairment, especially for families with higher baseline levels of non‐constructive parenting.ConclusionsOur findings might indicate that improvements in both the behavioural and affective aspects of parenting are associated with concurrent reductions in child behaviour problems and functional impairment. However, more research is necessary to explore the potential causal directionality between parenting and child outcomes. Nonetheless, supporting families with poorer parenting skills may be especially important, as reductions in non‐constructive parenting in these families are linked to stronger treatment effects on child functional impairment.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Constantina Psyllou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marjolein Luman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saskia Van der Oord","type":"Person"},{"name":"Asma Aghebati","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bianca Boyer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jan Buitelaar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Chronis‐Tuscano","type":"Person"},{"name":"David Daley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tycho J. Dekkers","type":"Person"},{"name":"George J. DuPaul","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gregory A. Fabiano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maite Ferrin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nike Franke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Naama Gershy Tsahor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth Harvey","type":"Person"},{"name":"Timo Hennig","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sharonne Herbert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pieter J. Hoekstra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lee Kern","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer A. Mautone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amori Yee Mikami","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sébastien Normand","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linda J. Pfiffner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shizuka Shimabukuro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Satyam Antonio Schramm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julie B. Schweitzer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Margaret H. Sibley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Edmund Sonuga‐Barke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catherine Thompson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Margaret J. Thompson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gail Tripp","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carolyn Webster‐Stratton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuhuan Xie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patty Leijten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Annabeth P. Groenman","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.14120","publisherEvidenceSha256":"7f234c2e95c52e4dc38188fd83881207d08336a21ba43094b51b07c83487b91b","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":29},{"pmcid":"PMC11911485","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1548549","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"High-school years","population":"Adolescents from 44 Swiss high schools followed over three waves.","rationale":"Tracking parenting profiles across time avoids treating one description as the permanent character of a family.","parentQuestion":"If my teenager describes a past interaction as hurtful, what change could they notice over time?","readingPrompts":["How often did families shift from one estimated parenting profile to another?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","If my teenager describes a past interaction as hurtful, what change could they notice over time?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC11911485","title":"Parenting style patterns and their longitudinal impact on mental health in abused and nonabused adolescents","authors":"Wassilis Kassis; Aikaterini Vasiou; Dilan Aksoy; Céline Anne Favre; Sibylle Talmon-Gros Artz; Doug Magnusson","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-03-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1548549","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11911485","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11911485/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11911485/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11911485-6f0c0f6df03aa402.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6f0c0f6df03aa40216276468e9910efce6c733c41f45aac8a5d2b76bbc6e9dbd","sourceTextSha256":"145cf6a8249b139f0eef178709a976ccb26d0a7c69f4ff29a001f4a1b2651dfb","sourceXmlSha256":"9011fd54e00207792ff87dffab5516127687ccc38efb4b6abce8fb1b3c2f78f4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9ab642a277aeb90d551a467fb3a9d1fa1d8c488080d55dfdab985dda7d1f035d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53552,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundWhile the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ mental health is well documented, no study has used latent person-oriented methods to analyze the effects of parenting style trajectories, experienced by physically abused and nonabused adolescents from early to middle adolescence, on mental health outcomes.MethodIn this longitudinal study, we used latent transition analysis (LTA) to detect parenting patterns and their trajectories among 1,709 adolescents from 44 high schools in Switzerland across three data waves (2021-2023) by applying a multigroup comparison between physically nonabused and abused adolescents. Using multinomial regression, we tested the effects of the detected parenting patterns on adolescents’ mental health.ResultsAlong with the two known patterns, termed “supportive” and “negative” parenting, two new parenting patterns which we termed “absent” (low levels on all tested parenting styles) and “ambiguous” (middle to high levels on all tested parenting styles) emerged as playing a key role in the perceptions of adolescents with and without parental abuse experience longitudinally. These four patterns developed in diverse ways: Supportive parenting decreased for abused adolescents over time but remained stable for the nonabused adolescents. The absent parenting level was stable over time among abused adolescents when compared to the outcomes experienced by adolescents subjected to the negative parenting pattern. Furthermore, we found a remarkable decline in the number of nonabused adolescents in the absence pattern from Wave 1 to Wave 3. Further, we also found that abused adolescents reported more negative parenting than nonabused adolescents. Additionally, we found that supportive parenting was beneficial for adolescents’ mental health whereas negative, ambiguous, and absent parenting all had detrimental effects.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the beneficial association of supportive parenting and the detrimental effects of negative, ambiguous, and absent parenting. This also suggests that we must consider a more complex approach that involves examining a blend of different parenting styles when analyzing adolescent mental health.Keywords: parenting styles, adolescents, latent person-oriented methods, longitudinal research, family abuse, mental health","authorEntries":[{"name":"Wassilis Kassis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aikaterini Vasiou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dilan Aksoy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Céline Anne Favre","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sibylle Talmon-Gros Artz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Doug Magnusson","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":30},{"pmcid":"PMC11949733","doi":"10.1017/gmh.2025.25","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Program evaluation","ageRange":"Children and their caregivers","population":"Caregivers in a faith- and community-based parenting program in twelve countries.","rationale":"The follow-up distinguishes changes reported immediately after a program from changes reported months later across different community settings.","parentQuestion":"Which changes would our family notice in daily life after a parenting course ends?","readingPrompts":["Did the researchers compare the program to households that did not receive it?","What features of the comparison or follow-up limit the conclusions about change?","Which changes would our family notice in daily life after a parenting course ends?"],"limitations":"Participation, the comparison conditions and the measurement interval limit what can be attributed to the program alone or assumed to persist after follow-up.","id":"PMC11949733","title":"Supporting parents in the Global South: implementation of a faith-based parent program in 12 countries","authors":"Lisseth Rojas-Flores; Melanie Ngan; Joey Fung; Carolyn Casada; Patrick Robertson; Alex Masibo; Briseida Cruz; Marion Mortel; Ryan Kopper; Cherry Marcelo; Travis Roberts; Holta Trandafili","journal":"Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publishedDate":"2025-03-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2025.25","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11949733","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11949733/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11949733-2eb0bcffa25f31e0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2eb0bcffa25f31e0b61572225c7b0b0b65054a20a79c9727d56d9128ebc63f45","sourceTextSha256":"1c5a5831f5b66f5f78c93189c8dcaaf66b7ff88d7013eaa674f173cc9648c5ca","sourceXmlSha256":"6fe4e0c813a73002c9b8642198f492d2b7097bd453b58efa5ce64bf838f8eebf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c6ef74e49e9d7a419ea22dc1139c21e90814a7195ec31afafd920a12c04ed675","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54361,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting programs are effective ways to reduce child maltreatment and promote nurturing parent–child relationships. Yet, the potential of faith-based, positive parent programs, particularly those conducted globally at scale, remains underexplored. We conducted a pre-post and 6-month follow-up, single-group study of a faith- and community-based parenting program, Celebrating Families (CF), in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Central America and South East Asia. Using a train-the-trainers model, faith leaders delivered group-based parenting workshops over 3–5 days to a nonrandomized sample of 2201 caregivers across 12 countries. Data was collected at three time points. Shifts in caregiver attitudes and beliefs were assessed pre- and post, and harsh parenting behaviors were measured at pre- and 6-months after CF parent program implementation. Acceptability was demonstrated by high attendance and high satisfaction ratings from facilitators and caregivers. Trained faith and community leaders feasibly delivered the CF parent groups and were rated by caregivers to have strong teaching skills. Qualitative analysis of their feedback at 6-month follow-up highlighted barriers to implementation and areas for improvement. Results with those caregivers who completed the program suggest large to medium effect size improvements in caregiver attitudes around harsh discipline and nurturing parenting by country and change in reported use of harsh parenting behaviors at 6 months. Findings suggest that CF is a feasible and acceptable program with promising short-term effects for caregivers of children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.Keywords: parenting, child maltreatment, implementation, faith leaders, Global South","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lisseth Rojas-Flores","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melanie Ngan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joey Fung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carolyn Casada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick Robertson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alex Masibo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Briseida Cruz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marion Mortel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ryan Kopper","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cherry Marcelo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Travis Roberts","type":"Person"},{"name":"Holta Trandafili","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":31},{"pmcid":"PMC11920575","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1497007","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Seventy girls with elevated internalizing symptoms and their mothers.","rationale":"Comparing the two reporters makes disagreement about emotional support visible rather than treating an adult rating as the child’s experience.","parentQuestion":"What would my child say about how I respond, and how could I ask?","readingPrompts":["What changed when the adolescent’s and mother’s ratings of support diverged?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What would my child say about how I respond, and how could I ask?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC11920575","title":"Association between maternal emotion socialization and emotion regulation in early adolescents with elevated internalizing symptoms: insights from multi-informant discrepancies","authors":"Junxuan Zhao; Elena Pozzi; Sylvia Chu Lin; Christiane E. Kehoe; Sophie S. Havighurst; Sarah Whittle","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-03-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1497007","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11920575","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11920575/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11920575-98878f0095f2f41e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"98878f0095f2f41e39010b4f47d511cc7d4d82510a033a6646ebf5fec438769f","sourceTextSha256":"326fd0452e0aa9bf57199d506daf869450e2a2149469dbb5a7521f9303e4c316","sourceXmlSha256":"76da472176b0ff0eb13faa46217253d1a7abfb67511d1af8bfd669a43e5f1473","rightsEvidenceSha256":"73fa163852279bb5e496b1a314890bbcf6d54b39a464e35a0c4bd1cded7e89ba","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47730,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionAlthough the relationship between parental emotion socialization and emotional competence, including emotion regulation, in children and adolescents has been extensively explored, there is a lack of research investigating this association in adolescents at high risk for mental health problems. The present study examined the association between maternal emotion socialization and emotion regulation in adolescents with high levels of internalizing symptoms, using multi-informant measurements (mother-reported, adolescent-reported, observer-reported). The study also explored whether discrepancies in the report of parental emotion socialization by different informants were related to adolescent emotion regulation, in addition to factors that may contribute to informant discrepancies.MethodsParticipants were 70 female adolescents (mean age = 11.46 years, SD = 0.77) with high levels of internalizing symptoms and their mothers. Maternal emotion socialization (i.e., emotion dismissing and emotion coaching) was assessed using mother- and adolescent-reported questionnaires, and via observation during an emotion discussion task. Adolescent emotion regulation was reported by mothers and adolescents, while maternal emotion regulation was self-reported. ResultsAdolescent-reported maternal emotion coaching and dismissing were significantly related to adolescent-reported adolescent emotion regulation. Informant discrepancies were not related to adolescent emotion regulation. Mothers higher in emotion regulation difficulties reported that their emotion coaching was more congruent with adolescent- and observer-reported emotion coaching, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. DiscussionOur findings highlight the value of adolescent-reported variables in parenting and adolescent emotion research. Additionally, mothers’ emotion regulation may influence their assessments of their emotion socialization behaviors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Junxuan Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Pozzi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sylvia Chu Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiane E. Kehoe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie S. Havighurst","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Whittle","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":32},{"pmcid":"PMC11908419","doi":"10.5334/pb.1344","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Six hundred and two Chinese adolescents completing questionnaires at two stages.","rationale":"The article asks how harsh parenting relates to young people’s environmental behavior, extending the question beyond immediate obedience.","parentQuestion":"How do I talk about a value I want my teenager to make their own?","readingPrompts":["Did the authors measure children's own environmental behavior or what they said they did?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","How do I talk about a value I want my teenager to make their own?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC11908419","title":"The Relationship Between Harsh Parenting and Adolescents’ Pro-Environmental Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model","authors":"Dawei Wang; Shuangju Wei; Wenxu Mao; Ziying Lu; Yixin Hu","journal":"Psychologica Belgica","publisher":"Ubiquity Press","publishedDate":"2025-03-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1344","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11908419","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11908419/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11908419-87081bb99540d295.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"87081bb99540d2957d7eefedc5036084de03594bff9d48e50c02856f719d0409","sourceTextSha256":"894479a58d795fb128b98c5b48e7a6afb49815cff919bed9eac7f827088f8f96","sourceXmlSha256":"a9b0facb45fb010157aca12b206215f0e1b7b38c2169085575dde79c4ce2f0c9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"dbe231ca7a6c7b3ff7f6539dbf6c7330316ef6cf4f7bddbf7f562bbc4d002667","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42296,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground:Parents play a crucial role in cultivating adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior, which has attracted researchers’ attention. Nevertheless, the role of negative parenting styles has not been adequately concerned.Objectives:This research aimed to explore the influence of harsh parenting on adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior based on the Ecological Systems Theory, considering intrinsic motivation as a possible mediator and three types of values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values) as possible moderators.Participants and Setting:Data were collected at two stages through self-report questionnaires filled in by 602 adolescents (40.2% boys) in China with an average age of 16.25 years.Methods:The questionnaires assessed pro-environmental behavior, harsh parenting, intrinsic motivation, and values. Research hypotheses were tested by Model 4 and Model 14 of the SPSS PROCESS macro.Results:Results showed that harsh parenting was negatively associated with adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior, which was mediated by intrinsic motivation. The interactions of three types of values and intrinsic motivation affected pro-environmental behavior differently. The relationship between intrinsic motivation and adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior was negatively moderated by egoistic values, but positively moderated by altruistic and biospheric values.Conclusions:The results revealed that harsh parenting was negatively and significantly correlated with adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior and such a relationship was mediated by intrinsic motivation and was moderated by values.Keywords: harsh parenting, pro-environmental behavior, intrinsic motivation, egoistic values, altruistic values, biospheric values","authorEntries":[{"name":"Dawei Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuangju Wei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wenxu Mao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ziying Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yixin Hu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":33},{"pmcid":"PMC13615102","doi":"10.1007/s10578-025-01808-4","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"School-age childhood","population":"Ninety children diagnosed with ADHD and their mothers.","rationale":"The analysis distinguishes maternal symptoms, emotion-regulation difficulties and reported responses to the child’s emotions.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of a hard interaction belong to the adult’s own emotional load?","readingPrompts":["Whose report was used for symptoms and whose for parenting responses?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which parts of a hard interaction belong to the adult’s own emotional load?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13615102","title":"The Role of Mothers’ Psychiatric Symptoms, Practices of Emotion Socialization and Emotion Regulation among Children Diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder","authors":"Feray Tarımtay Altun; Medine Yazıcı; Özalp Ekinci","journal":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-03-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-025-01808-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13615102","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13615102/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13615102-3239a2e36d44eaa4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3239a2e36d44eaa42728eee0bf8f2d632cb644b9a3c42832c810fe5d3033adb7","sourceTextSha256":"fd972a57e6263e1e158961be7b75063f22003b664fd2596f284a1556513b5a19","sourceXmlSha256":"e9501d436adb6894674fc3c9801f40dc770f01196d67c916bff561d1d2305bfd","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39121,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study investigates the mediating role of mothers’ emotion socialization practices and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between maternal attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptom levels and their children’s ADHD symptom levels. The study included 90 children (M = 9.71 years, SD = 1.33) diagnosed with ADHD and their mothers. Mothers completed Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, Borderline Personality Inventory, DSM-IV Based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale, Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form. Children filled out Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children. The findings revealed that mothers’ punitive and distress reactions mediated the relationship between mothers’ and their children’s ADHD symptom levels. Furthermore, all unsupportive emotion socialization strategies mediated the relationship between mothers’ BPD symptoms and their children’s ADHD symptoms. These results indicate that unsupportive maternal responses may contribute to the severity of children’s ADHD symptoms.Keywords: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Emotion regulation, Emotion socialization","authorEntries":[{"name":"Feray Tarımtay Altun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Medine Yazıcı","type":"Person"},{"name":"Özalp Ekinci","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10578-025-01808-4","publisherEvidenceSha256":"47ef9356d9558224d87995be21ea3731d7f3b12eb68c8c3465bc0dbc66248fa4","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":34},{"pmcid":"PMC12433407","doi":"10.1007/s40653-025-00704-2","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Parents reporting about childhood","population":"Sixty-four Black and minority ethnic parents in a UK cohort.","rationale":"Caregivers’ accounts of the timing and duration of adversity were examined alongside harsh and nurturing practices, two distinct dimensions.","parentQuestion":"Which ways of caring do I want to keep even as I change an inherited discipline habit?","readingPrompts":["How were the timing and chronicity of childhood adversity distinguished?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","Which ways of caring do I want to keep even as I change an inherited discipline habit?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC12433407","title":"Adverse Childhood Experience Chronicity and Timing: Impacts on Harsh and Nurturing Parenting in UK Black and Minority Ethnic Parents","authors":"Itunu Ogundiyun; Laura Katus","journal":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2025-03-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-025-00704-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12433407","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12433407/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12433407-27bcebfc78a207d4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"27bcebfc78a207d454f94c349ec781607090ff6e9057b73ba17d450fcbe30a6a","sourceTextSha256":"94813fb1a8210139af2a86a6d2d1e08e57a7e3af313be8afe9cb8fc0b2306865","sourceXmlSha256":"5f0b12a5ffe4d99127106d00c96bf5487ca09628e0e8b43bc68a92f5bd3d764f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"19f5d0531ec906a2de2a3db50151d28e4aa926844e8212801e9574594eb830c0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41580,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a range of traumatic events, primarily including personal abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, which frequently are associated with maladaptive consequences into adulthood. As such, ACEs also have the potential to adversely affect an individual’s response to their own children once they become a parent. While members of minority ethnic groups are at a higher risk of experiencing ACEs, research on how this affects parenting outcomes is limited. This study examines ACE exposure in a cohort of N = 64 Black and minority ethnic parents in the UK. We found that ACEs were positively associated with parents self-reported harsh parenting, and negatively associated with nurturing parenting. Examining ACE timing, exposure during middle childhood, but not early or late childhood or adolescence, was associated of both harsh and nurturing parenting. Examining the differential impact of ACE chronicity (i.e., prolonged exposure) and ACE frequency (i.e., number of ACEs), harsh parenting was significantly associated with ACE chronicity, whereas nurturing parenting was linked to ACE frequency. Mediation analyses showed a partial mediation of parental education for the link between ACE frequency and harsh and nurturing parenting outcomes. Our results contribute to a growing body of research highlighting the intricate interplay between early life adversity and parenting behaviours within minority ethnic communities. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and support systems aimed at breaking the cycle of ACEs, promoting healthier parenting practices, and ultimately fostering improved outcomes for both parents and their children in these communities. Future research should delve deeper into the specific mechanisms through which ACEs influence parenting behaviours and explore culturally sensitive approaches to mitigate their impact on minority ethnic parents.Keywords: Childhood adversity, Chronic adversity, Adversity timing, Ethnic minority, Nurturing parenting, Harsh parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Itunu Ogundiyun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Katus","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":35},{"pmcid":"PMC12162627","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1511983","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Two hundred and thirty-four early adolescents recruited from schools in northern Italy.","rationale":"The study considers perceived rejection and difficulty describing feelings together, using adolescents’ own reports.","parentQuestion":"What happens when I treat difficulty explaining a feeling as a reason to listen longer?","readingPrompts":["Whose report was used to assess both rejection and difficulty describing emotion?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What happens when I treat difficulty explaining a feeling as a reason to listen longer?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12162627","title":"Parental rejection and generalized anxiety disorder in early adolescents: the mediating role of alexithymia","authors":"Matteo Angelo Fabris; Claudio Longobardi; Elżbieta Zdankiewicz-Ścigala; Dawid Konrad Ścigała","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-05-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1511983","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12162627","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12162627/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12162627/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12162627-d6a320232cdea397.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d6a320232cdea39751faffda99423b6f6bc0517a9c1431951a4b11507d02f349","sourceTextSha256":"a666e208ad020fba5f6b62dfbfa108045aeba4d7e3c65bca5b33b9f60f30d4a9","sourceXmlSha256":"852f1cea6e52058dc25fd8ce2045179f4e583943a5e18cd04ebebcab743e38ed","rightsEvidenceSha256":"de880d98c22b435e5c7d9f993279caa70357393e4f600c394228fd1a0c65b37e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57788,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe aim of this study is to extend our knowledge of the possible association between (maternal and paternal) parental rejection and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms in early adolescence by investigating the possible mediating role of alexithymia. A sample of Italian early adolescents (N = 234; Mage: 11.86, SD = 0.93; 47% male) was recruited from several schools in northwestern Italy. Participants completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire that included information on experience of parental rejection, alexithymia, and GAD symptoms. Our results show an association between parental rejection (both maternal and paternal) and GAD symptoms. Furthermore, the data show that alexithymia tends to mediate the relationship between maternal/paternal rejection and GAD. In this sense, parental rejection is associated with an increase in alexithymic symptoms, which in turn is associated with an increase in GAD symptoms in early adolescents. Limitations of the research and practical implications are discussed.Keywords: paternal rejection, generalized anxiety disorder, alexithymia, early adolescence, maternal rejection","authorEntries":[{"name":"Matteo Angelo Fabris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claudio Longobardi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elżbieta Zdankiewicz-Ścigala","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dawid Konrad Ścigała","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":36},{"pmcid":"PMC12341471","doi":"10.1007/s10802-025-01343-9","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Preschool to kindergarten","population":"Two hundred and sixty-three children in a community sample followed across the school transition.","rationale":"Harsh parenting and peer victimization are assessed together, keeping family and school experiences distinct in the interpretation.","parentQuestion":"Which experiences at home and with peers could my child want me to understand?","readingPrompts":["When were peer experiences assessed compared with parenting and cortisol?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","Which experiences at home and with peers could my child want me to understand?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12341471","title":"Parenting and Peer Victimization in the Development of Callous-Unemotional Behaviors: Moderation by Irritability and Basal Cortisol","authors":"Gretchen R. Perhamus; Jamie M. Ostrov; Dianna Murray-Close","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-06-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01343-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12341471","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12341471/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12341471-8dc558cd448fcbd8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8dc558cd448fcbd8da82546a6e10f8efc6df5f77051fdeaf670880c450362c55","sourceTextSha256":"06959c8a58b3209e82fe36c58c8487188de08935c286f1801d57a00cfd91c293","sourceXmlSha256":"fa5a715a19f5baf6f581c3462550076c5716d0b536c23d39827f2de12456789a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47785,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The present study tested three aims regarding the socializing roles of peer victimization and harsh parenting in the development of callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors. First, we investigated whether peer victimization’s promotive effects on the development of CU behaviors extend downward to early childhood and persist above effects of harsh parenting. We then considered whether, consistent with recent theoretical models, the effects of family and peer stressful experiences may be stronger for those who are emotionally (i.e., higher irritability) or physiologically (i.e., higher basal salivary cortisol) sensitive. Aims were tested over one year across the transition from preschool to kindergarten using a community sample (N = 263, Mage = 4.32 years, SD = 0.31 years, 47.7% female). Harsh parenting and CU behaviors were measured using parent report. Irritability and physical and relational victimization were measured using teacher report. Basal cortisol was assessed from saliva samples collected on three consecutive days in the morning. Hypothesized effects of peer victimization were not supported. However, consistent with hypotheses, harsh parenting predicted increases in CU behaviors specifically for youth with high levels of irritability (i.e., > 2.12 SDs from the mean; B = 0.26, p =.05). Finally, lower cortisol directly predicted increased CU behaviors (B = − 0.23, p <.001). Findings provide support for negative emotional reactivity as a moderating factor in the effects of harsh parenting on the development of early childhood CU behaviors, whereas HPA axis hypoactivity may directly increase risk.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-025-01343-9.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Gretchen R. Perhamus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jamie M. Ostrov","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dianna Murray-Close","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-025-01343-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"c84cbf09af7e26241017596e0ae4b5caa1b08bd16926089a2b18b3e6989d888c","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":37},{"pmcid":"PMC12831742","doi":"10.1007/s40653-025-00725-x","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Ages 15, 16 and 19","population":"Young people born in Malmö who answered questions about punishment over three waves.","rationale":"The study follows young people’s own accounts of punishment, preserving a perspective adults’ reports of discipline might miss.","parentQuestion":"How does my teenager describe the discipline they remember?","readingPrompts":["How did the questions distinguish a history of punishment from current exposure?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","How does my teenager describe the discipline they remember?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12831742","title":"Physical Punishment in Childhood and Adolescence: Related Factors and Outcomes","authors":"Klara Svalin; Marie Torstensson Levander; Sten Levander","journal":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2025-06-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-025-00725-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12831742","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12831742/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12831742-4a01a5e61a03c1ae.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4a01a5e61a03c1ae5d2cab8402e3d0b6b7b849f5d433b91376b00a98278b488a","sourceTextSha256":"c3a1f4052deb7b7d54bf97b123c8595a81be25d4798a1faf2406668f58018e90","sourceXmlSha256":"f0cb4315cbd01e8ed1d73a792a0125d551b63dac00b91a4d73255fbb1b88ea13","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":23880,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundPhysical punishment (PP) of children is banned in > 50 countries, motivated by ethical arguments as well as empirically ascertained negative effects in adulthood. There is ample social pressure against PP in Sweden.AimsHow common is a history of PP among randomly selected Malmö adolescents, is PP explained by certain social background factors and/or individual characteristics, and how do physically punished individuals differ with respect to antisocial outcomes at age 18.MethodParticipants (N = 518, a 20% sample of children born in Malmö 1995) responded to a comprehensive self-report questionnaire in three waves, age 15, 16 and 19.ResultsPP was reported by appr. 20% of the participants. Several differences were observed between participants who experienced PP and those who did not. These differences can be summarized as follows: parents’ country of birth, the importance of religion, conflicts with parents, poor bonding with family, exposure to antisocial peers, perceived victimization by peers and teachers, victimization from crime, and difficulties with certain aspects of self-regulation.ConclusionIn spite of being illegal, PP is relatively common. There were some significant associations suggesting differences between those exposed to PP and the others, but no serious effects at age 19, except violent behaviour for boys.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-025-00725-x.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Klara Svalin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marie Torstensson Levander","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sten Levander","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":38},{"pmcid":"PMC12245907","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1607367","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Eight hundred and twenty-eight middle school students surveyed on three occasions.","rationale":"The study separates changes within a young person from differences between students in exploring harsh parenting, shyness and online victimization.","parentQuestion":"Can my child talk about online mistreatment without worrying about my reaction?","readingPrompts":["How did models that separated stable differences between students compare with simpler models?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","Can my child talk about online mistreatment without worrying about my reaction?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12245907","title":"The relationship between harsh parenting, shyness and cyber victimization: based on the cross-lagged panel model and the random intercept cross-lagged panel model","authors":"Xintong Zhao; Tao Xin; Qingsong Sang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-06-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1607367","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12245907","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12245907/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12245907/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12245907-5a710ca6160c5ea7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5a710ca6160c5ea770e579d23b3d73bdc5b9acca10b59f5b14cdbcf90d7a02a6","sourceTextSha256":"b360fea8c4391b439441f9567be222df26234c4d2f74e2096ff69bbcc6bd37b8","sourceXmlSha256":"cee0c7a7145ad9200dd55cadf134a1b845363219381da09e3e67868a8a8034f3","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a5abe678b89453866ddcef4ab99cdbc7162a67c1743f04065a992305ee7d3124","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42539,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectiveTo examine the longitudinal associations between harsh parenting, shyness, and cyber victimization. The present study hypothesized that shyness mediated harsh parenting and cyber victimization.MethodsEight hundred and twenty-eight first-year middle school students voluntarily completed three rounds of questionnaires investigating harsh parenting, shyness, and cyber victimization at eight-month intervals. CLPM and RI-CLPM were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3.ResultsShyness was a significant predictor of cyber victimization and harsh parenting had a significant prospective effect on cyber victimization. Shyness mediated longitudinally between harsh parenting and cyber victimization.ConclusionsIn CLPM, T1 and T2 harsh parenting significantly and positively predicted T3 cyber victimization, with shyness serving as a mediator in the longitudinal relationship between harsh parenting and cyber victimization. In RI-CLPM, at the within-individual level, T1 harsh parenting significantly and positively predicted T2 cyber victimization, T2 shyness mediated the relationship between T1 harsh parenting and T3 cyber victimization. This study deepens our understanding of the dynamic relationship among harsh parenting, shyness, and cyber victimization, providing robust empirical evidence and meaningful insights for interventions in adolescent cyber victimization.Keywords: harsh parenting, shyness, cyber victimization, CLPM, RI-CLPM","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xintong Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tao Xin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qingsong Sang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":39},{"pmcid":"PMC12293943","doi":"10.3390/children12070845","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"School-age childhood","population":"Israeli mothers and fathers of 75 children diagnosed with ADHD.","rationale":"Parent accounts of their own qualities and children’s functioning offer a window on how caregivers understand supportive parenting with ADHD.","parentQuestion":"Which qualities help me understand my child beyond their diagnosis?","readingPrompts":["Were mothers' and fathers' reports analyzed separately or combined for each child?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which qualities help me understand my child beyond their diagnosis?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12293943","title":"The Role of Parental Qualities in Supporting Children with ADHD","authors":"Galia Ankori; Maly Solan; Sarit Plishty; Anat Brunstein Klomek; Alan Apter; Yaron Yagil; Carl E Stafstrom","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-06-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070845","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12293943","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12293943/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12293943-0d82eba6a340c7e0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0d82eba6a340c7e09b4449a40202ff0a5c23c43b45ceae935a9adf93093a841a","sourceTextSha256":"9e6ac1809e01b6e30c7d6cae51a0f8f8d51404c61ee48967ad83e6cfd9d2787e","sourceXmlSha256":"9ac25f969d90f86c7a0f71e705b5edf980a05a1def0a70e5a4f731b9096fbb04","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34167,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjective: This cross-sectional study examined assumptions about the role of parenting qualities in predicting child problems. Background: Children with ADHD often experience distress, partially linked to less adaptive parenting practices. Our working assumptions are that: parental mindfulness, insecure parent attachment styles, and parental child rejection have a significant impact upon the severity of child problems and therefore should be addressed in parental training. Methods: A total of 122 Israeli parents (55 fathers (Mage = 43.8; SD = 4.01) and 67 mothers (Mage = 41.6; SD = 4.59)) of 75 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Mage = 8.4; SD = 1.56) completed self-report measures: the Experience of Close Relationships scale (ECR), the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ), and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The key finding was that a latent ‘parental rejection/non-warmth’ factor mediated the relationship between (a) parents’ anxious attachment and child behavior problems, and (b) parental mindfulness and child problems. Parental rejection emerged as the strongest predictor of child difficulties. Conclusions: Parental training for parents of children with ADHD should prioritize reducing rejection while also addressing mindfulness and anxious attachment style to promote child well-being. Clinical Trial Registration: Group training for parents whose children suffer from ADHD and comorbidity using a behavioral-dynamic approach (SPBT). Registered at Veeva Vault.Keywords: mental health, parenting, mindfulness, attachment, child behavior checklist, acceptance–rejection, ADHD","authorEntries":[{"name":"Galia Ankori","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maly Solan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarit Plishty","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anat Brunstein Klomek","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alan Apter","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yaron Yagil","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carl E Stafstrom","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":40},{"pmcid":"PMC9176408","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Youth and emerging adulthood","population":"Studies included in a systematic review of helicopter parenting, anxiety and depression.","rationale":"This article examines what reviews can establish about overinvolvement and young people’s anxiety and depression. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"How much of the research measures overinvolvement before emotional difficulties appear?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about what reviews can establish about overinvolvement and young people’s anxiety and depression?","What eligibility rules determined which studies and family settings entered the review?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is studies included in a systematic review of helicopter parenting, anxiety and depression."],"limitations":"Included studies may use different definitions and measures. Check the populations, settings and evidence quality before treating a pattern as a practical recommendation.","id":"PMC9176408","title":"A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression","authors":"Julia Schønning Vigdal; Kolbjørn Kallesten Brønnick","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-05-25","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9176408","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9176408/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9176408/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9176408-5213390b407d9946.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5213390b407d9946a8d186603fbec430ac6771cf1398c2918c31bc4c57d0bd70","sourceTextSha256":"3c55d2b432a76b5593b911b14ddccacb9438f9fe8b1dcf3e24edf2644060e0cc","sourceXmlSha256":"f4117a4779619635d56f24804d25cd618ec0c1adf7150e0f340fc1bd0412d03c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"25b83b7c9587ef95a22ddb244c2631735e254e66e90928285cffadc5ed123d60","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42502,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that overprotective and controlling parenting, often referred to as “helicopter parenting” may have negative implications on the child's mental health such as anxiety and depression. However, no systematic review on the topic exists.ObjectiveConducting a systematic review to identify all studies where the relationship between helicopter parenting and symptoms of anxiety and/or depression have been investigated.MethodA systematic literature search conducted the 3rd of November 2021 yielded 38 eligible studies. Since helicopter parenting is a fairly new construct, this review considered parental control and overprotective parenting to be dimensions of helicopter parenting and thus, eligible for the study. Study quality was assessed in accordance with Campbells Validity Typology.ResultsThe majority of the studies included in this review found a direct relationship between helicopter parenting and symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, validity problems undermine these findings with regarding to assessing the causal relationship between helicopter parenting and these symptoms. There were no longitudinal studies of sufficient quality to determine if helicopter parenting precedes the outcome of anxiety and depression.ConclusionEven though the majority of the studies included in this systematic review found a relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety and depression, the evidence for this relationship is insufficient and must be investigated further. Findings suggest that it is important to include both maternal and paternal parenting style in future studies as they could affect the outcome of anxiety and depression differently.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO 2020 CRD42020167465, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=167465.Keywords: systematic review, helicopter parenting, overprotective parenting, controlling parenting, parenting style, anxiety, depression","authorEntries":[{"name":"Julia Schønning Vigdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kolbjørn Kallesten Brønnick","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":41},{"pmcid":"PMC9363343","doi":"10.1007/s10964-022-01642-0","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Ages 10 and 12","population":"Two hundred and eleven mother–youth pairs studied during the transition to adolescence.","rationale":"This article examines which family and neighbourhood factors predict changes in mothers’ psychological control. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"What changes around us might lead me to become more controlling as my child grows?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about which family and neighbourhood factors predict changes in mothers’ psychological control?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is two hundred and eleven mother–youth pairs studied during the transition to adolescence."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC9363343","title":"The Development of Maternal Psychological Control in Early Adolescence: Maternal, Youth, and Neighborhood Antecedents","authors":"Duyen T. Trang; Tuppett M. Yates","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2022-06-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01642-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9363343","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9363343/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9363343-290f38d1fd2f245f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"290f38d1fd2f245f603ea4393ef420ebd64a3326778772bce0ad2493556f1811","sourceTextSha256":"187c3a1597fb79e963eb9c283b1741aef21da9fa15f118f2181580b1f21f843c","sourceXmlSha256":"f0cd7a80ece5080ed4e03fbff9bada7d6f59d1be6e3851157398809a675c1643","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e00eaff9089a61b362c8e6cbd3ad5d3e6d3b6f8f7945bd33458f863a91332f09","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50699,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Despite abundant research documenting negative associations between parental psychological control and youth adjustment, little is known about precursors of parental psychological control. The current study evaluated maternal, youth, and neighborhood predictors of changes in maternal psychological control across the transition to adolescence. Mother-youth dyads (N = 211, 50.2% female children; 46.4% Latinx, 17.5% Black, 11.4% white, and 24.7% multiracial) reported on maternal psychological control at youth ages 10 and 12. Controlling for youth ethnicity and race, family income-to-needs, and prior levels of maternal psychological control at age 10, structural equation models showed that maternal problems (i.e., anxiety, alcohol dependence, caregiving helplessness) predicted increases and youth externalizing problems (e.g., attention problems, rule-breaking) predicted decreases in maternal reports of psychological control. Neighborhood risks (i.e., poverty, crime, single-parent households) predicted increases in youth reports of maternal psychological control. Exploratory analyses by gender indicated that neighborhood risks predicted decreases in maternal reports of psychological control for girls, but increases in maternal reports of psychological control for boys. This study identified specific antecedents of maternal psychological control that can be targeted in future intervention efforts to reduce negative parenting to promote positive youth development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Duyen T. Trang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tuppett M. Yates","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-022-01642-0","publisherEvidenceSha256":"2e6a0e475da25c456a9c59854b2654f4d3fa2a15fe6cc31bb5499186386c8832","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":42},{"pmcid":"PMC9532949","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886979","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Emerging adulthood","population":"Canadian university students reporting family involvement and career development.","rationale":"This article examines how career identity and adaptability relate to parental overinvolvement as young adults take on career decisions. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"What career decision would my young adult like to own, even if they ask for advice?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how career identity and adaptability relate to parental overinvolvement as young adults take on career decisions?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is canadian university students reporting family involvement and career development."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC9532949","title":"Helicopter parenting during emerging adulthood: Consequences for career identity and adaptability","authors":"Joshua E LeBlanc; Sean T Lyons","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-09-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886979","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9532949","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9532949/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9532949/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9532949-7f8a6cdeb91df190.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7f8a6cdeb91df190737f0384e285d3544af29b88907441a32ad9c9fb8bd18eed","sourceTextSha256":"456f1675bb38f085e18f43dc33b8651712d1ec75eacdf7b35c2f6dcea924aca4","sourceXmlSha256":"09e328cd6fb24b7edff82aba96569a28fbb848f1d00ccd8a39b5afec5624db70","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f8fcdff55d1aae763586080ac4256824adc1add1a63191b51a2c50c754ff2232","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66098,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study explores the relationship between parental over involvement and the career development of emerging adults. Specifically, it investigates how emerging adults’ career meta competencies of vocational identity formation and career adaptability relate to perceived helicopter parenting. Participants included 491 emerging adults studying in a Canadian University (74.1% female, average age = 20.4 years old). We begin by reviewing the commonalities between helicopter parenting and other parenting constructs and styles. Next, using structural equation modeling, we explore the relationships between perceived helicopter parenting and the components of vocational identity (exploration: in depth exploration, in breadth; commitment: career commitment, identification with commitment; and reconsideration: career self doubt, career flexibility) and career adaptability, as well as the relationships between identity components and career adaptability. Third, we explore the association between perceived helicopter parenting and identity status progress (i.e., achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, undifferentiated, and searching moratorium). Results indicate that individuals reporting higher levels of perceived helicopter parenting experience significantly lower levels of career adaptability and in-depth exploration. Furthermore, these individuals report higher levels of career self doubt and are more likely to be in the vocational identity status of searching moratorium. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.Keywords: emerging adulthood, career adaptability, career identity, helicopter parenting, parenting profiles","authorEntries":[{"name":"Joshua E LeBlanc","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sean T Lyons","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":43},{"pmcid":"PMC9604908","doi":"10.3390/jpm12101590","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Childhood and adolescence","population":"Families of paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes studied in relation to health locus of control.","rationale":"This article examines how parents’ beliefs about control relate to children’s role in type 1 diabetes management. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"Who does my child think can influence what happens in their care?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents’ beliefs about control relate to children’s role in type 1 diabetes management?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families of paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes studied in relation to health locus of control."],"limitations":"A pattern in observed behaviour can have several explanations. The study setting and the way the behaviour was recorded matter when interpreting it.","id":"PMC9604908","title":"Influence of Parental Health Locus of Control on Behavior, Self-Management and Metabolic Control, in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","authors":"Roberto Franceschi; Marta Canale; Enrico Maria Piras; Lucia Galvagni; Cinzia Vivori; Vittoria Cauvin; Massimo Soffiati; Evelina Maines","journal":"Journal of Personalized Medicine","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-09-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101590","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9604908","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9604908/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9604908-cd61f4c290eaf1c9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cd61f4c290eaf1c92d8cd18e0a1ab365021c4495fe3240668e728cef75aded7d","sourceTextSha256":"866eb5e439a74d5a16a1478200036ca25588129543e1e4624333d3714f15d249","sourceXmlSha256":"12d1d998cdbc78f395d529b71052028708895976b864736320bb404db57fa353","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":22840,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: Precision medicine in type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment considers context and environmental data to subclassify patients. Parental Health Locus of Control PHLOC) could influence behavior, self-management, and metabolic control of children with T1D. Methods: No. 135 pediatric patients with T1D (No. 57 with HbA1c ≤ 7.0%, “optimal” group, and No. 78 with >7.0%, “sub-optimal” group) were enrolled in the study. History, anthropometric and diabetes management data were collected, as well as caregiver’s data about socioeconomic status (SES). The PHLOC scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were administered. Results: Access to technology was lower in the “sub-optimal” group and, in particular, in the ethnic minority subgroup, only 8% used them. In the “sub-optimal” group ethnic minority status was higher (24%), the caregiver had a lower SES and showed lower internal HLOC. Conclusions: New care models have to be implemented to ensure equity in diabetes care and precision treatment, particularly for ethnic minority groups, because SES and external PHLOC are still an important barrier to “optimal” diabetes control. In the “sub-optimal” group, we have to implement strategies aimed at increasing self-efficacy, while in the “optimal” one, a personalised approach should be considered to facilitate the shifting of responsibilities within the family, avoiding psychological distress.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Roberto Franceschi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marta Canale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Enrico Maria Piras","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucia Galvagni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cinzia Vivori","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vittoria Cauvin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Massimo Soffiati","type":"Person"},{"name":"Evelina Maines","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":44},{"pmcid":"PMC9656389","doi":"10.3390/nu14214677","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative focus-group study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Caregivers in Teso South, Kenya, contributing focus groups and trials of improved practices.","rationale":"This article examines how local constraints shape caregivers’ responses to feeding cues in western Kenya. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"Which family or community routines shape what I can do when my child signals hunger?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how local constraints shape caregivers’ responses to feeding cues in western Kenya?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is caregivers in Teso South, Kenya, contributing focus groups and trials of improved practices."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC9656389","title":"Is Responsive Feeding Difficult? A Case Study in Teso South Sub-County, Kenya","authors":"Eleonore C. Kretz; Annet Itaru; Maria Gracia Glas; Lydiah Maruti Waswa; Irmgard Jordan","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-11-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214677","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9656389","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9656389/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9656389-02590372d779b596.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"02590372d779b596ea9718ddbf5a55f032f97f621209505451a065ea2c7a8ec3","sourceTextSha256":"1441d026b8ca99c8aed4aa3e5b09d823358c3b62dd534534e446b4e2cafd1662","sourceXmlSha256":"da3566dd88bd11d47141460975c8888f80a2c79e2caf1aac8c20043739ce7a50","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46578,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Responsive infant and young child feeding as a reciprocal relationship between the child and his or her caregiver is recommended by the WHO but has received less attention than dietary diversity or meal frequency up to now. The current study assessed common (non)responsive child feeding practices and factors that facilitate or hinder caregivers to improve feeding practices in rural Teso South Sub-County, Western Kenya. The qualitative study used focus group discussion (n = 93) and Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs) (n = 48) to identify challenges and opportunities in household food distribution and feeding practices. Overall, the implementation of responsive feeding practices was feasible for the caregivers. Parents reported mainly positive experiences in terms of the child’s feeding behavior and effects on child health. Traditional beliefs, practices, and cultural norms hindered some households to change intrahousehold food distribution. Households who manage to implement responsive feeding even in food insecure regions should be consulted to (a) improve existing nutrition education messages that acknowledge these cultural norms, (b) to include more responsive feeding information in nutrition education material, and (c) to address gender norms to create awareness of the importance of responsive feeding practices and the need for adequate time allocation for infant and young child feeding.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eleonore C. Kretz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Annet Itaru","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Gracia Glas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lydiah Maruti Waswa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Irmgard Jordan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":45},{"pmcid":"PMC9690157","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192214892","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Elementary school","population":"Families studied in relation to parental overinvolvement and children’s procrastination in China.","rationale":"This article examines whether taking over relates to procrastination in Chinese elementary-school children. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"When my child postpones a task, does stepping in help them plan or remove their chance to practise?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether taking over relates to procrastination in Chinese elementary-school children?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families studied in relation to parental overinvolvement and children’s procrastination in China."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC9690157","title":"Relationship between Helicopter Parenting and Chinese Elementary School Child Procrastination: A Mediated Moderation Model","authors":"Ronghua Zhang; Huanrong Zhang; Xiaofeng Guo; Jiali Wang; Zhongxiang Zhao; Lean Feng; Paul B Tchounwou","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-11-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214892","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9690157","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9690157/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9690157-d4795139506f6441.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d4795139506f6441cd9ff0b938d809c83fdb3614849ce9e42affb86d55cec525","sourceTextSha256":"f57ee2d4a0deda9daca716fc331d877c81b7c8d6a826694421c1b387209b725a","sourceXmlSha256":"20739b00f058f0a3e0dc05adf7500438db3ab95b6b5f7c94b0b930e202b9bc5c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37711,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: The family environment is essential for elementary school children’s development. With smartphone penetration into all aspects of people’s lives, how parenting affects children’s behavior may show new patterns. Objective: This study constructed a mediated moderation model, focusing on the mediating role of child self-control and parental phubbing to clarify the relationship between helicopter parenting (over-parenting) and child procrastination and its mechanisms. Methods: The Smartphone Addiction Scale for Chinese Adults, Brief Self-Control Scale, Over-Parenting Questionnaire, and Short General Procrastination Scale were employed to investigate 562 elementary school-age children and their parents. Results: After data analysis, this study showed the following: (1) helicopter parenting was significantly and positively related to child self-control, child procrastination, and parental smartphone use; (2) child self-control partially mediated the relationship between helicopter parenting and child procrastination; and (3) pathways between helicopter parenting and child self-control were moderated by mother-phubbing behavior. Conclusion: These findings inform parents of their roles in family education.Keywords: over-parenting, child procrastination, child self-control, parental smartphone use","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ronghua Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huanrong Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaofeng Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiali Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhongxiang Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lean Feng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":46},{"pmcid":"PMC11459864","doi":"10.1177/13674935221146009","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"Ages 11–17","population":"Thirty-two parents of teenagers living with type 1 diabetes taking part in interviews.","rationale":"This article examines how parents describe negotiating diabetes-care responsibilities with a teenager. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"How do we agree who is responsible for a particular diabetes-care task?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents describe negotiating diabetes-care responsibilities with a teenager?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is thirty-two parents of teenagers living with type 1 diabetes taking part in interviews."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC11459864","title":"Parents’ perspectives of factors affecting parent–adolescent communication about type 1 diabetes and negotiation of self-management responsibilities","authors":"Caroline Rawdon; Sophia M Kilcullen; Nuala Murphy; Veronica Swallow; Pamela Gallagher; Veronica Lambert","journal":"Journal of Child Health Care","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2022-12-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13674935221146009","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11459864","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11459864/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11459864-ceb0d833d1633f82.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ceb0d833d1633f82dd1796108c3975c0765fd3b7ab0203a56b3d5a58e65cbf4c","sourceTextSha256":"4ba92ee9881b2eed0c3b71d3aa631c73ff98665615a432cbd1dc1b1ab11d34e8","sourceXmlSha256":"59496dee204e623b1c9a8f48b6a7df0b90d1ea9f2fd2da9626050333ce01fd86","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5dabefde1408989a9b21dd27df32c21e1cbe88fdec0329ff12522022510a6617","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53988,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Adolescence is an important time in which young people take on type 1 diabetes (T1D) self-management responsibility. Parents are key facilitators of this process. Little is known about parents’ experiences of communicating with their children about T1D during adolescence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 parents (24 mothers and 8 fathers) of adolescents (11–17 years) living with T1D to explore how parents communicate about T1D and self-management with their adolescent children. Parents were recruited through two national child and adolescent diabetes and endocrine clinics and online advertisement through a national diabetes advocacy organisation. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Six themes were identified: parent factors, quality of the parent–adolescent relationship, communication strategies, adolescent factors, communication triggers and family/system factors. Understanding factors that impact communication about self-management between parents and adolescents will enable healthcare professionals to provide support and targeted interventions as parent and adolescent roles change over time.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Caroline Rawdon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophia M Kilcullen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nuala Murphy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Swallow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pamela Gallagher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Lambert","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F13674935221146009","publisherEvidenceSha256":"7704cf5196eb86a04a3243fd06bf8c9d2c63632485345827a420ec8f86e24adb","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":47},{"pmcid":"PMC10010075","doi":"10.1111/hex.13693","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative focus-group study","ageRange":"Ages 13–17","population":"Youth with chronic kidney disease, parents and health professionals taking part in interviews or focus groups.","rationale":"This article examines how parents hand over parts of chronic kidney disease self-management as children grow. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"Which care responsibility could be handed over gradually with the care team’s support?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents hand over parts of chronic kidney disease self-management as children grow?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is youth with chronic kidney disease, parents and health professionals taking part in interviews or focus groups."],"limitations":"The interview and focus-group accounts describe kidney-disease care in the sampled setting. Any transfer of a clinical task depends on the child and their clinical team.","id":"PMC10010075","title":"Supporting the parent‐to‐child transfer of self‐management responsibility for chronic kidney disease: A qualitative study","authors":"Ruth Nightingale; Sue Kirk; Veronica Swallow; Gretl A. McHugh","journal":"Health Expectations : An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2022-12-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13693","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10010075","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10010075/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10010075-38b30efc0ce5c95e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"38b30efc0ce5c95e87f58b9402986e75dee3c2a5e52700fb5feb0f4838a2ffb4","sourceTextSha256":"f20cf620c7d22fd080cb5674ec9342370b6d01c128cc57c915bd97344f157fae","sourceXmlSha256":"7488f6d376a75a1b31bbfd12345c742e78180df5efb3f8f4de76085eebb241e2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8220f1c804c012eb8820088ad9abda2dd299f134b21c500ba627c472f7472c44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36772,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionAs children with long‐term conditions (LTCs) mature, they are usually expected to assume responsibility from their parents for self‐management of their condition. Little is known about what supports families with this handover of responsibility, including the role of healthcare professionals (HCPs). This study aimed to explore what supports young people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to assume self‐management responsibility and parents to relinquish control.MethodsA qualitative study, using a grounded theory approach was conducted. Individual and dyadic interviews and focus groups were carried out with 16 young people aged 13–17 years old with CKD, 13 parents, and 20 HCPs. Participants were recruited from two UK children's renal units.FindingsBuilding and maintaining trust, fostering positivity, learning from mistakes, forming partnerships and individualized support, facilitated the transfer of self‐management responsibility. However, HCPs' focus on developing partnerships with young people meant some parents felt excluded, highlighting uncertainty around whether support should be child‐ or family‐centred. Although tailored support was identified as critical, aspects of local service provision appeared to impact on HCPs' capacity to implement individualized approaches.ConclusionThis study has identified what supports the handover of responsibility, and, importantly, HCPs' current, and potential role in helping young people to assume responsibility for managing their LTC. Further research is needed to explore how HCPs' involvement balances child‐ and family‐centred care, and how HCPs can adopt personalized, strengths‐based approaches to help ensure the support that families receive is tailored to their individual needs.Patient or Public ContributionPatient and public involvement was integrated throughout the study, with young adults with CKD and parents who had a child with CKD actively involved in the study's design and delivery.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ruth Nightingale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sue Kirk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Swallow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gretl A. McHugh","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":48},{"pmcid":"PMC9851735","doi":"10.1007/s10964-022-01722-1","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Japanese mother–adolescent pairs completing questionnaires four months apart.","rationale":"This article examines how maternal autonomy support, controlling behaviour and adolescent symptoms change across time. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"What would my teenager say feels like support, and what feels controlling?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how maternal autonomy support, controlling behaviour and adolescent symptoms change across time?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is japanese mother–adolescent pairs completing questionnaires four months apart."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC9851735","title":"Longitudinal Association between Maternal Autonomy Support and Controlling Parenting and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms","authors":"Ayumi Tanaka; Ayame Tamura; Ryo Ishii; Shin-ichi Ishikawa; Naoki Nakazato; Kazuhiro Ohtani; Michiko Sakaki; Takashi Suzuki; Kou Murayama","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-01-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01722-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9851735","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9851735/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9851735-d9aebb35ad01e8ac.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d9aebb35ad01e8ac18af763fb1bb954aa0fa0b1bfc2366f27b3ccee1f7aa3ef5","sourceTextSha256":"6d985d13794d349d9e77cb7856d0602da131681961019fec49ca4e3a796dfb4b","sourceXmlSha256":"8a4c0a18d5663129af2e8427ed489c9217f72ab5ad23fcc91452ddf775403b86","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c5269f5392dc58de60285bac03b7d5d77d9e47a6c8954eb6178db4f4e9db7ba5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43651,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Most studies on autonomy support and controlling parenting rely on children’s perceptions, despite the limitations of this approach. This study investigated congruency between autonomy support and controlling parenting reported by mothers and adolescents and their association with adolescents’ depressive symptoms via basic psychological needs satisfaction. Participants included 408 Japanese mother–adolescent (Mage = 13.73, SD = 0.90, 52% female) pairs who completed a questionnaire at two time points four months apart. Results demonstrated low to moderate levels of mother–adolescent agreement. Cross-lagged regression models revealed that mothers’ reported autonomy support positively predicted adolescents’ basic psychological needs satisfactions, which was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. The independent roles of parenting reported by mothers and adolescents for adolescents’ well-being were discussed.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ayumi Tanaka","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ayame Tamura","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ryo Ishii","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shin-ichi Ishikawa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Naoki Nakazato","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kazuhiro Ohtani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michiko Sakaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Takashi Suzuki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kou Murayama","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-022-01722-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"fed2c7392f80d095b6ea2fa71cc1bac3ecb0b8ce9634adc3fb1d6421e5531670","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":49},{"pmcid":"PMC9939436","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115274","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 6–12 months","population":"Parents reporting feeding practices and the appetite and temperament of infants aged six to twelve months.","rationale":"This article examines how parental responsiveness to feeding cues relates to infant appetite and temperament. The family decision is how caregivers can preserve an active role for the child within developmentally suitable feeding routines.","parentQuestion":"What does my baby do to show interest in another bite or readiness to stop?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental responsiveness to feeding cues relates to infant appetite and temperament?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is parents reporting feeding practices and the appetite and temperament of infants aged six to twelve months."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC9939436","title":"Relationships between parental responsive feeding and infant appetitive traits: The moderating role of infant temperament","authors":"Yan Liu; Yan Kong; Zhihui Li; Guanghua Zhang; Lin Wang; Guiling Yu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-02-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115274","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9939436","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9939436/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9939436/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9939436-56324a862911c91b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"56324a862911c91bdebe82e4c7dfd0a81e516419cb0cf498a4967b3e59f94f90","sourceTextSha256":"31c5981c50fd8f0bc6dee456189bc7475063f4d8f4b470d9aa25179e5d08e913","sourceXmlSha256":"2c6417e4a3aacb3f1435de2f968e2b191014d9aaa5915748a37167312e66610f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"67eedc22c1e8f37d1644c3edef5bcf15abc82cee571a1713d22c1c128f9659d5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27462,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionBetween the ages of 6 and 12 months is a crucial stage for children to develop appetitive self-regulation. Evidence suggests that a combination of parental responsive feeding and infant temperament (surgency, effortful control, negative affect) shapes infant appetitive traits (food approach, food avoidance). There is a need for research to explore these relationships, in order to provide guidance for the design of an effective intervention to improve appetitive traits. The objective of the current study was to explore the moderating role of infant temperament in the relationship between parental responsive feeding and infant appetitive traits.MethodsA total of 616 questionnaires, measuring parental responsive feeding, infant appetitive traits, and infant temperament, were collected from parents with infants aged 6–12 months.ResultsResults revealed that responsive feeding was associated with both food approach and food avoidance. Furthermore, only lower levels of surgency significantly moderated the relationship between responsive feeding and food approach, while responsive feeding was associated with food avoidance irrespective of infant temperament.DiscussionThese findings suggest that a strategy embedding responsive feeding interventions should be adopted to reduce infant food avoidance and low-surgent infant food approach, and interventions that are tailored toward food approach for infants with effortful control, negative affect, or higher levels of surgency should be further sought.Keywords: responsive feeding, appetitive traits, temperament, infants, parents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yan Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Kong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhihui Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guanghua Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guiling Yu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":50},{"pmcid":"PMC9996018","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097348","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Emerging adulthood","population":"Mother–child and father–child groups in United States and South Korean samples.","rationale":"This article examines how patterns of parental involvement compare across South Korean and United States families. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"Do the same parental actions carry different meanings across families or settings?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how patterns of parental involvement compare across South Korean and United States families?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is mother–child and father–child groups in United States and South Korean samples."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC9996018","title":"Can helicopter parenting be beneficial for parent–child relationships? A person-centered approach in the United States and South Korea","authors":"Woosang Hwang; Eunjoo Jung; Seonghee Kim; Narges Hadi","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-02-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097348","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9996018","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9996018/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9996018-3db508e23a6de17d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3db508e23a6de17dbcfbbf87b7503f6b2f350ccd664afe9bc4f58d62827c4fd5","sourceTextSha256":"d577712af1067b2360c0e0fc0c86ed41d126d8899dfd206d0aa973f9b4e4e420","sourceXmlSha256":"ac9546b284c9db3db94077f4e5b9ec6f70e13b15c3584b5ebf32d93f8e95ff0f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"218e06d7079d95faa8d07cac1207519827e645e564c65eb80616c7f0facd071b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38035,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionWe aimed to uncover latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting among American and Korean college students and to examine whether latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting are associated with parent– child relationships.MethodsWe conducted three-step latent class analyses using five helicopter parenting indicators for 433 mother–child and 401 father-child groups in the United States and 207 mother–child and 195 father-child groups in South Korea.ResultsWe identified the same three helicopter parenting latent classes (strong, weak, and managed) in mother–child and father-child groups in the United States and Korea. In addition, we found that American and Korean college students in strong and managed helicopter parenting latent classes reported better parent– child relationships than those in the weak class regardless of parents’ gender.DiscussionOur findings indicate that helicopter parenting is multidimensional and can be similarly interpreted by college students in Western and Eastern societies. Further, our findings suggest that helicopter parenting could be helpful for college students to establish an intimate relationship with their parents.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Woosang Hwang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eunjoo Jung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Seonghee Kim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Narges Hadi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":51},{"pmcid":"PMC10077889","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116625","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Measurement and validation study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents involved in development and testing of a parenting questionnaire.","rationale":"This article examines how a measure of psychological control distinguishes different parental behaviours. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"Which behaviours can a child report when a survey asks about psychological control?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how a measure of psychological control distinguishes different parental behaviours?","Which items capture the construct, and which aspects of daily life might they miss?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is chinese adolescents involved in development and testing of a parenting questionnaire."],"limitations":"Evidence on a questionnaire concerns its measurement properties in the sampled group. It does not show that changing a score will change a child’s later outcomes.","id":"PMC10077889","title":"Developing and validating a multidimensional Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale","authors":"Xiaoqin Zhu; Diya Dou; Yangu Pan","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-03-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116625","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10077889","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10077889/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10077889-f067adb8af71caa0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f067adb8af71caa002370f737314228e5fb7968e769daf65352bc1b28234e901","sourceTextSha256":"b7671e2197c693f677d00e4acd3f0f63a0bdc106dda46fdccca4d1823bd63e4e","sourceXmlSha256":"56cd5296ea92286371618d42b35fe9206c11491711db21ac956f1b38af4c9913","rightsEvidenceSha256":"06fa3195269c88a32654832127cb6c0115f168f2d68cdc7bc9ba44e4e385ecc2","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43517,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThis study validated a Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale (CPPCS) among secondary school students in mainland China.MethodsThe item pool consisting of 65 items was constructed based on consultation with existing measures and focus group interviews of 19 Chinese adolescents. After content validation conducted by 14 experts, a total of 40 items were retained and subject to further factorial validation based on a sample of 963 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.39 ± 0.72; 52.23% females).ResultsUsing the two random-split half samples, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses retained 30 items that loaded on three factors, including “relational induction” (twelve items), “harsh psychological control” (twelve items), and “social comparison shame” (six items). The three-factor structure was invariant across gender (male versus female) and grades (grade 7 versus grade 8) among the whole sample. Cronbach’s αs of the three dimensions in maternal and paternal subscales ranged between 0.89 and 0.92, suggesting adequate internal consistency. The three dimensions were significantly correlated with each other, supporting the scale’s convergent validity. The concurrent validity of the CPPCS was supported by the positive correlations between subscales and parental rejection, and the negative correlations between subscales and parental warmth. In addition, while the “harsh psychological control” and “social comparison shame” negatively predicted adolescents’ well-being, “relational induction” positively predicted adolescents’ well-being.DiscussionThe findings suggest that the CPPCS is a promising instrument for measuring multidimensional psychological control among Chinese parents and for investigating and comparing individual dimensions’ effect on adolescents’ development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaoqin Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Diya Dou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yangu Pan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":52},{"pmcid":"PMC11657855","doi":"10.1016/j.hctj.2023.100009","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"Ages 11–18","population":"Twelve pairs of parents and young people with spina bifida interviewed about toileting routines.","rationale":"This article examines how parents and youth with spina bifida negotiate responsibility for toileting. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"Which part of a personal care routine does my child feel ready to lead?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents and youth with spina bifida negotiate responsibility for toileting?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is twelve pairs of parents and young people with spina bifida interviewed about toileting routines."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC11657855","title":"Parent—youth interactions: Transitioning to toileting self-management in spina bifida patients","authors":"Tae Kawahara; Akemi Yamazaki","journal":"Health Care Transitions","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2023-07-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hctj.2023.100009","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11657855","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11657855/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11657855-c55fb839a6d5e821.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c55fb839a6d5e8212c77dfdac87d5f12bfbf139f105cd582dfc9aa699956527f","sourceTextSha256":"e1b762bf0c99874622895613b355c956424ee06cd4aa3b434ecaba0e15b41830","sourceXmlSha256":"eae00b5898b1fb73ca6a08dee66d37a90bd1526f3098eb0187120f361960bd42","rightsEvidenceSha256":"11e83ff476d371b085aab45cf6a17ee74e75adab8516e3ae0cc995630d534f08","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33359,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"PurposeSpina bifida (SB) involves neurogenic bladder and bowel deficits. While parents manage the bladder and bowel disorders of their youth in the early years, the youth themselves must eventually take responsibility for their own management. However, the experience of shifting responsibility for complex toilet management from the parents to the youth has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, as exploratory research, the present study aimed to reveal the interactions between parents and youths with SB during the time of increasing responsibility for bladder and bowel management (i.e., the transition phase).MethodsTwelve parent–youth pairs (youths with SB aged 11–18 years) participated in dyadic interviews, and a parent–youth transition experience was categorized by the context of parent–youth interactions and analyzed using the grounded theory approach.ResultsThe results indicated that parents provide professional, complete bladder and bowel management until their youth reach physical and mental maturity. During the transitional phase, they work together to master youth self-management in interactions described as “share, try, and decide through parent–youth interactions”. Finally, the youth are able to master control of their own bladder and bowel management without requiring assistance from their parents.ConclusionsAlthough parent–youth interactions are not always present during the pre- and post-transition phases, the parent–youth relationship acts to facilitate the independence of the youth by taking advantage of the parent–youth subsystem during the transitional phase. Interventions during these challenging periods could help facilitate the transition to bladder and bowel self-management among the youth.\n\nHighlights•Parents provide expert bladder and bowel management until the pre-transition phase.•Unique parent–youth collaborations are central to the transitional toileting phase.•Youths with SB master toilet self-reliance using adapted tools and others.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tae Kawahara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Akemi Yamazaki","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":53},{"pmcid":"PMC10424444","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175439","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Childhood and adolescence","population":"Shanghai children and adolescents surveyed twice around the pandemic period.","rationale":"This article examines how parental support and a child’s own motivation relate to maintaining physical activity. The research links support at home to the confidence or motivation a young person brings to their own activities.","parentQuestion":"Which activities does my child want to keep doing for their own reasons?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental support and a child’s own motivation relate to maintaining physical activity?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is shanghai children and adolescents surveyed twice around the pandemic period."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC10424444","title":"Physical activity maintenance and increase in Chinese children and adolescents: the role of intrinsic motivation and parental support","authors":"Yujie Liu; Xin Ge; Huilun Li; Erliang Zhang; Fan Hu; Yong Cai; Mi Xiang","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-07-31","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175439","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10424444","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10424444/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10424444-6f87a46fc126e514.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6f87a46fc126e51494e2dc9cc9ff8c7502d7890bbc1465b0d26891cee48a543b","sourceTextSha256":"203b3cf382d2e1bb5e84852b7dec5f8455b5aef4980f0bab314c2d750b8253f8","sourceXmlSha256":"c4ba46e1e53f77d1766c84b9cbebeee0310d4640453f0b5187d99f21451d9ef2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3f5862490276979e3561aa878e5d177d2fa3f4ef7d3fdd04fe4ff699f661347d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28682,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectiveThis longitudinal study aimed to examine the association of intrinsic motivation, parental physical activity, and parental support with physical activity maintenance and increase among children and adolescents.MethodsA sample of 2,424 children and adolescents in Shanghai, China participated in the two-wave survey before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire measured children and adolescents’ physical activity and intrinsic motivation, as well as their parental physical activity and support (concern for their child and co-activity with their child). Multivariable logistic regressions were performed by groups to examine the associations between these factors and physical activity change.ResultsMost children and adolescents exhibited a decline in physical activity participation during the pandemic, as indicated by a mere 15.0 and 8.0% of individuals maintaining and increasing their pre-pandemic levels, respectively. Among the initially active participants, perceived self-choice [OR = 1.341 (95%CI: 1.173–1.533)] and parental concern [OR = 1.922 (95%CI: 1.204–3.068)] predicted maintained physical activity. Increased physical activity was predicted by perceived enjoyment [OR = 1.193 (95%CI: 1.046–1.362)] and parental co-activity (OR = 1.995 [95%CI: 1.095–3.633]).ConclusionThis study provides longitudinal evidence that intrinsic motivation and parental support can have a positive impact when physical activity levels change significantly. Effective interventions targeting multilevel factors are needed to maintain or increase children and adolescents’ physical activity.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yujie Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Ge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huilun Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Erliang Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fan Hu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yong Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mi Xiang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":54},{"pmcid":"PMC10694542","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.12192","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Ages 8.8–11.4","population":"Children in northern Taiwan studied in relation to irritability, anxiety and psychological control.","rationale":"This article examines whether parental psychological control and children’s irritability or anxiety change in tandem. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"When a child is anxious or irritable, how might my response change the next interaction?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether parental psychological control and children’s irritability or anxiety change in tandem?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children in northern Taiwan studied in relation to irritability, anxiety and psychological control."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC10694542","title":"Transactional associations of child irritability and anxiety with parent psychological control in Taiwanese school‐aged children","authors":"Ka Shu Lee; Eli R Lebowitz; Wendy K Silverman; Wan‐Ling Tseng","journal":"JCPP Advances","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2023-08-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12192","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10694542","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10694542/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10694542-4db1d965abda4be2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4db1d965abda4be28b75ced2d1a2741460f5ef09e344fc79b7bad5cc82bd5b3f","sourceTextSha256":"f655385c40bd46d17dc4a3b6121529cc7d6dc2f5363ad3fbb136bc52aabd0b00","sourceXmlSha256":"f035b54238ef9ed7d8bc9eaf0441fd2cf6500b2e35518f5ac50fdcf1b6ebb1db","rightsEvidenceSha256":"78afc4820828a7e852cb9d9defa95393fc74166b20a3347e729580c1152b6a2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37532,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundChild irritability and anxiety are associated with parent psychological control; yet their transactional relations over time are not well‐characterized at the within‐person level. Research addressing generalizability of past Western‐based literature in non‐Western, collectivist community samples is lacking.MethodsSample comprised 285 children aged 8.8–11.4 years (145 girls; Mage = 9.9 years, SD = 0.6) in Northern Taiwan. Participants were assessed at baseline (T1), 6‐month (T2), and 12‐month (T3) follow‐ups. Child irritability and anxiety symptoms were assessed using parent‐rated Child Behavior Checklist. Parent psychological control was assessed using the parent‐ and child‐rated Psychological Control Scale. Within‐person processes were specified using the random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models.ResultsModels showed that psychological control predicted increased child irritability when analyzing parenting data from parents and children. However, the lagged effect from psychological control to child anxiety was only seen in parent‐rated parenting data. We found limited evidence for a back‐and‐forth transactional pathway among constructs. Child irritability predicted increased child anxiety in all models.ConclusionsDirectional effects from psychological control to child irritability and anxiety support parent‐involved interventions that prioritize collaborative parenting and positive reinforcement techniques. Future validations in combined clinical and typically developing samples and direct cross‐cultural comparisons are warranted.Keywords: anxiety, bidirectional influences, cross‐lagged panel model, irritability, parenting, psychological control","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ka Shu Lee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eli R Lebowitz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wendy K Silverman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wan‐Ling Tseng","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":55},{"pmcid":"PMC10491485","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243400","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Measurement and validation study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Russian-speaking parents in Russia completing an online child self-care measure.","rationale":"This article examines how a parent-report scale measures a child’s ability to handle health-related self-care. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"Which independent health tasks does this instrument ask a parent to observe?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how a parent-report scale measures a child’s ability to handle health-related self-care?","Which items capture the construct, and which aspects of daily life might they miss?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is russian-speaking parents in Russia completing an online child self-care measure."],"limitations":"Evidence on a questionnaire concerns its measurement properties in the sampled group. It does not show that changing a score will change a child’s later outcomes.","id":"PMC10491485","title":"Child self-care autonomy in health (scale for parents): development, internal structure, and sex/age correlates","authors":"Oxana Mikhaylova; Anastasia Bochkor; Polina Osipova; Denis Popov; Maria Chepeleva; Evgenia Rybakova","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-08-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243400","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10491485","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10491485/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10491485/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10491485-ad652e3ccadc150f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ad652e3ccadc150fccf78064563932142187520bf57a4be9270eba7d01ab9c27","sourceTextSha256":"9d0841dcc492b0a26a08387efaa719f6a36b8b1236bc89f4fdfccd51576259ce","sourceXmlSha256":"051ea15603c610b9fb7718a3f42854df9be60e3edfec5af954f92119ab0b795f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7e0c7089a6ed181a1e82ce690e3143c7187b8ce972bbfed0643f3a85e94b0818","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39598,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAutonomy in self-care practices in the health sphere is a critical characteristic for the survival of humans throughout the life span. Notably, however, the current literature lacks psychometrically sound instruments that measure this phenomenon among children without diagnosed chronic health conditions. The purpose of the present exploratory study was to develop, test, and provide data regarding the reliability and validity of the Child Self-Care Autonomy in Health (CSAH) scale. The piloted version of the CSAH yielded an 11-item instrument designed to reflect the parent’s perspective in measuring the extent of autonomy in self-care actions related to health for a child, whether diagnosed with a chronic illness or not. Data were collected through an online survey of a non-random sample of Russian-speaking parents currently residing in Russia (N = 349). The analysis focused on scale structure via principal component analysis and age/sex associations. The proposed CSAH may be of interest to social workers, health professionals, and parents seeking to ascertain schoolers’ autonomy in self-care practices in the health sphere and support building a stronger self-care mindset.Keywords: self-care autonomy in health, autonomy, autonomy development, parent–child relationships, children, scaling","authorEntries":[{"name":"Oxana Mikhaylova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anastasia Bochkor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Polina Osipova","type":"Person"},{"name":"Denis Popov","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Chepeleva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Evgenia Rybakova","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":56},{"pmcid":"PMC10547906","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1258748","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Conceptual research synthesis","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Conceptual analysis concerning adolescents and family leisure rather than an intervention sample.","rationale":"This article examines how parents and adolescents understand frustration during family leisure. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"When a family activity is frustrating, what room is there for my teenager to find their own solution?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents and adolescents understand frustration during family leisure?","Which connections have empirical support, and which are proposals for future study?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is conceptual analysis concerning adolescents and family leisure rather than an intervention sample."],"limitations":"The framework organizes ideas from earlier work. It does not supply a new controlled test of the proposed approach in families.","id":"PMC10547906","title":"Potential connection between positive frustration in family leisure time and the promotion of adolescent autonomy","authors":"Sonia Rivas; Aranzazu Albertos","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-09-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1258748","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10547906","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10547906/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10547906/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10547906-e49af5354f55fc09.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e49af5354f55fc0920e292ac2f39252c4a002934a45558225a6b9a06b8f95a29","sourceTextSha256":"83ccff58777435808b0d7cebdb3e43acd1025ad1ac9b1098309a888ef3276778","sourceXmlSha256":"5000d6b2171c6d12e6490f8cb861a7cb8d1d876d0b16c444255cbe7947db4ef3","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f3e1fd024ba0d086935b73b48a43208958047fde6c672c8438b8f900a17d10ed","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":90339,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractFamily relationships during leisure time in adolescence have the potential to promote positive development, particularly in terms of autonomy. However, the scientific literature that links specifically positive family leisure to the development of adolescent autonomy is scarce, and lower when analyzing the role of frustration in leisure time. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) this article examines the potential relationship between positive frustration in family leisure time and the promotion of adolescent autonomy. For that purpose, the manuscript addresses four objectives to be discussed consecutively: (1) to delimit the concept of adolescent autonomy and point out the difficulty of parental support; (2) to explore positive frustration, a concept aligned with Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow, as a construct that can promote socio-emotional development in adolescence; (3) to describe the components of family leisure; and (4) to understand how the experience of optimal frustration may be linked to the development of adolescent autonomy during family leisure time. From this central question, several additional inquiries emerge: the interplay of frustration and failure in adolescence, the importance of parents and adolescents spending quality time together, the enjoyment in structured family leisure time, the autonomy-supportive parenting in leisure time activities in relation to daily activities, the need to strengthen adolescent bonds developed in infancy, and the complexity of paternal and maternal autonomy granting.Keywords: positive frustration, parental support, family leisure, adolescents, autonomy, coping with stress, structured leisure, motivation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sonia Rivas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aranzazu Albertos","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":57},{"pmcid":"PMC10742034","doi":"10.3390/children10121844","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 12–17","population":"Minors awaiting elective surgery and their parents, each asked about participation in health decisions.","rationale":"This article examines how children undergoing surgery and their parents describe participation in decisions. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"Which decisions does my teenager feel ready to discuss directly with the clinical team?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how children undergoing surgery and their parents describe participation in decisions?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is minors awaiting elective surgery and their parents, each asked about participation in health decisions."],"limitations":"Families in a surgical setting were asked about perceived decision competence. Their answers neither test individual capacity nor define legal authority to consent.","id":"PMC10742034","title":"Involvement and Autonomy of Minors in Medical Settings: Perceptions of Children Undergoing Surgery and Parents","authors":"Francisco J Rodríguez-Domínguez; Teresa Osuna-García; Alberto Guillén; María D Pérez-Cárceles; Eduardo Osuna; Brian Littlechild","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-11-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children10121844","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10742034","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10742034/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10742034-8703b33656b2caeb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8703b33656b2caebb9af6d05cafc91071bddd7a2fd00f9810691bf3c7931874b","sourceTextSha256":"b82e78e543beb4a21ba614dc9209ff5d58a9b2ab4658df8df66cfa6e8035bca7","sourceXmlSha256":"f640e92836a1ad71eca94f808f7a6fc4e5e1c02e7bb617a0baa7b8865b2af969","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":26803,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractInformed consent presupposes competence and represents a formal decision by an informed person who has the legal capacity to accept medical action or participate in research. Our aim was to analyze the perceptions of minors and their parents about the age at which they consider that a minor is competent for making health decisions. A descriptive observational study was carried out in 302 minors between 12 and 17 years of age undergoing elective surgery, and 302 parents (range 30 to 62 years). Two semistructured questionnaires were designed, one for the minors and the other, for the parents. A total of 20.1% of minors and 31.1% of parents believe that patients should not make decisions related to their health until they are 18 years old. A total of 74.9% of the minors surveyed consider that from 16 years of age, the minor is empowered to make decisions. In parents, this percentage is 60%. In the pediatric setting, each case and situation must be examined individually to determine if the minor meets the condition of maturity to decide. The ideal is to promote the minor’s participation in decision-making, giving them the opportunity to participate in the process in a manner appropriate to their capacity. Keywords: informed consent, competence, health decision, children, parents, ethics","authorEntries":[{"name":"Francisco J Rodríguez-Domínguez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Teresa Osuna-García","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alberto Guillén","type":"Person"},{"name":"María D Pérez-Cárceles","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eduardo Osuna","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brian Littlechild","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":58},{"pmcid":"PMC10838263","doi":"10.1007/s10964-023-01933-0","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Multi-study observational and experimental research","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Participants across four studies using cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental designs.","rationale":"This article examines how encouragement of adolescent choice relates to prosocial behaviour across personality differences. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"What changes when a teenager can choose how to help someone?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how encouragement of adolescent choice relates to prosocial behaviour across personality differences?","Which conclusions relied on experimental comparisons and which relied on associations?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is participants across four studies using cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental designs."],"limitations":"The experiments and observational studies answer different questions. Only comparisons actually manipulated in an experiment can support a causal interpretation.","id":"PMC10838263","title":"Narcissism Moderates the Association Between Autonomy-Supportive Parenting and Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior","authors":"Xiaoyu Lan; Chunhua Ma","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-12-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01933-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10838263","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10838263/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10838263-3757c2165dab40b7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3757c2165dab40b7c6c55218b58a8d00b86f5420553e2bff32903144ce335d7f","sourceTextSha256":"cbdc638398874f6cb69232cc0784fa1902b028d21fbd12c73707e71ffcb3fa38","sourceXmlSha256":"5f88a0ac2bad2e36adfd695a6a6c803664b4da24bef0da584b0c7c25d2daff9e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"09968bd4fee324d1091c6e1fee60fa01bb5ec47d198723b2f71258e4eadf4643","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":75532,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPrior research has separately investigated the associations of autonomy-supportive parenting and narcissism with adolescents’ prosocial behavior, but their joint relationships with prosocial behavior have been rarely examined. The present research aimed to expand the existing literature by scrutinizing the main and interactive associations of autonomy-supportive parenting and narcissism with adolescents’ prosocial behavior. In so doing, a series of four studies (collectively N = 2023), combining cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental designs, were conducted. The adolescents’ mean age varied from 12.42 to 15.70 years, with a balanced representation of the sexes in those studies. Converging results across four studies showed that high narcissism magnified the positive association between autonomy-supportive parenting and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. The interaction pattern presented also suggested adolescents with high narcissism scores were more affected than others—both for better and for worse—by autonomy-supportive parenting, although this interaction might be specific to particular facets of prosocial behavior. These results were robust after adjusting for a few key covariates and survived a set of additional analyses. The present findings provide a novel avenue to explain individual differences linking prosocial behavior with those two factors and further advance precise, individualized strategies to promote adolescents’ prosocial behavior.Keywords: Prosocial behavior, Autonomy-supportive parenting, Narcissism, Adolescence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaoyu Lan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chunhua Ma","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-023-01933-0","publisherEvidenceSha256":"096c5bc823d85df0f6f714e31e41d425c0e0c0f07e3872e8a7dfcf763dbc0eb8","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":59},{"pmcid":"PMC11117511","doi":"10.3390/bs14050415","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 6–13","population":"Children aged six to thirteen in eastern China.","rationale":"This article examines how parental encouragement of choice relates to children’s self-concept. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"What choices give my child a chance to discover what they feel capable of?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental encouragement of choice relates to children’s self-concept?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children aged six to thirteen in eastern China."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11117511","title":"The Relationship between Parental Autonomy Support and Children’s Self-Concept in China—The Role of Basic Psychological Needs","authors":"Wei Chen; Ying Sun; Yiqing He","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-05-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050415","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11117511","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11117511/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11117511-3c980c0f0f4e701d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3c980c0f0f4e701da01146b75e04c4b2fb5e557d9240119f1f512ea9c62d3989","sourceTextSha256":"641dc404d09070a84c322ae129ce4fbc2d83803cb6c33e5158c4191c7c2c2483","sourceXmlSha256":"9e3a9c705bf7857683ba48053f2ef1ea6d3f7fae444ad79aaaa4b45f6fbf1201","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42360,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental autonomy support and children’s self-concept, and to explore the role of basic psychological needs in Chinese primary schools from the perspective of self-determination theory. A total of 3109 children aged 6–13 years participated in eastern China. The results indicated a significant correlation between parental autonomy support, basic psychological needs, and children’s self-concept. Basic psychological needs play a partial mediating role between parental autonomy support and children’s self-concept. Specifically, autonomy support varied by need types whereas parental control steadily played a negative predictive role. Parental autonomy support and control predicted children’s self-concept differently through three basic psychological needs, with differences across gender and grades. Boys and elder children had stronger relationships to competence needs, while girls were sensitive to autonomy needs; in addition, both of them were sensitive to relatedness needs. The mediating effects model and cross-group analyses revealed the complex predictive role of parental autonomy support on children’s self-concept in China, providing an effective entry point for cross-cultural research and family education to improve children’s psychological well-being.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Wei Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Sun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yiqing He","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":60},{"pmcid":"PMC10182461","doi":"10.2196/44462","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Participatory development or co-design study","ageRange":"Adolescents with long-standing knee pain","population":"Workshop participants considering collaboration among young people, parents and general practitioners.","rationale":"The workshop format explores how an app could support a three-way conversation about persistent knee pain. The paper reports design preferences rather than treatment effectiveness.","parentQuestion":"Which decisions might a young person want to discuss with a parent before a clinic visit?","readingPrompts":["Whose ideas shaped the proposed app?","How did participant input translate into a change in the design?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Participation in designing a tool does not prove that using it changes decisions or outcomes. Findings depend on which stakeholders took part in development and testing.","id":"PMC10182461","title":"Exploring User Visions for Modeling mHealth Apps Toward Supporting Patient-Parent-Clinician Collaboration and Shared Decision-making When Treating Adolescent Knee Pain in General Practice: Workshop Study","authors":"Simon Kristoffer Johansen; Anne Marie Kanstrup; Kian Haseli; Visti Hildebrandt Stenmo; Janus Laust Thomsen; Michael Skovdal Rathleff","journal":"JMIR Human Factors","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2023-04-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/44462","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10182461","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10182461/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10182461-20acb085e0b5bbc8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"20acb085e0b5bbc8e92aac0a9423791d0d63149e759365c13664504ea115749a","sourceTextSha256":"1618c8cd7412098d49bae9f6c55781cbdc438ed7e43a2f95c8aa8ead051d3c57","sourceXmlSha256":"cd3f70727f7a3630f76651bd40687c6e3a6146215d0955d4bc40b9b878cb672d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"eb8c9eebf37794a965cf19cda584f9e9f782c9f5e7864dfd2bc857f0087afbda","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":76042,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundLong-standing knee pain is one of the most common reasons for adolescents (aged 10-19 years) to consult general practice. Generally, 1 in 2 adolescents will continue to experience pain after 2 years, but exercises and self-management education can improve the prognosis. However, adherence to exercises and self-management education interventions remains poor. Mobile health (mHealth) apps have the potential for supporting adolescents’ self-management, enhancing treatment adherence, and fostering patient-centered approaches. However, it remains unclear how mHealth apps should be designed to act as tools for supporting individual and collaborative management of adolescents’ knee pain in a general practice setting.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to extract design principles for designing mHealth core features, which were both sufficiently robust to support adolescents’ everyday management of their knee pain and sufficiently flexible to act as enablers for enhancing patient-parent collaboration and shared decision-making.MethodsOverall, 3 future workshops were conducted with young adults with chronic knee pain since adolescence, parents, and general practitioners (GPs). Each workshop followed similar procedures, using case vignettes and design cards to stimulate discussions, shared construction of knowledge and elicit visions for mHealth designs. Young adults and parents were recruited via social media posts targeting individuals in Northern Jutland. GPs were recruited via email and cold calling. Data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using NVivo (QSR International) coding software. Extracted themes were synthesized in a matrix to map tensions in the collaborative space and inform a conceptual model for designing mHealth core-features to support individual and collaborative management of knee pain.ResultsOverall, 38% (9/24) young adults with chronic knee pain since adolescence, 25% (6/24) parents, and 38% (9/24) GPs participated in the workshops. Data analysis revealed how adolescents, parents, and clinicians took on different roles within the collaborative space, with different tasks, challenges, and information needs. In total, 5 themes were identified: adolescents as explorers of pain and social rules; parents as supporters, advocates and enforcers of boundaries; and GPs as guides, gatekeepers, and navigators or systemic constraints described participants’ roles; collaborative barriers and tensions referred to the contextual elements; and visions for an mHealth app identified beneficial core features. The synthesis informed a conceptual model, outlining 3 principles for consolidating mHealth core features as enablers for supporting role negotiation, limiting collaborative tensions, and facilitating shared decision-making.ConclusionsAn mHealth app for treating adolescents with knee pain should be designed to accommodate multiple users, enable them to shift between individual management decision-making, take charge, and engage in role negotiation to inform shared decision-making. We identified 3 silver-bullet principles for consolidating mHealth core features as enablers for negotiation by supporting patient-GP collaboration, supporting transitions, and cultivating the parent-GP alliance.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Simon Kristoffer Johansen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne Marie Kanstrup","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kian Haseli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Visti Hildebrandt Stenmo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Janus Laust Thomsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael Skovdal Rathleff","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":61},{"pmcid":"PMC10196453","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176218","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Birth through six years and eleven months","population":"Published shared-reading studies involving young children with Down syndrome.","rationale":"A mini-review examines shared books as a setting for language interaction for children with Down syndrome, distinguishing engagement from specific language outcomes.","parentQuestion":"Which contributions from a child can a caregiver notice while they look at a book together?","readingPrompts":["Which language outcomes were directly studied?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC10196453","title":"Shared book reading as a context for language intervention for children with Down syndrome: a mini-review","authors":"Mirjana Jeremic; Vesna Stojanovik; Kelly Burgoyne; Emma Pagnamenta","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-05-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176218","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10196453","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10196453/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10196453/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10196453-fca782a96c4b20de.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fca782a96c4b20de54096fbab22070b2b9942b3bd06b0ba58763e1d153613d12","sourceTextSha256":"afaff26b56cfa490ce35ddcf55521169a89b31bd5cce1d312dbcbaa72043bb76","sourceXmlSha256":"080c3878d743a535f032eb3a85cf2c39101ffbca0e81ce7330583638a6100ef1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"189e94dd64d425ecbcec82999eeb6e373bbb9b35ab8132d27142338ee0abfa47","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":24353,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAcquiring language and communication skills is one of the biggest challenges for children with Down syndrome (DS). However, few evidence-based interventions exist to enhance the development of language and communication in this population. Shared book reading (SBR) is well-established as an effective intervention for language and communication development of typically developing children, and evidence of the possible effectiveness of this approach for those at risk of language difficulties is emerging. This paper provides a mini-review of the existing evidence for SBR in relation to language and communication outcomes for young children with DS. A systematic literature search was conducted with the following inclusion criteria: children with DS aged 0–6;11 years, SBR, language or communication outcomes. The results show that interventions which incorporate SBR strategies are associated with improved language and communication outcomes for young children with DS, improved parental sensitivity, and continuing implementation of SBR strategies following intervention instruction. However, evidence is limited in scope, of low quality, including mostly single case studies, with only one study having a control group. We conclude that although SBR may hold promise as a possible intervention, further research is essential to establish what specific components of SBR intervention are most effective for young children with DS and what further adaptations are needed to accommodate the cognitive profile and variability within this population.Keywords: Down syndrome, intervention, language, communication, shared book reading","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mirjana Jeremic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vesna Stojanovik","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kelly Burgoyne","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Pagnamenta","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":62},{"pmcid":"PMC10860887","doi":"10.1080/13229400.2023.2209060","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Families with children","population":"Five mothers and five fathers who entered elective coparenting arrangements.","rationale":"Parents describe coordinating care outside a traditional romantic partnership and negotiating expectations about family roles.","parentQuestion":"Which expectations about caregiving need an explicit conversation when planning a family together?","readingPrompts":["How do participants distinguish friendship, shared values and traditional gender roles?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC10860887","title":"Grappling with tradition: the experiences of cisgender, heterosexual mothers and fathers in elective co-parenting arrangements","authors":"Susie Bower-Brown; Sarah Foley; Vasanti Jadva; Susan Golombok","journal":"Journal of Family Studies","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publishedDate":"2023-05-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2023.2209060","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10860887","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10860887/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10860887-6802abde900e5935.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6802abde900e5935623ec86480454054bff5fea206eb2de2dd0670ec437df3ac","sourceTextSha256":"998e11a42499df58085c508aa72359574ef8574defacf259b73f98698efa9fd0","sourceXmlSha256":"8a3fbf894653364458dc6278d859b85790329a80f77d565d3cb48e1bf2844c18","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7d3eed25d3521970c77fecb474da041a479903f9955292171e7d5371d72efcb2","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59985,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTElective co-parenting families, meaning two (or more parents) who are not in a romantic relationship having a child together, are becoming more common amongst cisgender, heterosexual parents. The study of elective co-parenting families offers researchers a unique opportunity to decouple co-parenting relationships from romantic relationships, but little research to date has explored their experiences. This study explored two research questions: why do individuals decide to enter into elective co-parenting arrangements? And how do they manage their co-parenting arrangement and their relationship with their co-parent? Interview data from 10 elective co-parents (5 mothers and 5 fathers) were analyzed according to the principles of reflexive thematic analysis. Sociological theorisations of family practices, family display and family thinking were utilized to make sense of the data. The results centred around two organizing themes (‘Reproducing the traditional family’ and ‘Modernising the traditional family’), and participants experienced a tension between these two ideas. Participants aimed to manage their co-parenting relationship with shared values and friendship, but defining their relationship was complex and gendered parenting patterns were ubiquitous. Findings add nuance to theorisations of family life and demonstrate that traditional parenthood ideologies remain pervasive, as parents aim to imagine and pursue parenthood on their own terms.KEYWORDS: Co-parenting, motherhood, fatherhood, gender, family display, qualitative","authorEntries":[{"name":"Susie Bower-Brown","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Foley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vasanti Jadva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Golombok","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080%2F13229400.2023.2209060","publisherEvidenceSha256":"2f412321f92d6c04c833b83e737cbbac2765e3e20f7efc3925a1d49f24024a7b","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":63},{"pmcid":"PMC10857996","doi":"10.1007/s00431-023-05280-x","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Pediatric sickle cell disease","population":"Children and parents attending a university hematology clinic, with consultations assessed by independent evaluators.","rationale":"Recordings allow readers to examine how decisions were shared in actual visits, alongside the perspectives of participants.","parentQuestion":"What would we hear in a consultation in which both child and parent took part?","readingPrompts":["How did independent observers score involvement?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC10857996","title":"Shared decision-making between paediatric haematologists, children with sickle cell disease and their parents: an exploratory study","authors":"Ricardo Wijngaarde; Mijra Koning; Karin Fijnvandraat; Dirk Ubbink","journal":"European Journal of Pediatrics","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-10-31","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-05280-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10857996","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10857996/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10857996-27e8762f5ddf6519.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"27e8762f5ddf6519ceedd751d93ee10c64fddffa3ca8d448dee7af608fcccc38","sourceTextSha256":"8c8389e2ee0009deacc0d27ca26999c4556316d00a8b3c9b880157d2b9cecb56","sourceXmlSha256":"fe1366531fcf4a0178570d9d7b21344e895e2cf809ee363941533044329792ea","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8b2520ecca6e75c8897ae8ea433f6f3125f26c0c743563ebae7059fd6b9f5c9e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":22034,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren with sickle cell disease (SCD) face various healthcare choices to be made during the disease process that may impact their lives. Shared decision-making (SDM) could improve their health outcomes. We assessed if, and to what extent, paediatricians engage children with SCD and/or their parents in the decision-making process. In this observational cross-sectional study, paediatric SCD patients and their parents visiting the outpatient paediatrics clinic of a university hospital participated in a SDM baseline measurement. Two evaluators independently and objectively analysed the level of patient involvement in decision-making from the audio-recordings of the consultations using the OPTION-5 instrument, a 0–20-point scale from which scores are usually expressed as a percentage of ideal SDM. The level of SDM, as perceived by patients, parents and paediatricians, was appreciated using the SDM-Q-9 and SDM-Q-Doc questionnaires, respectively. Scores could range from 0% (no SDM) to 100% (exemplary SDM). Twenty-four consultations in which a decision needed to be made about SCD treatment were audiotaped and analysed; six were from each paediatrician. The group consisted of 17 male and 7 female patients from various cultural backgrounds between 2 and 17 years old, with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD 4.2). Median OPTION-5 scores were 25.0% [IQR] 20.0–40.0%; range 0–55%). Median SDM-Q-9 and SDM-Q-Doc scores were 56.7% (IQR 39.4–88.9%) and 68.9% (IQR 57.8–77.8%), respectively.Conclusion: Although subjective scores of SDM were fair, the objectively scored level of SDM among children suffering from SCD leaves room for improvement. This may be realized by increasing knowledge about the benefits of SDM, child-centred SDM interventions and SDM-training for paediatricians that takes into account the complexity of intercultural challenges and risk communication between stakeholders. What is Known:• Children that suffer from sickle cell disease (SCD) are more vulnerable to factors that negatively impact the care that they receive as well as suboptimal health outcomes.• Shared decision-making (SDM) can help children participate in a collaborative decision-making process about their preferred treatment options and improve their health outcomes.What is New:• The level of participation in the decision-making process for patients suffering from SCD and the families that they belong to leaves room for improvement. The impact of intercultural challenges and the quality and consistency of risk-communication between stakeholders in paediatric SDM needs further exploration.• Paediatricians are more confident about their ability to involve the child and parents compared to how children and their parents experience their level of involvement in a shared decision-making process.Keywords: Shared decision-making, Paediatrics, Sickle cell disease, Triadic decision-making, Risk communication, Chronic disease","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ricardo Wijngaarde","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mijra Koning","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karin Fijnvandraat","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dirk Ubbink","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00431-023-05280-x","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6be615a8a282c5744df27a4ef8f9575b930d302b095ba13a67f184286c0ea502","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":64},{"pmcid":"PMC10797894","doi":"10.1186/s40359-023-01514-7","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Adolescents with depression","population":"229 parents of adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder, predominantly mothers.","rationale":"The researchers examine family communication, support and resilience from a caregiver's viewpoint during adolescent illness.","parentQuestion":"Who supports the adults who are trying to keep a difficult family conversation going?","readingPrompts":["How closely does a caregiver's resilience rating reflect the teenager's perspective?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC10797894","title":"The relationship between family communication and family resilience in Chinese parents of depressed adolescents: a serial multiple mediation of social support and psychological resilience","authors":"Yinying Zhang; Yiwen Hu; Min Yang","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-01-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01514-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10797894","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10797894/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10797894-ce392398a18c3a5b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ce392398a18c3a5b74b8ec23fbd49cda8d2de2d750a1c941bbf545d617466053","sourceTextSha256":"4613d86b0b411a95cb61ad6cc030b6ed142cc078d894cbfae847a1f5207597f0","sourceXmlSha256":"88ea109dd9aa3a44188526a15f17631e8f3f383ae46af25c2b222291d9ec26b4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ef58c6f3d22a112dd5f5c9888f050d8ab35c58f37597f321fe48821332881bc7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39858,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundFamily resilience plays a crucial role in helping depressed adolescents overcome challenges. However, studies examining family resilience in depressed adolescents are currently scarce. This study, guided by the family resilience framework, aimed to investigate the serial-multiple mediation of social support and psychological resilience between family communication and family resilience in Chinese families of depressed adolescents.MethodsIn 229 parents of adolescents with major depressive disorder, 20.1% comprises of fathers, while 79.9% comprises of mothers. The mean age of depressed adolescents was 14.84 (±1.76) years, and the mean age of parents of these depressed adolescents was 43.24 (±4.67) years. The Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS), the Psychological Resilience of Parents of Special Children Questionnaire, and the Social Support Rating Scale, Family Assessment Device (FAD) were used to collected data. Descriptive, univariate, and Pearson correlation analyses were used in preliminary analyses. To explore mediation, we employed a serial-multiple mediation model (PROCESS model 6).ResultsFamily communication was positively correlated with family resilience, social support, and psychological resilience. Mediation analysis revealed indirect effects of family communication on family resilience, which were mediated solely by either social support or psychological resilience, or through multiple mediation pathways involving both social support and psychological resilience.ConclusionsFamily communication positively and directly affects the family resilience of depressed adolescents, and a higher level of social support and psychological resilience can help improve family resilience. These findings not only provide empirical evidence supporting the family resilience framework but also have practical implications for future family interventions targeting depressed adolescents.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yinying Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yiwen Hu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Min Yang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":65},{"pmcid":"PMC10968165","doi":"10.3390/bs14030159","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Parents of 1,638 junior high school students in Huanggang, China, completed questionnaires.","rationale":"The study places coparenting alongside burnout and parent-reported adolescent difficulties. It offers a way to discuss workload without assigning blame to a child.","parentQuestion":"How does the way adults share parenting work relate to feeling depleted?","readingPrompts":["Does the study independently measure a teenager's experience?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC10968165","title":"Influence of Co-Parenting on Parental Burnout: A Moderated Mediation Model","authors":"Qin Zhang; Mei Zhao","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-02-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14030159","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10968165","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10968165/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10968165-023220c0e2fc5856.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"023220c0e2fc585601adcc1973e20a2ac6c2a07f09829ee4279a1541cc37e5a2","sourceTextSha256":"e3f90d30f31b7f593d05b28557905e18e4b2f5f276db6655534535f6cd74a338","sourceXmlSha256":"7e43e955e7af41daf6604b0d41f302f1b0083610e221435d5a768ddf455e264f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43577,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Adolescence has always been regarded as a period of rapid psychological and behavioral change. Adolescents are subject to more difficult behaviors, and those difficult behaviors have a great impact on co-parenting and parenting burnout. In order to reveal the relationship between these factors, this study investigated the mediating effect of difficult adolescent behaviors on that relationship by constructing a theoretical model and examined the moderating effect of family functioning. In order to provide a scientific basis for preventing and intervening in adolescents’ problematic behaviors and improving parents’ parenting burnout, we conducted a study on the parents of 1638 teenagers in a junior high school in Huanggang City, China in May 2023, with a questionnaire filled out by the parents. The research tools included a parenting burnout questionnaire, Parental collaborative parenting Scale (PPCR), Adolescent Strengths and Difficult Behaviors Questionnaire (Parental Version), Family Function Scale, etc. An independent sample t test and ANOVA test were used to analyze whether there are certain demographic variables in parenting burnout, and SPSS27.0 was used for descriptive statistics, reliability and validity tests, correlation analysis and common method deviation tests. The adjusted mediation model was tested by using the SPSS macro program Process4.0. Results: The variance in the explanatory capacity of the largest factor in this study was 21.955%, which did not exceed the critical value of 40%, so there was no obvious common method deviation in the data of this study. The independent sample t test and ANOVA test showed that there are certain differences in parental rearing burnout dependent on parental gender, the main caregivers, family economic income and demographic variables. The results of the adjusted mediation model test by Process4.0 show the following: (1) Adolescent difficult behavior plays an intermediary role between parental collaborative parenting and parenting burnout; (2) the indirect effect of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout through adolescents’ problematic behaviors is regulated by family functions; (3) the relationship between adolescent difficult behavior and parenting burnout is regulated by family function; (4) the direct influence of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout is also regulated by family function. Conclusion: Adolescents’ difficult behavior partially mediates the influence of parents’ collaborative parenting on parenting burnout. In addition, family function not only mediates the front and back ends of mediation, but also mediates the direct influence of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout. These findings are instructive for improving family parenting problems and promoting adolescent development. The results of this study may be helpful in enhancing parents’ awareness of parenting of adolescents in China, which will provide reference for some teachers in China to understand adolescent behavior. At the same time, the results may provide new enlightenment for mental health professionals and enable them to fully understand the parenting contradictions between parents and adolescents in China.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Qin Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mei Zhao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":66},{"pmcid":"PMC11013720","doi":"10.3390/nu16070953","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Randomized intervention study","ageRange":"Primary school years","population":"Children attending two participating primary schools in Nanjing, China.","rationale":"A combined family and school intervention tracked children's consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Only two school settings supplied the randomized comparison.","parentQuestion":"Which changes at home could reinforce the routines a school introduces?","readingPrompts":["How much can two schools tell us about differences between school communities?","Which outcomes and follow-up periods were specified for the comparison?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"Random assignment supports a comparison under the trial conditions. Sample selection, delivery, outcome choice and follow-up limit extension to other households.","id":"PMC11013720","title":"Sustaining Healthy Habits: The Enduring Impact of Combined School–Family Interventions on Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Pilot Chinese Schoolchildren","authors":"Chenchen Wang; Yijia Chen; Hao Xu; Weiwei Wang; Hairong Zhou; Qiannan Sun; Xin Hong; Jinkou Zhao","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-03-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070953","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11013720","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11013720/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11013720-037b3033a0ea4289.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"037b3033a0ea42899c58bb1f5de0d2cc77b0e8c5ef3e6abb2f593493236a345f","sourceTextSha256":"a411c128593d5cd4d37568e2155687786f020aa07c5d974225ec7f399d7e4c4d","sourceXmlSha256":"c1f22657fbe5c9456b73041294303551e5628d869e02704b6a89c9ecb71f1866","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":29169,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study assesses the enduring impact of combined school- and family-based interventions on reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among schoolchildren in China. Two primary schools were assigned at random to either the Intervention Group or the Control Group, in Nanjing, eastern China. All students were in grade three and received an invitation to participate. In the first year, students in the Intervention Group received one-year intervention measures, including monthly monitoring, aiming to decrease the consumption of SSBs. Students in the Control Group only received regular monitoring without interventions. In the second year, both groups received only regular monitoring, without active interventions. A generalized estimating equations model (GEE) was used to assess the intervention effects. After two years, relative to the Control Group, the Intervention Group had a significantly improved knowledge of SSBs and an improved family environment with parents. In the Intervention Group, 477 students (97.3%) had adequate knowledge about SSBs, compared to 302 students (83.2%) in the Control Group (X2 = 52.708, p < 0.001). Two years later, the number of students who stated ‘my home always has SSBs’ in the Intervention Group (7.8%) was fewer than that in the Control Group (12.4%), which was a statistically significant finding (p < 0.05). One year later, both the frequency and the quantity of SSB consumption in the Intervention Group were less than those in the Control Group; such differences between the groups remained statistically significant for the quantity but not for the frequency of SSB consumption two years later. In the Intervention Group, the frequency of SSB consumption was significantly reduced by 1.0 times per week, compared to a reduction of 0.1 times per week in the Control Group in the first year (p < 0.05). In the second year, the frequency of SSB consumption was reduced by 0.8 times per week in the Intervention Group, compared to 0.5 times per week in the Control Group (p > 0.05). In the first year, the volume of SSB consumption was significantly reduced by 233 mL per week in the Intervention Group, compared to an increase of 107 mL per week in the Control Group (p < 0.05). In the second year, the volume of SSB consumption was reduced by 122 mL per week in the Intervention Group compared to an increase of 31 mL per week in the Control Group (p > 0.05). The combined school-based and family-based interventions had a positive effect on the students’ knowledge of SSBs and their family dynamics during the first and second year. Relative to the Control Group, the Intervention Group had a statistically significant reduction in SSB consumption after 1 year, but not after 2 years.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chenchen Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yijia Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hao Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weiwei Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hairong Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qiannan Sun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Hong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jinkou Zhao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":67},{"pmcid":"PMC11430889","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21091156","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Children in separated families","population":"239 parents using family visitation centers in the context of high-conflict divorce.","rationale":"The researchers compare profiles of coparenting, parents' symptoms and how adults respond to children's emotions in a particular high-conflict setting.","parentQuestion":"What support does a caregiver need to respond to a child's feelings during conflict between adults?","readingPrompts":["How might recruitment through visitation centers affect the range of experiences represented?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC11430889","title":"Physical and Psychological Symptomatology, Co-Parenting, and Emotion Socialization in High-Conflict Divorces: A Profile Analysis","authors":"Inés Pellón-Elexpuru; Ana Martínez-Pampliega; Susana Cormenzana; Ottar Ness; Marianne Singstad","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-08-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091156","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11430889","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11430889/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11430889-b789be2392765c3e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b789be2392765c3e54d22c772316daef6c8bd036b4b75a588335a27d48491a96","sourceTextSha256":"cdc591e469a09f59c64575f71230b8068a0e66774a504e77df04e57dd778c0d4","sourceXmlSha256":"85e2fbcf29c7b9cec92572eb9846f020c73fe626ffebe8827d55eb9de6c6a015","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43364,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAlthough the consequences of divorce and conflict have been extensively studied, most research has focused on children rather than ex-spouses, although variables such as parental health or co-parenting may have an influence on children’s development through processes such as emotion socialization. In addition, the relationship between these variables has never been considered in high-conflict divorces. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the impact of physical and psychological symptomatology and co-parenting on the emotion socialization patterns of parents experiencing high-conflict divorces. Furthermore, the moderating role of resilience was considered, as it has been highly studied as a coping mechanism in adverse situations but barely in divorce at the parental level. For this purpose, a Latent Profile Analysis was carried out with Mplus 8.10, using a sample of 239 parents from Family Visitation Centers. Results revealed, on the one hand, that parents with fewer physical and psychological symptoms sowed more emotion socialization behaviors than those with more symptomatology. On the other hand, in situations of high interparental conflict, the role of co-parenting and resilience seems less relevant than that of physical and psychological symptomatology when analyzing parental skills like emotion socialization.Keywords: divorce, conflict, symptomatology, co-parenting, emotion socialization, resilience","authorEntries":[{"name":"Inés Pellón-Elexpuru","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ana Martínez-Pampliega","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susana Cormenzana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ottar Ness","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marianne Singstad","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":68},{"pmcid":"PMC11649427","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1438784","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"167 teachers and 1,019 preschool children and their parents in China.","rationale":"The paper separates the direction of parent–teacher and teacher–parent relationships when examining family involvement and children's development.","parentQuestion":"If a teacher feels the partnership is working, would a parent necessarily say the same?","readingPrompts":["How were the two directions of the relationship measured?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC11649427","title":"Relationship between parental involvement and children’s positive mental character during early years: the moderating role of parent-teacher relationship and teacher-parent relationship","authors":"Liman Cai; Peishan Huang; Yuanfang Guo","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-12-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1438784","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11649427","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11649427/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11649427-a99acbe2cbbf94b9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a99acbe2cbbf94b92ff7d7ce34ad360960fc477fd5640d577550c732896c4c61","sourceTextSha256":"fca8b0561500ef3ae2a8011813807c3f411c062491ef6fd981ccd01638ce8e80","sourceXmlSha256":"67626307613586c19e6ce3b0dc6dbc6594f0277dcef0dab2d1e5524e57e97e79","rightsEvidenceSha256":"02001d969952137f26d15f26d80c3b7d8c02f00ee58529fb246937e9e6115dec","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43550,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionTo explore the association between parental involvement and children’s positive mental character, and examine the moderating effect of the relationship between teachers and parents.MethodsThe present study conducted latent moderated structural equation model among 167 Chinese preschool teachers and 1019 preschool children and their parents. Parents reported children’s positive mental character and perceived relationships with their children’s teachers while teachers reported their perceived relationships with each child’s parents.ResultsThe results indicated that (1) three dimensions of parental involvement (home-based involvement, school-based involvement and home-school conferencing) were positively related to children’s positive mental character; (2) teacher-perceived teacher-parent relationship moderated the association between home-based involvement and children’s positive mental character; (3) the effects of school-based involvement * parent-teacher relationship and home-school conferencing * parent-teacher relationship on children’s positive mental character were significant.DiscussionThis study provided the implications for promoting the development of positive mental character among Chinese preschool children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Liman Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peishan Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuanfang Guo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":69},{"pmcid":"PMC11753217","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1450455","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Children on the autism spectrum","population":"Families receiving PACT and professionals trained in its videoconferencing delivery.","rationale":"A mixed-method pilot investigates what happens when a parent-mediated communication intervention moves to video appointments.","parentQuestion":"What needs to be visible and audible for a remote coaching session to be useful?","readingPrompts":["What did participants' interviews add to the retrospective measures?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC11753217","title":"Feasibility of a videoconferencing-based parent-mediated intervention: a mixed-method pilot study","authors":"Marie-Maude Geoffray; Maeva Bourgeois-Mollier; Maud Maleysson-Baste; Natacha Gallifet; Sara Dochez; Gaelle Bonis; Agathe Jay; Lucie Jurek","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-01-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1450455","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11753217","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11753217/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11753217/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11753217-016acd0641723fda.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"016acd0641723fdac6a1165828e51c64e357b144aa98a129b0bd68017e3a9a44","sourceTextSha256":"6e5cae66d0bc3b5a5263c9f2564e8a6ea57bc474fd5d1d108b8263c7e87dd1ae","sourceXmlSha256":"4d22bb96114d8fb855665e7e5f86f210ac6df9de58aa5a94e45a5300d77fbac8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"635ffe84badc5aeb89dd552076239ea8b53aa3b5d07c2adefd39cf2f0bc472e9","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":24172,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents early communication and social challenges, necessitating timely and accessible intervention. Pre-school Autism Communication Therapy (PACT), a parent-mediated intervention, empowers parents to facilitate their child’s development. However, accessibility issues often hinder families from accessing evidence-based intervention. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of videoconferencing-based PACT as a precursor for a multicenter randomized controlled trial.MethodologyA mixed-methods approach integrated quantitative retrospective measures and semi-structured interviews. Participants included children diagnosed with ASD who received PACT, and PACT-trained professionals with videoconferencing experience. Feasibility was assessed through audio and video quality, internet stability, and session length. Professionals’ experiences were analyzed using a qualitative thematic analysis. Autism severity, parent–child interaction, and therapeutic changes were also described.ResultsNine parent–child dyads and eight PACT therapists were included in the study. Videoconferencing-based PACT intervention proved feasible, with 95.1% of the 41 sessions rated as feasible on the scale. Technical challenges such as audio quality (7.3%) and screen sharing (19.1%) have emerged, which therapists circumvented to maintain intervention quality. Autism severity and parent–child interaction showed positive trends, supported by qualitative findings reporting increased parental confidence and enhanced synchrony. The core components of PACT were successfully adapted to the remote setting.ConclusionThis pilot study suggests that delivering PACT via videoconferencing is a feasible approach to enhance the accessibility of evidence-based interventions for ASD. Larger-scale research with rigorous controls is required to validate these promising findings. An ongoing multicenter randomized trial aims to address this gap.Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, parent-mediated intervention, PACT, videofeedback, mixed-methods","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marie-Maude Geoffray","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maeva Bourgeois-Mollier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maud Maleysson-Baste","type":"Person"},{"name":"Natacha Gallifet","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Dochez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gaelle Bonis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Agathe Jay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucie Jurek","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":70},{"pmcid":"PMC11758852","doi":"10.1590/2317-1782/e20240003en","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Children in an early language intervention","population":"Eight mother–child interactions assessed during a home-based shared reading intervention.","rationale":"The study examines how mothers change the strategies they use during a shared book, making adult and child participation visible at the level of interaction.","parentQuestion":"How can a caregiver give a child more turns during a familiar story?","readingPrompts":["How much can eight interactions tell us about use beyond the participating families?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC11758852","title":"The effects of a brief intervention at home based on shared reading to promote children’s oral language","authors":"Camila Domeniconi; Marta Gràcia; Priscila Benitez","journal":"CoDAS","publisher":"Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia","publishedDate":"2025-01-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/e20240003en","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11758852","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11758852/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11758852-f6e1b0575bcea6c0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f6e1b0575bcea6c06695b6f45466c326616de6bfacadebf65880e0e62cef95b8","sourceTextSha256":"0539fa0cf6a6847551b1630704547f5e787534db2d10835c7d410006865c2574","sourceXmlSha256":"9926750c2ff92dfb2a9e1bc9cc8ec704a567cf29de5609fd42a1ca39f1158066","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9f3656cb7c10aa77866a910ae5fd0dd28fa5cbc0af82ba6363fefb0d647180ea","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":29303,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTPurposeThe general aim of the present study was to analyse eight mother-child interactions during shared reading with children and to assess the efficacy of a brief intervention with the mothers to promote changes in the strategies they used to develop their children’s oral language. The specific objectives were to work collaboratively with mothers, to analyse the interactions between mothers and their children before and at the end of the intervention period.MethodsMothers participated in five meetings to reflect collaboratively on strategies to promote improvements in communicative interactions in a family context and in children’s oral language and during the shared reading episodes. Standardized language tests were used to assess the oral language of children who were five and six years old and typically developing.ResultsThe results showed that all children improved some aspects of their communicative repertoire in standardized tests and/or in the observations of natural or structured situations.ConclusionWe conclude that the use of strategies such as a brief intervention to promote communicative interactions between mothers and their children may have contributed to promoting children’s oral language.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Camila Domeniconi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marta Gràcia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Priscila Benitez","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":71},{"pmcid":"PMC11788144","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1458452","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research methods and intervention development","ageRange":"Infants and toddlers","population":"Parents of children with cleft lip or palate supplied 132 questionnaires and 30 family interaction videos during intervention design.","rationale":"The design work uses parents' descriptions and videos of actual interactions to shape a language program that caregivers can participate in.","parentQuestion":"How can a family help design support around the way it already communicates?","readingPrompts":["What information did videos reveal beyond the questionnaires?","What evidence establishes that others could implement or code the procedure consistently?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"A method or coding system can describe a process without demonstrating benefits to children. Reliability, setting and independent replication matter for later use.","id":"PMC11788144","title":"Parent-implemented early intervention design for improving speech and language skills among Mandarin-speaking infants and toddlers with cleft lip and/or palate","authors":"Sha Lai; Li Lu; Zhongliang Zhou; Chi Shen; Binting Yang; Zhanping Ren; Siwei Ma","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-01-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1458452","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11788144","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11788144/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11788144-c7db414cfbdb0a3b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c7db414cfbdb0a3bf24ff4661780f1523fd6636c1baf4e04630b1008ef6deed9","sourceTextSha256":"adce71c29cd4f6bb046d6ebb7d94c10d498dd740051e1cd041c0154ac19dbcfa","sourceXmlSha256":"d615c49aac1789c2013d1073f199f852de6f041edef53f394f801fd7f406e967","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a29a209076f0991afd5e1daf679c0298a1d37de3db9eacb31fb36c8ecc47bff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36015,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundCleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) speech is a significant communication disorder with notable and enduring consequences. This study focused on developing an intervention mapping (IM)-based and parent-implemented early intervention to improve speech and language skills among infants and toddlers with CL/P in China.MethodsAn IM procedure was used to develop a parent-implemented early intervention. First, parent–child interaction problems affecting language development in infants and toddlers were identified through 132 questionnaires completed by parents of children with CL/P and 30 family videos of parent–child interactions. Second, according to the problem diagnosis, the logical model of parent–child interaction behavior change was constructed. Finally, the health outcomes were transformed into intervention goals at three levels (i.e., infants and toddlers with CL/P, parents and environment), and a set of early intervention programs were designed by integrating various intervention techniques.ResultsThe diagnosis of parent–child interaction problems showed that 40.91% of parents and children often use electronic media together; in parent–child interaction, 41.67% of parents presented ‘lack of waiting’, 29.55% overcorrected pronunciation errors. Video analysis revealed issues in parent–child interaction, such as inadequate parental skills, ineffective interactions, and an unsuitable environment. A parent-implemented early intervention was developed, including the following specific steps: health education within the hospital, 9 days of an online reading program in WeChat groups, face-to-face standardized training workshops, and individualized video feedback therapy.ConclusionWe have devised a parent-implemented early intervention to enhance speech and language abilities in Mandarin-speaking infants and toddlers with CL/P, overcoming the shortage of speech therapy services in China.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sha Lai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Li Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhongliang Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chi Shen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Binting Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhanping Ren","type":"Person"},{"name":"Siwei Ma","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":72},{"pmcid":"PMC11851790","doi":"10.3390/bs15020106","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Young adults reflecting on childhood","population":"1,134 first-year college students at U.S. institutions reflecting on earlier family conversations.","rationale":"Students recall conversations at home and report their current sense of identity in STEM. Conversation topics extend beyond formal school subjects.","parentQuestion":"Which ordinary family conversations could give children a chance to explore how things work?","readingPrompts":["How might later experiences shape what a student remembers about family talk?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC11851790","title":"Unlocking STEM Identities Through Family Conversations About Topics in and Beyond STEM: The Contributions of Family Communication Patterns","authors":"Remy Dou; Nicole Villa; Heidi Cian; Susan Sunbury; Philip M Sadler; Gerhard Sonnert; Lucía Alcalá; Guadalupe Díaz Lara; Paula Alonqueo","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-01-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020106","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11851790","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11851790/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11851790-71ba205d24237d4e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"71ba205d24237d4e79fbf993c4501a3adde7840961757f88802e4a233988678f","sourceTextSha256":"183efe9b4b069274309a11f6d8d9dcb66db095e8d1b80028c6f185409979cbed","sourceXmlSha256":"563470e111fd19f02ff6abec57856b4987d69fe039b933b730cdc5ebad8de1ff","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46304,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractResearch shows that family conversations about STEM topics positively influence children’s STEM identity development. This study expands on these findings by exploring how family conversations beyond STEM content contribute to this development. Specifically, we focus on how non-academic forms of family support—as described by students who face systemic racial discrimination in STEM—shape these conversations. In this way, we extend existing work by exploring the extent to which families’ dispositions to talk about a wide range of topics—not just in STEM—might further support youth identification with STEM fields. Using Family Communication Patterns Theory (FCPT) to guide our analysis, we examined data from a survey of first-year college students (n = 1134) attending Minority-Serving Institutions and public universities in the United States. The survey asked students to reflect on their childhood conversations and their current sense of identity in STEM. Using structural equation modeling, we found that family disposition to engage in conversations about a broad range of topics was linked to more frequent STEM-related conversations during childhood and, in turn, greater identification as a “STEM person” in college. These findings highlight the complex ways that family communication patterns can support construction of an individual’s sense of themselves as a STEM person in later years. By interpreting these findings using FCPT, we highlight the nature of family communication patterns that can contribute to STEM identity formation.Keywords: STEM identity, family, caregivers, conversations","authorEntries":[{"name":"Remy Dou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Villa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Heidi Cian","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Sunbury","type":"Person"},{"name":"Philip M Sadler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gerhard Sonnert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucía Alcalá","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guadalupe Díaz Lara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paula Alonqueo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":73},{"pmcid":"PMC11923395","doi":"10.1111/jar.70038","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Young children with Down syndrome","population":"Italian households evaluating the acceptability and use of a parent-mediated executive-function intervention.","rationale":"The study centers families' experience of trying activities in the home. Acceptability is an important question distinct from demonstrated child outcomes.","parentQuestion":"Which activities could a caregiver actually sustain within a day's routine?","readingPrompts":["Did this part of the study assess enjoyment, implementation or a change in a child's skills?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC11923395","title":"Acceptability of a Novel Parent‐Mediated Executive Function Intervention for Young Children With Down Syndrome in Italy","authors":"Sara Colaianni; Madison M Walsh; Sara Onnivello; Miranda E Pinks; Chiara Marcolin; Kaylyn Van Deusen; Elisa Rossi; Nathaniel R Riggs; Francesca Pulina; Lisa Daunhauer; Deborah J Fidler; Silvia Lanfranchi","journal":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.70038","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11923395","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11923395/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11923395-aef79925770f6646.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"aef79925770f6646ed2fc752472bc0a62c0ec23ac8642272a3f00c263de1e63f","sourceTextSha256":"fc32c620aac609d0588d2f6fe6a36866398c9706db5e2e1272f6d7a6a855ce37","sourceXmlSha256":"8830b683707aaf6725ad192e7d1b1d4834a9a5d2a377e5e8b1f66c5342fb15bc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3ad90d0df076fe4a579c33b1afea40ef2920170d7ee35a22e317a2685b96556d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36897,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackgroundPeople with Down syndrome (DS) are predisposed to challenges with executive functions (EF), which are crucial for adaptive outcomes and academic success. Early interventions targeting EF are therefore critical. The present study analysed Italian data on the acceptability, enjoyability and household implementation of EXPO (EXecutive function Play Opportunities), a novel caregiver‐mediated intervention designed to strengthen EF skills in young children with DS.MethodsNineteen families of children aged 42–93 months participated. Caregivers completed questions via a smartphone app and provided feedback through Mid‐Point and Exit questionnaires.ResultsImplementation and enjoyment remained consistent throughout the intervention. Caregivers reported positive effects of EXPO on children's everyday life skills and found the coaching sessions beneficial for successful program implementation.ConclusionThe EXPO intervention is acceptable and enjoyable for both caregivers and children, with caregivers reporting perceived improvements in children's everyday life skills after participating in the program.Keywords: Down syndrome (DS), executive function (EF), executive function intervention, intellectual disability (ID), intervention acceptability","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sara Colaianni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Madison M Walsh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Onnivello","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miranda E Pinks","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chiara Marcolin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaylyn Van Deusen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisa Rossi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nathaniel R Riggs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francesca Pulina","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa Daunhauer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Deborah J Fidler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvia Lanfranchi","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjar.70038","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e78f3fb446b57f30732f665da9f9c9c473f52e8579a92f67872c9a880b5a2696","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":74},{"pmcid":"PMC11884721","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0318690","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Neonatal intensive care","population":"Human-infant studies of shared reading in neonatal intensive care published from 2003 through 2023.","rationale":"The review maps how caregivers and neonatal teams have introduced shared reading and what researchers measured in that setting.","parentQuestion":"How could a family participate in reading when a newborn is receiving intensive care?","readingPrompts":["What research designs were available for the review to compare?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC11884721","title":"Promoting language and literacy through shared book reading in the NICU: A scoping review","authors":"Lama K Farran; Sharon L Leslie; Susan N Brasher; Sanjoy Kumer Dey","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2025-03-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318690","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11884721","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11884721/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11884721-657dced697c7d4c6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"657dced697c7d4c6bd65a580675d6a9ad4e9b2940ce042bd5b5dc11258bd09c8","sourceTextSha256":"9fa570ca551074f7107aecd1339c35bd336e1393e406492b0a0f16de3cfaa1d7","sourceXmlSha256":"0d3280307e8674f3b187363ed2c5184e782747eeeb034ba72a0f1e93b93edcdc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4629d13045c9b5b35a2df8c0018cbcf053004da0774be1f82592f4caa307b07b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":26903,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Abstract Background Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at a heightened risk for language and literacy delays and disorders. Despite the well-established empirical support for early shared reading, the available evidence to date has been scant, revealing mixed results. This study sought to characterize current research on shared reading in the NICU using a scoping review methodology. Methods Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were peer-reviewed, written in the English language, focused on human infants in the NICU, and published between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2023. No population age range was applied, and quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods designs were considered. Database searches yielded 338 articles with only eight articles meeting eligibility criteria for inclusion. Conclusion In spite of a modest number of studies on this topic, utilizing limited methodologies, the evidence from this scoping review shows the benefits of shared reading for infants and their caregivers during their NICU stay. Expanding such efforts by embedding shared reading as part of standard practice is recommended.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lama K Farran","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sharon L Leslie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan N Brasher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sanjoy Kumer Dey","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":75},{"pmcid":"PMC12004719","doi":"10.1080/17482631.2025.2491925","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Parents managing childhood illness","population":"Twelve parents interviewed remotely about intuitive knowledge in the context of child illness.","rationale":"Parents describe the kind of knowledge they bring to a clinical conversation from knowing a child over time. The evidence concerns those experiences and their meaning.","parentQuestion":"How can a parent explain a familiar child's subtle change to a clinician?","readingPrompts":["What does the phenomenological analysis reveal about the parents' own language?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC12004719","title":"Parental intuition: a phenomenological structure of intuitive knowing in the context of child illness and shared decision-making in healthcare","authors":"Rachel L Shaw; Gemma Heath; Virginia Eatough; Lisa Thackeray","journal":"International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publishedDate":"2025-04-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2025.2491925","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12004719","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12004719/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12004719-bf1d742a359e4b2e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bf1d742a359e4b2e70e18489b9d5962493045f2a25690a59914e05d81715ccf8","sourceTextSha256":"9d4acd1ed00150d4543c0ce8ba7a686b1b25637edad1b568702d69f1a9a1bdd2","sourceXmlSha256":"b9c9d4e6072938cd169a18ec91fd69ee7ed1102059caf323f9c8c840bb0f9e40","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0b7c0f74bfa8d747fe363cfb902d509139fbbcd51ba47cec57b3018abe12519f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46025,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTPurposeParents describe knowing instinctively when there is something wrong with their child, but they experience challenges convincing healthcare professionals of these concerns, which could prohibit timely escalation of care. Our purpose was to develop a phenomenological description of parental intuition from parents’ lived experience.MethodsWe interviewed 12 parents remotely using a semi-structured schedule. Interviews were analysed using descriptive phenomenology.ResultsWe developed a phenomenological description of parental intuition with essential elements including: parental intuition as pre-reflective and pre-linguistic, as corporeal, affective, instinctive, hysteria, and phronesis. Parental intuition was expressed as prior to consciousness and felt within the body. It manifests as heightened arousal and emotion. Parental intuition was defined as ever-present, yet questionable, potentially gendered, requiring validation. Finally, parental intuition was defined as practical wisdom built up over years of exposure to one’s child, enabling a reciprocal, unspoken and intimate bond.ConclusionsOur work has demonstrated the significance of parental intuition in early detection of health deterioration. We discuss philosophical conceptualizations of knowledge and evidence relating to healthcare professionals’ resistance to accept parental intuition as a valid source of knowledge in healthcare. We argue that parental intuition demands integration into practice guidance on paediatric shared decision-making.KEYWORDS: Intuition, phronesis, parenting, shared decision-making, qualitative research","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rachel L Shaw","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gemma Heath","type":"Person"},{"name":"Virginia Eatough","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa Thackeray","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":76},{"pmcid":"PMC12024202","doi":"10.3390/bs15040533","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"303 parents of preschool children in six urban Chinese kindergartens, in families that share care with grandparents.","rationale":"The analysis identifies patterns of stress reported by parents in multigenerational care. It invites questions about who carries which responsibilities.","parentQuestion":"How can parents and grandparents talk about uneven caregiving demands?","readingPrompts":["How were the profiles constructed, and do they describe the grandparents' own experiences?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12024202","title":"Parenting Stress and Its Influencing Factors Among Chinese Parents in Parent–Grandparent Co-Parenting Families: A Latent Profile Analysis","authors":"Tongyao Wang; Hongyan Cheng; Anna Bokszczanin","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-04-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040533","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12024202","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12024202/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12024202-511f14711a1ffa59.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"511f14711a1ffa592bdbd0d0da1a614b986e5c5281a9f0e05b5996132bad3c1c","sourceTextSha256":"88267a3aecc4e6d19b669ff6b1a8bfd58b95392ad0774d8cb5e175960517a316","sourceXmlSha256":"bf80216570e55c8b0cac9f280c9fb2ba2d38cb72d64331afec50851473419e9e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58113,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractGuided by family systems theory and the parenting process model, this study aimed to identify distinct profiles of parenting stress and examine their associations with parental characteristics, social–contextual factors, and child factors. A sample of 303 parents of preschool children (52.5% boys, mean child age = 61.17 months) from six urban kindergartens in southern and northern China participated in this study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified four distinct parenting stress profiles: the low parenting stress profile (12.9%), middle parenting stress profile (39.3%), high parenting stress profile (40.6%), and very high parenting stress profile (7.2%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that these profiles were significantly associated with parenting self-efficacy, the parent–grandparent co-parenting relationship, the co-parenting structure, family income, and the child’s gender. These findings advance our understanding of the heterogeneity of parenting stress within Chinese parent–grandparent co-parenting families and offer theoretical and practical implications for future research and the development of targeted family support interventions.Keywords: parenting stress, parent–grandparent co-parenting, latent profile analysis, preschool children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tongyao Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hongyan Cheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Bokszczanin","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":77},{"pmcid":"PMC12053300","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1551288","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Junior high school","population":"550 students from three junior high schools in Inner Mongolia completed questionnaires.","rationale":"Adolescents describe adult coordination alongside peer relationships and relational aggression. Their perspective adds a different viewpoint from a parent-only account.","parentQuestion":"What might a teenager notice about how caregivers coordinate their responses to peer conflict?","readingPrompts":["Are the proposed pathways based on observed changes or questionnaires completed at one time?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12053300","title":"The impact of parental co-parenting on relational aggression in adolescents: the mediating role of peer relationships and self-control","authors":"Yongzhi Jiang; Huizhe Wang; Lifang Tong","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-04-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1551288","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12053300","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12053300/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12053300/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12053300-43cdb96289a2d8f5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"43cdb96289a2d8f57d839947cda0403a9d731bbef528037bc0775e42b0ae71a3","sourceTextSha256":"ddd8e6f293132ce69bfb950d5135ae43f974701dbcca6cf1f419dd802042cec9","sourceXmlSha256":"7f946ec0d66914ce36414ec1ec50278315465bad413b5205cb415e5b473b6fb7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f8152d79dcc22ab982b9b9389e256b6601e028bc119fc690657ac4db4d0c02d9","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32047,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPurposeTo explore the impact of parental co-parenting on adolescents’ relational aggression, as well as the mediating roles of peer relationships and self-control.MethodA self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted on 550 students from three junior high schools in Inner Mongolia using the Parental Coordinated Parenting Scale, Relational Aggression Scale, Self-Control Scale, and Peer Relationship Scale.ResultPositive parental co-parenting is significantly negatively correlated with relational aggression, while negative co-parenting is significantly positively correlated with relational aggression. Positive co-parenting is significantly positively correlated with peer relationships and self-control, while negative parental co-parenting is significantly negatively correlated with peer relationships and self-control. Relational aggression is significantly negatively correlated with peer relationships and self-control, and peer relationships are significantly positively correlated with self-control. The direct effect of negative parental co-parenting on relational aggression is significant, and self-control, peer relationships, and the mediating effects of peer relationships and self-control in the relationship between parental co-parenting and relational aggression are all significant.ConclusionParental co-parenting not only directly affects adolescents’ relational aggression but can also indirectly influence relational aggression through the mediating effects of peer relationships and self-control.Keywords: parental co-parenting, peer relationships, self-control, relational aggression, adolescents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yongzhi Jiang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huizhe Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lifang Tong","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":78},{"pmcid":"PMC12191135","doi":"10.3390/children12060684","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Adults recalling their school years","population":"Nineteen adults who attended schools in Mississippi were interviewed about school corporal punishment.","rationale":"Retrospective accounts put a boundary around the idea of collaboration: agreement between adults can expose a child to harm. The accounts foreground how children experienced adult decisions.","parentQuestion":"Whose voice can get lost when parents and school staff agree on a disciplinary practice?","readingPrompts":["How does recalling a childhood event later in life shape these accounts?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC12191135","title":"When Parent–Teacher Collaboration Turns Violent: Corporal Punishment in American Schools and Subsequent (Secondary) Trauma","authors":"Da’Shay Templeton; Ruslan Korchagin; Bree Valla; Jesse R Ford; Donatella Di Corrado; Sanja Tatalović Vorkapić","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-05-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060684","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12191135","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12191135/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12191135-c4af1cb89099f38a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c4af1cb89099f38a7170960fa30d9923307878c84b70ef369997b42795dea069","sourceTextSha256":"36c65bbd67975db1e19ff03b5bfd17201b347a6e4a787ee8e2895b5c90510487","sourceXmlSha256":"23df07d0471469beb7925172a2805564c73c9ebabb1ef5a4de6c4a62a9e9ebbb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48523,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractMethods. Through the lens of childhood trauma theory, a qualitative phenomenological study was conducted using purposive and snowball sampling methods to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of former students with corporal punishment and how those experiences have shaped their academic and psychological outcomes. Interviews were conducted via Zoom with 19 men and women of different ages and races who attended schools in Mississippi. Results/Conclusions. The study revealed that parents and school personnel collaborated to punish the student corporally both on campus and at home. Related, beaten students did not share their punishment with their parents/caregivers, and if their families did find out, they received another beating at home. There was a general lack of consistency in how and who administered corporal punishment. In addition to the well-documented ways that corporal punishment is administered in school, we also found that students were made to hold painful positions or perform painful tasks. There were also peer effects of trauma, with students experiencing fear or anger following a friend or classmate being beaten in front of them. Race was an influence if the abused students felt that their punishment was racist, with Black American participants feeling there were racial undertones regardless of the perpetrator’s race. The study’s findings align with those of previously conducted research, but also extend them and can be used to create policy to allow schools to address trauma and create instructional practices that eliminate the fear and racial disparities that have been proven to exist in schools with corporal punishment.Keywords: corporal punishment, trauma, trauma-informed policy, childhood trauma theory","authorEntries":[{"name":"Da’Shay Templeton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruslan Korchagin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bree Valla","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jesse R Ford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Donatella Di Corrado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sanja Tatalović Vorkapić","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":79},{"pmcid":"PMC12189302","doi":"10.3390/bs15060752","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"610 parents of preschoolers recruited through three kindergartens in central China.","rationale":"This paper links the way adults coordinate care with their own attention to devices and children's media use. All three are part of the household setting being measured.","parentQuestion":"When we set a media routine, whose behavior is part of that routine?","readingPrompts":["Who reported both coparenting and children's media habits?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12189302","title":"Family Dynamics and Digital Distractions: A Survey-Based Study on How Co-Parenting and Parental Phubbing Shape Preschoolers’ Media Use","authors":"Yuying Zhang; Kuai Song; Gengfeng Niu; Xuechen Ding","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-05-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060752","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12189302","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12189302/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12189302-7ee6fa0aecfa59df.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7ee6fa0aecfa59dfa49667d74e71211a874dbdc821e7caf30877e3a983fe3341","sourceTextSha256":"a0f3986419b98b4e4fdc77259ca797d74b1d7b76e4604e50fc2cb57eecd99f43","sourceXmlSha256":"ba5795f033d3085998f6fe77f3853bc93e603e6f00d97c7dd49d920af2f51b12","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43354,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn the current information era, even preschool children are unable to withstand the “digital flood”. However, excessive exposure to electronic screens not only negatively impacts various aspects of children’s health and adaptation, but also harms family relationships. Based on family systems theory, social–cognitive learning theory, and attachment theory, this study examines the relationships between co-parenting and preschoolers’ problematic media use, as well as the underlying mechanism—the mediating role of parental phubbing and the moderating effect of secure attachment. A sample of 610 parents of preschoolers from three kindergartens in central China completed validated scales, including the Co-Parenting Scale, Parental Phubbing Scale, Children’s Electronic Media Use Questionnaire, and Secure Attachment Dimension of the Waters Attachment Q-sort. A moderated mediation model was tested using the PROCESS macro with bootstrap procedures. The results showed that, after controlling for the subjective family socioeconomic status and parental education level, (1) co-parenting was negatively associated with preschoolers’ problematic media use; (2) parental phubbing significantly mediated the relationship between co-parenting and preschoolers’ problematic media use; (3) secure attachment significantly moderated both the direct relation between co-parenting and the preschoolers’ problematic media use and the mediating effect of parental phubbing (the relation between parental phubbing and children’s problematic media use); furthermore, both of these effects were more pronounced in children with lower levels of secure attachment. These findings extend family systems and attachment theories by elucidating mechanisms underlying early media behaviors. Practically, interventions should promote collaborative co-parenting and reduce parental phubbing to mitigate children’s problematic media use, while fostering secure attachment to buffer digital risks.Keywords: co-parenting, parental phubbing, secure attachment, problematic media use, preschoolers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yuying Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kuai Song","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gengfeng Niu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xuechen Ding","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":80},{"pmcid":"PMC9116381","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847722","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"6–12 years","population":"70 mothers of children recruited from pediatric and child psychiatry clinics","rationale":"The authors examine a randomized parenting program with prosocial behavior as an outcome.","parentQuestion":"Which specific helping or considerate behaviors did the program track?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate a randomized parenting program with prosocial behavior as an outcome?","What did the comparison group receive, and how soon after the program were outcomes assessed?","Did parents report helping differently two weeks and fourteen weeks after the program?"],"limitations":"A clinic-recruited group of 70 mothers and a waitlist comparison limit what the trial can show about broader populations or other active programs.","id":"PMC9116381","title":"Changes in Prosocial Behaviors Among Children With Behavioral Problems Following Incredible Years Parenting Program","authors":"Ruziana Masiran; Normala Ibrahim; Hamidin Awang; Poh Ying Lim","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-05-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847722","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9116381","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9116381/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9116381/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9116381-5a4650be39cfe578.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5a4650be39cfe5781add8d16f11482f721b4d29e0dbd258406c0fc4b9e0d8f16","sourceTextSha256":"336be1e5a7fbc5b76d34ededc8b3f7bb5255cc7b770937f380e7428eb59badfa","sourceXmlSha256":"7185160c26cda9b0d42d859487ab478a3963f1e7c61579e9cfd2a22654f10ebe","rightsEvidenceSha256":"932bb5dbd4272be1d312d5360cc3d060552db7c6621c83768d470b369fccb029","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33461,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting programs often train parents in improving their parenting practices and parent-child relationship to reduce behavioral problems in children. However, the children’s prosocial behaviors are less examined as an intervention outcome in these programs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Incredible Years parenting program (IYPP) for Malaysian parents of school-going children and its sustainability in improving the children’s prosocial behaviors. This randomized controlled study involved pre- and post-intervention assessments at 2 and 14 weeks. Mothers of children aged 6-12 years (n = 70) recruited through the pediatrics and the child and adolescent psychiatric clinics were randomly assigned to the parenting program or a waitlist control condition. The mothers rated their children’s prosocial behaviors using a self-administered questionnaire. The program ran two to three hours weekly for 14 weeks. Several modifications were made to the program to accommodate public health control during the pandemic. Children in the intervention group showed a notable but non-significant increase in prosocial skills. However, subsequent score decline at follow-up may suggest a lack of evidence that the program is potentially effective in improving prosocial behaviors among school children who are at risk of or already having behavioral problems.Keywords: behavior problem, children, incredible years, intervention, Malaysia, parenting, parenting program, prosocial behavior","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ruziana Masiran","type":"Person"},{"name":"Normala Ibrahim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hamidin Awang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Poh Ying Lim","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":81},{"pmcid":"PMC9103132","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19095630","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"480 students in China, mean age about 13, and one parent per student","rationale":"The focus here is couple relationship quality and adolescent prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"Which ways of handling adult disagreements do children get to see?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate couple relationship quality and adolescent prosocial behavior?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Which measures came from students and which came from the participating parent?"],"limitations":"A model linking couple satisfaction and students’ prosocial reports cannot establish a causal sequence between them.","id":"PMC9103132","title":"The Association between Parental Marital Satisfaction and Adolescent Prosocial Behavior in China: A Moderated Serial Mediation Model","authors":"Ruiping Zhang; Yaqian Guo; Baoyu Bai; Yabing Wang; Linlin Gao; Lan Cheng; Ko-Ling Chan","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-05-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095630","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9103132","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9103132/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9103132-0998ab1a54ebf664.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0998ab1a54ebf664d2685793444010f0db4455ca0ff7470f8bb205160a234aa5","sourceTextSha256":"bbff8ce9b5301632dc1a7782e69dcd50d0c74876b5d8750656bdbcbac3f05f81","sourceXmlSha256":"77648bfefdd4340097b94e675931e0d518698ff7df19076a8db995a7fc2b49b5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1e1597c20dcd361c27bffead9db3bf03295197e0411ae8de06e7778a9bda44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35642,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental marital satisfaction is a well-established protective factor for prosocial behavior in adolescents, yet the parental socialization of adolescent prosocial behavior is limited in Chinese culture. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the association between parental marital satisfaction and adolescent prosocial behavior is mediated by parent–child intimacy and/or adolescent empathy. The present study examined these associations in 480 students (50.4% male, age = 12.7 ± 0.54 years) and one of their parents. Path analysis (Mplus) revealed that parental marital satisfaction was related to a high level of parent–child intimacy, which was, in turn, associated with a high level of adolescent empathy, which itself predicted adolescent prosocial behavior. The serial mediation effect differed between boys and girls. Specifically, compared with boys, girls’ parent–child intimacy was a stronger predictor of their empathy, and empathy had a stronger predictive effect on their prosocial behavior. Several implications for interventions and policies for increasing prosocial behavior in children are suggested.Keywords: parental marital satisfaction, parent–child relationship, empathy, prosocial behavior","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ruiping Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yaqian Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Baoyu Bai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yabing Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linlin Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lan Cheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ko-Ling Chan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":82},{"pmcid":"PMC10084088","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.13629","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"3½–5 years","population":"235 Colombian children and mothers at enrollment, with 220 children followed to age five","rationale":"This article addresses observed warmth and reciprocity in families exposed to community violence.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of back-and-forth play help us feel connected after a difficult day?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate observed warmth and reciprocity in families exposed to community violence?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How did observed reciprocity differ from mothers’ reports of exposure to violence?"],"limitations":"The study followed families from age three and a half to five in one Colombian setting; maternal reports and observed interaction capture different contexts.","id":"PMC10084088","title":"Warmth and reciprocity with mothers, and young children's resilience to exposure to community violence in Colombia: findings from the La Sabana Parent–Child Study","authors":"Diana Obando; Nicola Wright; Jonathan Hill","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2022-05-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13629","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10084088","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10084088/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10084088-4983f860ab29f788.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4983f860ab29f7888f877c947e90c568baf47f602aa56a54a774b15df502dfb0","sourceTextSha256":"1dc66ba970819d1dbc67cff3c48623931eff59c91a6ae62a5de4d297e18cab0c","sourceXmlSha256":"d4f04dbe435349b83d33888911afde790db5aeda35c2c08baea743f7b65b5b16","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1e5b6a5c1d582ebfc284066771d3de776a081145cb4f28424b8115e62d269d62","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Comment in","identifier":"36128611","identifierType":"MED"}],"sourceCharacters":35636,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundExposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous‐unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence.MethodsFamilies were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses.ResultsIn the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p = .007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (β = −.34, p = .001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure.ConclusionsMaternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned.Keywords: Resilience, callous‐unemotional traits, exposure to community violence, positive parenting, negative parenting, low‐ and middle‐income country","authorEntries":[{"name":"Diana Obando","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicola Wright","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonathan Hill","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.13629","publisherEvidenceSha256":"054f30e5085b088ab9c7e18f1c0f0261982802e1df0980aee06882961ba2d301","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":83},{"pmcid":"PMC9514138","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917189","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"About 8–10 years","population":"114 mother-child pairs from lower socioeconomic areas of Melbourne","rationale":"The authors examine observed maternal warmth and changes in brain network organization in late childhood.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of everyday warmth are visible to researchers observing a family?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate observed maternal warmth and changes in brain network organization in late childhood?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How were changes in the brain network distinguished from ordinary age-related maturation?"],"limitations":"The longitudinal imaging sample came from lower socioeconomic areas in Melbourne. Brain-network differences are group-level measurements.","id":"PMC9514138","title":"Maternal warmth is associated with network segregation across late childhood: A longitudinal neuroimaging study","authors":"Sally Richmond; Richard Beare; Katherine A. Johnson; Katherine Bray; Elena Pozzi; Nicholas B. Allen; Marc L. Seal; Sarah Whittle","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-09-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917189","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9514138","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9514138/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9514138-c20c2d76dfe121e1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c20c2d76dfe121e15e5098e5d222219be717148d6e54009bd87e4f3da2c4a21d","sourceTextSha256":"d15e9fd71c2121f0c1e4f85cdb30e4f85069b277b962e00b4c7be4f92a97d492","sourceXmlSha256":"e4148330d03a0f93cb1f31f872cd7da6cf4a4589b17a28056d804561c101e083","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1efe47a52a59b3c55c2e5a8aaa10c93de5496924c10561d3aadc4891cd13da3d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42542,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The negative impact of adverse experiences in childhood on neurodevelopment is well documented. Less attention however has been given to the impact of variations in “normative” parenting behaviors. The influence of these parenting behaviors is likely to be marked during periods of rapid brain reorganization, such as late childhood. The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between normative parenting behaviors and the development of structural brain networks across late childhood. Data were collected from a longitudinal sample of 114 mother-child dyads (54% female children, M age 8.41 years, SD = 0.32 years), recruited from low socioeconomic areas of Melbourne, Australia. At the first assessment parenting behaviors were coded from two lab-based interaction tasks and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the children were performed. At the second assessment, approximately 18 months later (M age 9.97 years, SD = 0.37 years) MRI scans were repeated. Cortical thickness (CT) was extracted from T1-weighted images using FreeSurfer. Structural covariance (SC) networks were constructed from partial correlations of CT estimates between brain regions and estimates of network efficiency and modularity were obtained for each time point. The change in these network measures, from Time 1 to Time 2, was also calculated. At Time 2, less positive maternal affective behavior was associated with higher modularity (more segregated networks), while negative maternal affective behavior was not related. No support was found for an association between local or global efficacy and maternal affective behaviors at Time 2. Similarly, no support was demonstrated for associations between maternal affective behaviors and change in network efficiency and modularity, from Time 1 to Time 2. These results indicate that normative variations in parenting may influence the development of structural brain networks in late childhood and extend current knowledge about environmental influences on structural connectivity in a developmental context.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sally Richmond","type":"Person"},{"name":"Richard Beare","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine A. Johnson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine Bray","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Pozzi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicholas B. Allen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc L. Seal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Whittle","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":84},{"pmcid":"PMC9546835","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-21071-0","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Repeated-measures diary study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"159 Dutch parent-adolescent pairs contributing daily reports","rationale":"The authors examine warmth and autonomy over 100 consecutive daily reports.","parentQuestion":"Which everyday signs tell my teenager I am available without taking over?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate warmth and autonomy over 100 consecutive daily reports?","Do the analyses distinguish changes within one family from differences between families?","Did the patterns in the Dutch adolescents’ daily reports hold within each family or primarily across families?"],"limitations":"One hundred days of reports offer fine time resolution in this Dutch sample; they do not cover the whole transition through adolescence.","id":"PMC9546835","title":"Universal ingredients to parenting teens: parental warmth and autonomy support promote adolescent well-being in most families","authors":"Anne Bülow; Andreas B Neubauer; Bart Soenens; Savannah Boele; Jaap J A Denissen; Loes Keijsers","journal":"Scientific Reports","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2022-10-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21071-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9546835","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9546835/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9546835-cba7f48e5e27a965.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cba7f48e5e27a96568901700ece2136f38e1abe00282459bcdf41e4f81f99c4b","sourceTextSha256":"083b1f7f5d92e77450bb754441a06cbf3fa115b598d3e0f986ab60f0c8451788","sourceXmlSha256":"3fab43eaa50b2b5578254c5c755b042c954ac66ecec85f6100568637bf655bad","rightsEvidenceSha256":"522e65c1e8b6593d3b3687a4056cc656c435746400669cf8ba4239c30157023d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR485487","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":44956,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEven though each adolescent is unique, some ingredients for development may still be universal. According to Self-Determination Theory, every adolescent’s well-being should benefit when parents provide warmth and autonomy. To rigorously test this idea that each family has similar mechanisms, we followed 159 Dutch parent-adolescent dyads (parent: Mage = 45.34, 79% mothers; adolescent: Mage = 13.31, 62% female) for more than three months, and collected 100 consecutive daily reports of parental warmth, autonomy support, positive and negative affect. Positive effects of parental warmth and autonomy support upon well-being were found in 91–98% of the families. Preregistered analysis of 14,546 daily reports confirmed that effects of parenting differed in strength (i.e., some adolescents benefited more than others), but were universal in their direction (i.e., in fewer than 1% of families effects were in an unexpected direction). Albeit stronger with child-reported parenting, similar patterns were found with parent-reports. Adolescents who benefited most from need-supportive parenting in daily life were characterized by higher overall sensitivity to environmental influences. Whereas recent work suggests that each child and each family have unique developmental mechanisms, this study suggests that need-supportive parenting promotes adolescent well-being in most families.Subject terms: Psychology, Risk factors","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anne Bülow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andreas B Neubauer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bart Soenens","type":"Person"},{"name":"Savannah Boele","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jaap J A Denissen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loes Keijsers","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":85},{"pmcid":"PMC9658673","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192114534","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Children aged 1–17 years","population":"302 adoptive parents in Portugal who completed online questionnaires","rationale":"The authors examine self-compassion and psychological flexibility in adoptive parents’ accounts of stress.","parentQuestion":"How do I treat myself when a difficult transition takes longer than expected?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate self-compassion and psychological flexibility in adoptive parents’ accounts of stress?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the analysis distinguish self-compassion from parental stress measured at the same time?"],"limitations":"The 302 adoptive parents completed self-report measures online. That design does not isolate whether compassion changes stress or the reverse.","id":"PMC9658673","title":"Explaining Parenting Stress among Adoptive Parents: The Contribution of Mindfulness, Psychological Flexibility, and Self-Compassion","authors":"Ana Luz Chorão; Maria Cristina Canavarro; Raquel Pires","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2022-11-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114534","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9658673","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9658673/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9658673-0549561f5411d32b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0549561f5411d32b1acfd5978c74024ab17b87a7aa0c19a2f0d3757fea9174be","sourceTextSha256":"e2ce21efa7e0406039a256eef91c165f657bd48776a33c4c5e3db6bc7c748734","sourceXmlSha256":"f5db683457c3dc4a80f534f3e407b47f6e2a47c46f717dcf68c7fe9968d7eeed","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0294e49e9e6dbdc2dda61722d048e986ee302b23be8cea9bf840dd53fba619d1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55462,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Although parenting stress has been identified as one of the most important and highly acceptable targets for postadoption psychological intervention, knowledge regarding the modifiable factors that contribute to explaining this outcome among adoptive parents remains scarce. This study aimed to explore whether and to what extent adoptive parents’ mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion contribute to explaining parenting stress and to analyze whether this contribution varies according to children’s age, time passed since the adoptive placement, and the parents’ gender. Cross-sectional data from 302 Portuguese adoptive parents with children between 1 and 17 years old were collected online through self-response questionnaires. Controlling for a wide range of child-, adoption-, and parent-related variables, lower levels of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion were associated with higher levels of parenting stress. These associations were not moderated by children’s age, time passed since the adoptive placement, or the parents’ gender. The final regression model explained 50% of the variance in parenting stress. These results allow us to reflect on new guidelines for both preventive and remedial interventions with adoptive parents, given the apparent added value of promoting these psychological resources.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ana Luz Chorão","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Cristina Canavarro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Raquel Pires","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":86},{"pmcid":"PMC9820479","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061551","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Structured task or observational assessment","ageRange":"11–30 months","population":"33 infants and mothers from middle-income Chinese families","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine infants’ responses to simulated distress and their mothers’ responsive behavior.","parentQuestion":"What do I notice when my toddler sees someone who seems upset?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate infants’ responses to simulated distress and their mothers’ responsive behavior?","Which actions were observed directly, and how closely does the task resemble family life?","Did sensitivity observed in mother-infant interaction correspond with the infant’s response to simulated distress?"],"limitations":"The structured distress scenario involved 33 mother-infant pairs. Infant behavior in a brief task can differ from behavior at home.","id":"PMC9820479","title":"The relationship between maternal and infant empathy: The mediating role of responsive parenting","authors":"Hang Liu; Yuning Zhu; Xiaoqi Cai; Zhengmei Ma; Lu Wang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2022-12-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061551","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9820479","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9820479/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9820479/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9820479-1b5c18aa90333450.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1b5c18aa90333450383c95e15f807fcf3cfb7a88a8f34110cc4afe4d19533aaf","sourceTextSha256":"126a35391c107891af1ed07028ab5f961bdc96ad558dcd15ae340dcc7881a802","sourceXmlSha256":"752809b6229a81f88f20b335034b718df9e3417b5bca48f58fdfc7aa23681f1f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"daaec7877d6ec3fc554b96d3ac29f421ad2e280fe8f3c9308f8ddd403f40e4bf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44883,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIndividual empathy emerges during infancy, and its development is influenced by family environmental factors such as parental characteristics and parenting style. In this study, we examined how maternal empathy was related to infant empathy and the mediating role of responsive parenting in this relationship using situational observation and scale measurement data. Thirty-three infants aged 11–30 months (M = 20.18, SD = 5.18) and their mothers (all from middle-income Chinese families) participated in simulated distress scenarios and structured mother–infant interaction sessions. These paradigms are widely used to study infant empathy and responsive parenting. The maternal empathy levels were measured using the Adult Empathy Scale (E-scale). The results indicate that (1) by their second year, infants largely acquire the capacity for other-oriented empathy and display significantly greater levels of empathy toward their mothers than toward strangers; (2) maternal empathy is significantly and positively correlated with responsive parenting and infant empathy, responsive parenting is significantly and positively correlated with infant empathy; and (3) responsive parenting fully mediates the effect of maternal empathy on infant empathy. These findings indicate that maternal empathy level can be enhanced to improve the quality of parent–child interaction, thereby promoting infant empathy development.Keywords: maternal empathy, infant empathy, responsive parenting, situational observation, parent–child interaction","authorEntries":[{"name":"Hang Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuning Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoqi Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhengmei Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lu Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":87},{"pmcid":"PMC9865010","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20021568","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"6–36 months","population":"194 primary caregivers of infants and toddlers in a study of older-generation care","rationale":"The focus here is expressions of warmth or rejection in caregiving by grandparents and great-grandparents.","parentQuestion":"How do different generations of caregivers show a young child affection?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate expressions of warmth or rejection in caregiving by grandparents and great-grandparents?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Which generation reported on the older caregiver’s warmth and which generation was directly assessed?"],"limitations":"The cross-sectional assessments cover children aged six to 36 months. They cannot establish the sequence of an intergenerational pathway.","id":"PMC9865010","title":"Emotional Warmth and Rejection Parenting Styles of Grandparents/Great Grandparents and the Social–Emotional Development of Grandchildren/Great Grandchildren","authors":"Yang He; Chengfang Liu; Renfu Luo; Paul B Tchounwou; Daniel TL Shek","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-01-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021568","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9865010","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9865010/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC9865010-9be372f1d0c67299.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9be372f1d0c67299db3e0bc8fed99aaf57141e1e8d2ac955a343d25c70084d83","sourceTextSha256":"441c0fa9de5a1a676e7d2877e6b3df5a2d2ad260bbf8f2021abd8ae3da2ec313","sourceXmlSha256":"30fea78b751901ea40da25f75c9faededb3fe0cfe228a2f82443bbff64916268","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53571,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting styles are crucial in the process of forming social emotions in children. They are also vital for creating effective family policies in order to improve a child’s early development. As such, it is important to acknowledge the enduring association of parenting styles across generations, as well as their impact on early child development. In this study, the question as to whether the warm and hostile parenting styles of a parent/grandparent mediate the relationships between the emotional warmth and rejection parenting styles of a grandparent/great grandparent, as well as the subsequent social–emotional development of a grandson/great grandson and/or a granddaughter/great granddaughter, was examined. Cross-sectional assessment data from 194 primary caregivers of children between 6 and 36 months were analyzed using mediation analyses. In addition, moderated mediation models were used to test heterogeneity effects. This study found evidence that the warm and hostile parenting styles of a parent/grandparent mediated the associations between the emotional warmth and rejection parenting styles of a grandparent/great grandparent, as well as the subsequent socio-emotional development of a grandchild/great grandchild. Parents/grandparents tend to use a warm parenting style when the child is a boy, thereby resulting in fewer socio-emotional problems. This study provides empirical evidence for the purposes of preventive services to improve caregivers’ parenting styles in the early stages of a child’s development. Researchers and family practitioners should continue to support families with intervention or therapeutic techniques in order to mitigate potential lasting consequences.Keywords: parenting styles, social-emotional development, mediation analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yang He","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chengfang Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Renfu Luo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul B Tchounwou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel TL Shek","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":88},{"pmcid":"PMC10067672","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.930371","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescent girls involved in the juvenile justice system reporting on relationships with mothers and fathers","rationale":"This article addresses how warmth and hostility can coexist in a daughter’s experience of parenting.","parentQuestion":"What does my child hear when encouragement and harsh criticism arrive together?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how warmth and hostility can coexist in a daughter’s experience of parenting?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Was warmth interpreted independently of hostility or as a combination experienced by the daughter?"],"limitations":"The girls were recruited through a juvenile-justice setting. The father-daughter and mother-daughter patterns should not be generalized to all adolescents.","id":"PMC10067672","title":"The role of paternal and maternal warmth and hostility on daughter’s psychosocial outcomes: The insidious effects of father warmth combined with high paternal hostility","authors":"Julia Dmitrieva; Emma V Espel","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-03-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.930371","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10067672","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10067672/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10067672/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10067672-8027669665f0a68a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8027669665f0a68a107843f9d87e44e6a99d9ae8fddc43b0a49b0d840283b578","sourceTextSha256":"0f9a64ec7c7f303284d58a8e4212401ee9a3b72267238de6430b4b713a869a3c","sourceXmlSha256":"ae8bc320e6c482025f5dd9a96ab06b67211ceee0ea9e22e3010d304b9fc0e39b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e66e7baaf6cfb2b05095e633715b5b4456bfb74028b1d6566397a5430a42c56d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50588,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionDespite the well-accepted view on the importance of parental warmth and parental hostility for adolescent development, few studies have examined the joint interactive effects of these two key aspects of parenting. Furthermore, research comparing maternal and paternal parenting is limited, with the father-daughter relationship during adolescence remaining one of the more understudied familial contexts. Given that family processes are key for the intergenerational transmission of inequality, these parent–child relationships may be especially important for youth at risk for exposure to violence.ObjectivesUsing a sample of juvenile female offenders, this study examined the associations between the perceived warmth and hostility in the father-daughter and mother-daughter relationships on daughters’ depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, romantic partner warmth, romantic partner hostility, and the daughter’s sense of agency. We hypothesized that high perceived parental warmth would moderate the effects of parental hostility by protecting daughters from the negative effects of parental hostility, with stronger effects for the father-daughter than the mother-daughter relationship.ResultsIn contrast, our paternal relationship findings across four of the five outcomes suggest a moderation in the opposite direction – that is, high perceived father warmth exacerbates the deleterious effects of father hostility on daughters’ depressive symptoms, anxiety, romantic partner warmth, and romantic partner hostility. Maternal warmth, and not hostility, had a direct association with these four outcomes, with stronger explanatory power shown for the father-daughter than the mother-daughter model. Higher agency was associated with maternal hostility only.ConclusionOur findings suggest that daughters might be modeling and internalizing the relationship with their fathers (for better or worse) when they perceive it as warm and supportive. Consequently, adolescent girls whose fathers exhibit hostile behavior may benefit from emotional distancing from their fathers.Keywords: father-daughter relationship, romantic relationship, internalizing, parental warmth, parental hostility, education and career goals","authorEntries":[{"name":"Julia Dmitrieva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma V Espel","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":89},{"pmcid":"PMC10135599","doi":"10.3390/bs13040291","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Fourth to sixth grade","population":"913 children in urban mainland China, averaging about eleven and a half years","rationale":"The authors examine maternal warmth in longitudinal research on household resources and behavior.","parentQuestion":"How does a family express care during difficult financial periods?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate maternal warmth in longitudinal research on household resources and behavior?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How did the study separate household resources from children’s sense of coherence and maternal warmth?"],"limitations":"The sample comprised urban pupils in fourth through sixth grade, and changes in household circumstances can affect several measures at the same time.","id":"PMC10135599","title":"Longitudinal Relation between Family Socio-Economic Status and Problem Behaviors in Chinese Children: The Roles of Sense of Coherence and Maternal Warmth","authors":"Bibo Mo; Rui Fu; Xiaoshi Liu; Gangmin Xu; Junsheng Liu; Dan Li; Gengfeng Niu","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-03-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040291","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10135599","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10135599/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10135599-a6ac78487ab65f6b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a6ac78487ab65f6bd59079b1b522523343d204f5317601a5b9747e0091583f50","sourceTextSha256":"c56b27d3d160a3d574c3bfc9f54ed4363a2a6dfa6cd4f516ab3fa36dacbe36ee","sourceXmlSha256":"465b2d46c0671654587aea3393c38b9a1a53354f6e8233d8ff2978a670cefc04","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43737,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractLiterature has well-documented the relation of family socio-economic status (SES) to children’s problem behaviors, yet the complex mechanisms underlying the relation are not well understood. Therefore, the primary goal of this one-year longitudinal study was to explore the mediating role of children’s sense of coherence and the moderating role of perceived maternal warmth in the association between family SES and externalizing and internalizing problems in Chinese children. The sample consisted of 913 children (493 boys; Mage = 11.50 years, SD = 1.04) in fourth to sixth grades in an urban area in mainland China. Data were obtained from multiple sources, including child self-reports, parental reports, and teacher ratings. The results indicated that children’s sense of coherence mediated the association between family SES and internalizing problem behaviors, but not externalizing problem behaviors. This mediating role was also moderated by maternal warmth and specifically, family SES was negatively associated with internalizing problem behaviors via the sense of coherence for children who perceived high maternal warmth. Generally, these results highlighted the possible roles of a sense of coherence and maternal warmth in the longitudinal implications of family SES for Chinese children’s internalizing problems.Keywords: family socioeconomic status (SES), externalizing problems, internalizing problems, sense of coherence, maternal warmth","authorEntries":[{"name":"Bibo Mo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rui Fu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoshi Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gangmin Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junsheng Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dan Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gengfeng Niu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":90},{"pmcid":"PMC10098184","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128685","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Structured task or observational assessment","ageRange":"4–5 years","population":"94 preschoolers from European Canadian and Chinese Canadian families","rationale":"The authors examine telling a polite untruth in a situation involving another person’s feelings.","parentQuestion":"How do we talk with a child about both kindness and honesty?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate telling a polite untruth in a situation involving another person’s feelings?","Which actions were observed directly, and how closely does the task resemble family life?","Did the child expect the polite answer to change what happened to the other person?"],"limitations":"The elicited lie concerns a particular social task and foreseeable consequences. It is not a general measure of a child’s honesty.","id":"PMC10098184","title":"Prosocial lie-telling in preschoolers: The impacts of ethnic background, parental factors, and perceived consequence for the partner","authors":"Roksana Dobrin-De Grace; Lili Ma","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-03-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128685","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10098184","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10098184/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10098184/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10098184-0cf1e2b040d19e6a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0cf1e2b040d19e6a5f7aad6328bc181accacf6a7fbf1501e5f323cca2d46d2d8","sourceTextSha256":"349e68ed1f7e1839bc2a74a51ac3c119337f681383d9e6e04c4a99bb88cf34d5","sourceXmlSha256":"603a408c3ef4f7838e0cf7bea6ba29bbecb0ab253d3176d9c5a002b353f840e7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9f255c29ff22f7f325e8c6e35a4b2a7c2545c4be5e67835421953e3e3f92fea0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30022,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study explored prosocial lie-telling behavior in 4- to 5-year-old children from two ethnic groups: European Canadian (n = 49; excluding Eastern European Canadian) and Chinese Canadian (n = 45). Children completed an online experiment involving two real-life politeness situations. In the first situation, children were asked whether they thought someone with a red mark on their face looked okay for a photo or a Zoom party (Reverse Rouge Task). In the second situation, upon hearing the researcher’s misconception about two pieces of artwork, children were asked whether they agreed with the researcher (Art Rating Task). Parents completed questionnaires that measured their levels of collectivist orientation and parenting styles. Contrary to our hypotheses, the likelihood of children telling a prosocial lie did not vary as a function of their ethnic group or the presence of a perceived consequence for the partner, nor was it predicated by parental collectivist orientation. Interestingly, prosocial liars were more likely to have authoritative parents, whereas blunt-truth tellers were more likely to have permissive parents. These findings have important implications for the ways in which certain parenting styles influence the socialization of positive politeness in children. In addition, the similar rates of prosocial lying across the two ethnic groups suggest that children who are born and raised in Canada may be much more alike than different in their prosocial lie-telling behavior, despite coming from different ethnic backgrounds.Keywords: prosocial lie-telling, ethnic background, collectivist orientation, parenting style, positive face","authorEntries":[{"name":"Roksana Dobrin-De Grace","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lili Ma","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":91},{"pmcid":"PMC10474998","doi":"10.1007/s10802-023-01055-y","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Measurement study","ageRange":"Parent-child interactions","population":"Parent-child observation as defined by the authors’ warmth coding system","rationale":"This article addresses what trained observers count as a warm or affectionate interaction.","parentQuestion":"Would two observers recognize the same small gesture as affectionate?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate what trained observers count as a warm or affectionate interaction?","What exactly does the measure score, and who decides whether an observation meets the definition?","Which verbal and nonverbal dimensions of warmth does the proposed coding system distinguish?"],"limitations":"This is the development of an observational tool. Its design alone does not establish validity in every setting or an effect of increasing a score.","id":"PMC10474998","title":"Conception and Development of the Warmth/Affection Coding System (WACS): A Novel Hybrid Behavioral Observational Tool for Assessing Parent-to-Child Warmth","authors":"Ashneeta H. Prasad; Yvette Keevers; Silvana Kaouar; Eva R. Kimonis","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-04-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01055-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10474998","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10474998/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10474998-f786f121be179ced.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f786f121be179ced875c85178e7830169bc9ca8d15eba1b46c98985ec650e57d","sourceTextSha256":"3befbe1aee6efa4ba6146fa0528ce27643ae17f3b1faf90591f3016028b762f8","sourceXmlSha256":"06aeb3f1732b681f52b3d6a0224bd78d9483c417df414b9418eda52a0c1c49e5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"81b453d7c8ccab15d9344ff555d4c3d09a58a6ca60ad8c3ebb2452f08662ce76","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46963,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"A vast body of research and theory underscores the importance of parental warmth/affection (hereby ‘warmth’ and ‘warmth/affection’ are used interchangeably) as a distinct relational process that is fundamental to core developmental processes including parent-child attachment, socialization, emotion recognition and responsivity, and empathic development. The increasing focus on parental warmth as a viable transdiagnostic and specific treatment target for Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits highlights the critical need for a reliable and valid tool for measuring this construct within clinical contexts. However, existing assessment methods have limitations in their ecological validity, clinical utility, and the comprehensiveness of their coverage of core warmth subcomponents. In response to this clinical and research need, the observational Warmth/Affection Coding System (WACS) was developed to comprehensively measure parent-to-child warmth/affection. This paper chronicles the conception and development of the WACS, which adopts a hybrid approach of utilizing both microsocial and macro-observational coding methods to capture key verbal and non-verbal subcomponents of warmth that are currently underrepresented or poorly captured by existing assessment tools. Recommendations for implementation and future directions are also discussed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-023-01055-y.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ashneeta H. Prasad","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yvette Keevers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvana Kaouar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva R. Kimonis","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-023-01055-y","publisherEvidenceSha256":"21f3125d3685fc1f9919c543a6f116a126e07f4631b93d90b5ac3a34529f1fb9","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":92},{"pmcid":"PMC10137878","doi":"10.3390/healthcare11081199","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Parents of autistic children","population":"Parents of autistic children in the Netherlands and United Kingdom","rationale":"The focus here is parents’ own descriptions of compassionate parenting across two countries.","parentQuestion":"What does compassion look like when my child communicates in a different way?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parents’ own descriptions of compassionate parenting across two countries?","Which themes are supported by the participants’ own accounts and which are the researchers’ interpretations?","Which meanings of compassionate parenting recurred across countries and which were context specific?"],"limitations":"Interview themes capture participating parents’ accounts in two countries. They do not establish the frequency of a view among all parents of autistic children.","id":"PMC10137878","title":"Qualitative Investigation into the Perception towards Compassionate Parenting among Parents of Autistic Children: Cross-Cultural Comparison between the UK and The Netherlands","authors":"Kenneth Curley; Yasuhiro Kotera; Axel Steiger","journal":"Healthcare","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-04-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081199","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10137878","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10137878/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10137878-dd3bd72604668153.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"dd3bd726046681530cccf24dd646ba9d9734a1e7f4f674dbba95d8bbc6ad688a","sourceTextSha256":"d86a6a00543fe79b412a70fd11b1d0a391c582025a382b68c561e3cfaf23b8af","sourceXmlSha256":"78b61a4ae8a6af6441b5ce56c76875f60913491b1ac4a46088a43ff3a0feaec6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40897,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting a child with autism spectrum disorder is believed to present challenges that lead to increased levels of stress, as well as a reduction in the quality of the relationship between parent and child. This study aims to investigate parental perceptions toward a compassionate parenting style of parenting to better understand how this style may influence relationships and quality of life in parents. Parents from the United Kingdom (six parents) and the Netherlands (five parents) were invited take part in semi-structured interviews, whereby the data collected were subsequently analysed using thematic analysis. Data from both British and Dutch groups were overall similar to each other. Four themes were identified from the aggregated data: (a) “Parents believe compassionate parenting is important” (parents believed that compassion is an essential element of their parenting style and improves situational outcomes); (b) “Compassionate parenting de-escalates stressful situations” (compassionate parenting reduces stress and improves the quality of life); (c) “High pressure situations as a threat to practice compassion” (challenges and limitations to compassionate parenting style); and (d) “Greater public and professional awareness of autistic behaviours” (the general public and professional services often lack awareness to recognise autistic behaviour traits). Results are consistent with research examining the perceptions of parents of neurotypical children, in that a more compassionate approach to parenting is valued, as it is believed to create a greater connection with the child. Our findings inform researchers and educators as to what parents of children with ASD find useful, important, and worthwhile. Future research needs to investigate how compassionate parenting impacts autistic children’s quality of life.Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, parental perceptions, cross cultural study, compassionate parenting, parenting styles, quality of life","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kenneth Curley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yasuhiro Kotera","type":"Person"},{"name":"Axel Steiger","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":93},{"pmcid":"PMC10453790","doi":"10.3390/children10081284","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Toddlerhood","population":"300 central Ohio families enrolled when children averaged about 18 months","rationale":"This article addresses parental self-compassion alongside observed caregiving sensitivity and maternal symptoms.","parentQuestion":"Does a parent’s self-description tell us the same thing as observing an interaction?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parental self-compassion alongside observed caregiving sensitivity and maternal symptoms?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Did self-compassion predict observed sensitivity after depressive symptoms and family circumstances were included?"],"limitations":"The cohort included families of toddlers born at different gestational ages. The analysis of sensitivity does not establish an effect of increasing self-compassion.","id":"PMC10453790","title":"Self-Compassion and Depressive Symptoms as Determinants of Sensitive Parenting: Associations with Sociodemographic Characteristics in a Sample of Mothers and Toddlers","authors":"Bharathi J Zvara; Sarah A Keim; Rebecca Andridge; Sarah E Anderson; Manuela Verissimo; Brian Littlechild","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-07-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children10081284","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10453790","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10453790/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10453790-0d38f5ddb49db3f8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0d38f5ddb49db3f8b3d49efff72e5a429d32ce5c706b23a5c144207511992a3d","sourceTextSha256":"fbebb89ba55672cdf0ea81a10436c84efb251a0462f434d7743082791ec8c0ae","sourceXmlSha256":"0650c82b2116dad0f348d3935db54e179dcd4d8a5ceaf6ca61dbf3ba626da60b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30844,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting that is sensitive and responsive to children’s needs has been shown to support children’s optimal growth and development in many cultural contexts. Numerous studies suggest that self-compassion is positively related to sensitive parenting. Despite growing research interest linking self-compassion to responsive parenting, there are considerable gaps in the literature. The current study examined the associations between self-compassion, depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, and sensitive parenting. Data was obtained from a cohort study of 300 families in central Ohio enrolled when children were a mean (SD) calendar age of 18.2 (0.7) months. Children of all gestational ages at birth are included, and 37% were born preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation). Observational protocols were used to determine maternal sensitivity in a semi-structured play setting. Self-compassion was assessed with the Self-Compassion Scale when children were 24 months old. Self-compassion was not associated with sociodemographic characteristics including maternal education, household income, child sex and gestational age. In unadjusted regression models, depressive symptoms were related to sensitive parenting (B = −0.036, SE = 0.016, p = 0.03), but self-compassion was not a statistically significant predictor (p = 0.35) of sensitivity, and neither self-compassion nor depressive symptoms were statistically significant predictors of sensitive parenting after adjustment for covariates. Considerations for future studies are discussed.Keywords: self-compassion, sensitive parenting, depressive symptoms, toddler","authorEntries":[{"name":"Bharathi J Zvara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah A Keim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca Andridge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah E Anderson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manuela Verissimo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brian Littlechild","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":94},{"pmcid":"PMC10505753","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1216502","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"206 adolescents in a longitudinal US pandemic study","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine family warmth and adolescent emotion regulation during a major disruption.","parentQuestion":"Which signs of care were easiest to maintain when our routines changed?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate family warmth and adolescent emotion regulation during a major disruption?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","Which aspects of pandemic disruption were measured alongside changes in emotion regulation?"],"limitations":"The cohort was observed during an unusual public health disruption. Associations may not transfer to typical household routines.","id":"PMC10505753","title":"Parental warmth, adolescent emotion regulation, and adolescents’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"AnnaMaria Boullion; Linnea B. Linde-Krieger; Stacey N. Doan; Tuppett M. Yates","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2023-09-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1216502","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10505753","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10505753/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10505753-804e783adb4b29bb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"804e783adb4b29bb9b1788d191a2105fe54fc7ab7c6b8ad283cb12fffdea1302","sourceTextSha256":"89ba2e61bd52a0b80814e3aa6f9628b87cf3a602b273bee082d28924e7516c17","sourceXmlSha256":"77b6340985a9568bc39ab294963d3cf30826bacdacb00485f55a45227c3137bf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3904d2c5594642fbe8a732fa0c669701373449522e1a3a5aedb29f7a44b33909","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42250,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThe United States (U.S.) Surgeon General Advisory has characterized the COVID-19 pandemic as a youth mental health crisis. Thus, elucidating factors affecting adolescents’ mental health during the pandemic is important for supporting youth through current and future challenges. Parenting influences adolescents’ ability to cope with stressors, and emotion regulation strategy use may underlie these effects.MethodsThis longitudinal study of 206 adolescents (49% female; 46.6% Latine) from the U.S. evaluated pathways from perceived parental warmth and affection at age 12 to changes in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems from before the pandemic (age 14) to the initial phase of the U.S COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020 (age 15) through adolescents’ pre-pandemic cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression emotion regulation strategy use at age 14.ResultsParental warmth and affection predicted decreased internalizing, but not externalizing, problems during the initial phase of the pandemic, and this effect was explained by adolescents’ reduced reliance on expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy.ConclusionThese findings illuminate parenting and emotion regulation strategy selection as modifiable processes to support adolescents’ mental health in this crisis and beyond.","authorEntries":[{"name":"AnnaMaria Boullion","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linnea B. Linde-Krieger","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stacey N. Doan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tuppett M. Yates","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":95},{"pmcid":"PMC10606052","doi":"10.3390/healthcare11202708","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational analysis of trial baseline data","ageRange":"Childhood; parent respondents","population":"110 parent-child pairs entering an eczema-management trial","rationale":"The focus here is parents’ self-compassion during the demands of managing a child’s eczema.","parentQuestion":"What support would make the care routine less punishing for everyone?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parents’ self-compassion during the demands of managing a child’s eczema?","Which findings describe families before they received the program?","Which aspects of eczema management and which aspects of parent wellbeing were measured at baseline?"],"limitations":"Families volunteered for an eczema trial. These baseline comparisons do not estimate effects of the treatment program.","id":"PMC10606052","title":"Roles of Parental Psychological Flexibility, Self-Compassion, and Self-Efficacy in Affecting Mental Health and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Eczema","authors":"Yuen Yu Chong; Joycelyn Yee Man Kwan; Pui Tik Yau; Ho Yu Cheng; Wai Tong Chien","journal":"Healthcare","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-10-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202708","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10606052","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10606052/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10606052-8eff2f5c4c59fcf7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8eff2f5c4c59fcf78388db8bde29af17ce55b67684cac282ef56311421146471","sourceTextSha256":"af441a5ecb3c5afbfe819632e1b3873f060d8add808cfba8f5adf08b88dd90fc","sourceXmlSha256":"bdc721965f56860170a025df682b7dcee4db19cdf953cb360f8d4b6c6b123df8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f6d1eed211cb0c1d9d1832282debd8bb11ba5a64f37de3f9fc3264933150133f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37226,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parents of young children with eczema often experience adverse mental health consequences, including depression, anxiety, stress, and a reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL), due to the unpredictable nature of flare-ups and exacerbations. This study investigated the roles of psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and self-efficacy in fostering parental mental health outcomes and HRQoL while caring for children diagnosed with eczema. Baseline data from an ongoing clinical trial examining the effects of a family acceptance-and-commitment-therapy-based eczema management program (FACT-EMP) on parent–child dyads affected by eczema (N = 110 dyads, 75.5% mothers; 66.4% boys) were analyzed using adjusted hierarchical regression analyses. The findings indicate that psychological inflexibility was significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and HRQoL. Self-compassion was significantly linked to all assessed mental health outcomes, whereas self-efficacy showed a significant association only with symptoms of depression. These results underscore the significance of promoting parental psychological flexibility and self-compassion through acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-based approaches to enhance mental health and quality of life while managing children’s eczema.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yuen Yu Chong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joycelyn Yee Man Kwan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pui Tik Yau","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ho Yu Cheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wai Tong Chien","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":96},{"pmcid":"PMC10838220","doi":"10.1007/s10964-023-01887-3","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"16–17 years in main analysis","population":"2,723 older adolescents in the main analysis","rationale":"The focus here is trajectories of parental warmth in relation to prosocial behavior in later adolescence.","parentQuestion":"How have our ways of expressing affection changed as my child has grown?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate trajectories of parental warmth in relation to prosocial behavior in later adolescence?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How far back do the warmth measures extend relative to the prosocial assessment at ages sixteen and seventeen?"],"limitations":"The meaning of a warmth trajectory depends on available reporters and ages. Developmental patterns need not be identical across families.","id":"PMC10838220","title":"Trajectories of Parental Warmth and the Role They Play in Explaining Adolescent Prosocial Behavior","authors":"Lisa Buckley; Tiffany Atkins; Withanage Perera; Michael Waller","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2023-10-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01887-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10838220","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10838220/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10838220-0fae1e983d4219af.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0fae1e983d4219af77466386a5b509af2c000ba59b386183693c8468043e1b3a","sourceTextSha256":"dbd688175fae5eba77c6248d4be25fa73fab0ee18f3dca10fc700c5bd1a7886f","sourceXmlSha256":"9178bdce2c7a52e4dae1d3a22173a5ce8b73539c905d878da7ed4eaf2f09c34c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"09968bd4fee324d1091c6e1fee60fa01bb5ec47d198723b2f71258e4eadf4643","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38101,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdolescent prosocial behavior suggests social competence and it is associated with greater parental warmth yet the experience of warmth through child and adolescent development is not well understood as it relates to such prosocial behavior. A nationally representative dataset from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children cohort was used. The analyses involved multiple waves beginning when children were aged 4–5. The main analyses used a sample of 2723 adolescents aged 16–17 years (Mean, S.D. = 16.45, 0.50; 49.2% female, 50.8% male). Parental warmth trajectories (from ages 4–5 through 16–17 years) were created and used to explore the accumulated effect of a lifecourse of parental warmth on adolescent prosocial behavior as measured when adolescents were aged 16–17 years. There were three trajectories described as, consistent (28.7%), slight decline (51.4%), and declining warmth (19.8%). These were associated with prosocial behavior; adolescents with a slight decline in warmth were 2.2 times less likely than those with consistent warmth to have the highest prosocial behavior. Consistent parental warmth likely provides greatest benefit for increased prosocial behavior in mid-adolescence.Keywords: Prosocial, Parent, Parental Warmth, Trajectory, Adolescent","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lisa Buckley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiffany Atkins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Withanage Perera","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael Waller","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-023-01887-3","publisherEvidenceSha256":"4483a1df373eb2ced78fd2b43c44d7d1baa217a7cefd04c640e40e56a1ebe9e7","volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":97},{"pmcid":"PMC10685577","doi":"10.1186/s13034-023-00680-1","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Clinical observational study","ageRange":"11–17 years","population":"Adolescents seeking mental health care who reported depressive symptoms","rationale":"The focus here is prosocial behavior and attachment as potential resources in a clinical sample.","parentQuestion":"How can I be attentive to both a teenager’s distress and their capacity to care?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate prosocial behavior and attachment as potential resources in a clinical sample?","How were families recruited into the clinical setting, and what exactly was assessed?","How did the study define impairment for an adolescent already receiving mental health care?"],"limitations":"The results concern adolescents seeking clinical care. Prosocial behavior is not a substitute for clinical assessment or treatment.","id":"PMC10685577","title":"Do parental attachment and prosocial behavior moderate the impairment from depression symptoms in adolescents who seek mental health care?","authors":"Marsida Hysaj; Mathilde R Crone; Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong; Robert RJM Vermeiren","journal":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2023-11-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00680-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10685577","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10685577/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10685577-7cfce81ee31f4ca3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7cfce81ee31f4ca3f992cf2b9539ad1004259e91b0c4954e17117b2a68f55c6b","sourceTextSha256":"a7aeb279ba78121720435494d3cef3e32aacb127b867daec0af0a8594f885143","sourceXmlSha256":"af19c05b5e1914ef5ffe8206aab4d60789a38b52cbebeb4e33b267b113adde11","rightsEvidenceSha256":"eedc60aab3c2fcd17cb2dda21097130213c3c423f55d59675a7d3748a6625cc2","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45044,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWe investigated parental attachment and prosocial behavior as social protective indicators in adolescents (age 11–17) with symptoms of depression in a clinical setting. Specifically, we tested the moderating effect of these factors on the relation between symptoms of depression and their impairment on daily life. The Development and Well-Being Assessment, as completed by children, mothers, and fathers, was used, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted for these three perspectives. From the adolescents’ reports, we only found a significant effect of symptoms on impairment, indicating that a higher number of symptoms were related to higher impairment. For the mothers and fathers, a higher score on the adolescents’ prosocial behavior was related to a lower impairment from depression symptoms on the daily life of the adolescent and the family. Only for the mothers did a higher score on prosocial behavior buffer the effect of symptoms on impairment, while a higher parental attachment score was associated with a lower impairment. Further, when examining maternal and paternal attachment separately, only the mothers reported less impairment when perceiving that the adolescent was attached to the father. Paternal attachment even buffered the effect of symptoms on impairment. To conclude, our results indicate that social protective factors, from the parent’s perspective, are likely to have a beneficial effect in clinical practice and should be taken into account when examining impairment scores. Future studies should investigate whether additional protective indicators from the adolescents’ perspective, such as quality of parental attachment or family climate, may have a positive impact on their daily functioning.Keywords: Depressive symptoms, Parental attachment, Prosocial Behavior, Impairment from symptoms, Strength-based approach, Clinical setting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marsida Hysaj","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mathilde R Crone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Robert RJM Vermeiren","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":98},{"pmcid":"PMC10812745","doi":"10.3390/bs14010017","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"488 parent-adolescent pairs in China responding to questionnaires","rationale":"The focus here is how caregiver exhaustion and empathy figure in adolescent prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"How does fatigue affect our ability to notice one another’s feelings?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how caregiver exhaustion and empathy figure in adolescent prosocial behavior?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How were a parent’s empathy and a teenager’s prosocial behavior reported and distinguished?"],"limitations":"In these 488 dyads, measures of social desirability help examine response tendencies but cannot remove every reporting bias.","id":"PMC10812745","title":"Parental Burnout and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Role of Empathy","authors":"Qichen Wang; Yue Lin; Ziwen Teuber; Fangmin Li; Yanjie Su; Scott D Lane","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2023-12-25","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010017","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10812745","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10812745/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10812745-ac8d4bc433f1437a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ac8d4bc433f1437acbfb7f49c0c887b45d7a0441facced2d40da59dc38b3d722","sourceTextSha256":"02389ab3e1d85d71f0dd9c8f94189a498cc53336b1635123f0e50fab842e10e2","sourceXmlSha256":"372f14ee1b1fbef00e953555ef8cd13d582115152d68e5303e16fb6d7f8a8978","rightsEvidenceSha256":"094ee5afcd729c9b8bd1ff1d8a2621c1ee34ac37ca0743a05e764d7abf02b921","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51276,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental burnout refers to exhaustion caused by the parenting role. This devastating negative emotion can have repercussions for adolescent social development. Nevertheless, much remains unclear about the association between parental burnout and adolescent prosocial behavior and the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, the current study examined the relationship between parental burnout and adolescent prosocial behavior by using a sequential mediation model that included both parental empathy and adolescent empathy as potential mediators. A total of 488 parent–adolescent dyads (for adolescents: 45.7% men, 54.3% women, Mage = 15.28 ± 1.67 years; for parents: 36.5% fathers, 63.5% mothers, Mage = 41.30 ± 3.79 years) completed questionnaires regarding demographics, social desirability, parental burnout, parental empathy, adolescent empathy, and adolescent prosocial behavior. After controlling for demographic covariates and social desirability, the results showed that parental burnout had a negative effect on adolescent-reported prosocial behavior through parental cognitive empathy and adolescent other-oriented empathy (adolescent cognitive empathy and empathic concern) sequentially. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of parental burnout as a family environmental factor detrimental to the positive functioning of adolescents through parental reactions to their children’s emotions and children’s own social competence.Keywords: adolescents, parental burnout, prosocial behavior, empathy, parent–children interaction, sequential mediation, socialization","authorEntries":[{"name":"Qichen Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yue Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ziwen Teuber","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fangmin Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yanjie Su","type":"Person"},{"name":"Scott D Lane","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":99},{"pmcid":"PMC10825949","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1325156","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"School age","population":"76 Italian families formed through assisted reproduction with same- or different-gender parents","rationale":"The authors examine care practices and child prosocial behavior across different family structures.","parentQuestion":"How do we describe caring behavior without making assumptions about who provides it?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate care practices and child prosocial behavior across different family structures?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","What differences did the authors consider besides parents’ gender when interpreting the children’s behavior?"],"limitations":"The 76 Italian families were formed through assisted reproduction. Family structure is not a substitute for measuring the care a child receives.","id":"PMC10825949","title":"Prosocial and externalizing behaviors in children raised by different-and same-gender parent families: new directions in parenting research","authors":"Roberto Baiocco; Ainzara Favini; Jessica Pistella; Nicola Carone; Anna Maria Speranza; Vittorio Lingiardi","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-01-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1325156","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10825949","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10825949/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10825949-81ede89bdbd39f4a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"81ede89bdbd39f4a3a92eeb0caa8047f2260f518b165974d0877b6037d103676","sourceTextSha256":"0d7d437a9383f087c0f290739fa9493b0f2c8ee779b918c723fc824f9a802686","sourceXmlSha256":"d6de7eeff6bbee4e76636359029c91008727a2445baf10dce362b218349de6e6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"04bd30fa8bf78a5422cb929989396f43b31847720179be56bcbb8aba843cd237","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47651,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionLimited research focused on the association between parenting practices and children’s prosocial and externalizing behaviors comparing same- and different-gender parent families. The present study considered 76 Italian families (73% same-gender and 27% different-gender parent families) with 8-year-old (SD = 2.17; 49% assigned female at birth) children born through assisted reproductive techniques, to explore parenting practices and children’s prosocial and externalizing behaviors.MethodWe ran a Multiple-group-by-couple Structural Equation Model in which we estimated the predictive role of parenting on children’s behaviors, controlling for age, gender, and family socioeconomic status using the Maximum Likelihood estimation.ResultsResults showed that both same- and different-gender parent families reported high levels of parental warmth and very low levels of hostility and rejection; regarding children’s behaviors, both same- and different-gender parent families reported high levels of prosociality and low levels of externalizing behaviors. In addition, same-gender parents reported significantly higher levels of children’s prosociality and parental warmth than different-gender parents. Regarding associations between parenting practices and behaviors, we found a positive association between positive parenting practices and increasing children’s prosocial behaviors and decreasing children’s externalizing behaviors, in both same- and different-gender families, controlling for family background characteristics.ConclusionThe present study encourages future research to investigate how specific parenting practices can influence behavioral adjustment in children, focusing on same-gender parent families.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Roberto Baiocco","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ainzara Favini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica Pistella","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicola Carone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Maria Speranza","type":"Person"},{"name":"Vittorio Lingiardi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":2,"issueOrder":100},{"pmcid":"PMC11815701","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41727","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Infancy and childhood","population":"Mothers and their children assessed for early bonding and later strengths and difficulties","rationale":"The paper examines different stages of the relationship and encourages readers to keep the timing and informant of each measure clear.","parentQuestion":"How is a mother's early account of bonding connected to later descriptions of a child's strengths and difficulties?","readingPrompts":["How is a mother's early account of bonding connected to later descriptions of a child's strengths and difficulties?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and their children assessed for early bonding and later strengths and difficulties) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"A mother's bonding report and a later rating of child difficulties capture different constructs. Associations across them cannot identify what caused later strengths or difficulties.","id":"PMC11815701","title":"The effects of mother-infant bonding on children's strengths and difficulties","authors":"Tomoko Kawasaki; Yoshikazu Noda; Yoshiyuki Hirano; Akiko Kawanami; Kenichi Sakurai; Chisato Mori; Eiji Shimizu","journal":"Heliyon","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2025-01-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41727","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11815701","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11815701/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11815701-a0e009c1c757174e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a0e009c1c757174e9f7aa74873d9730e75a6ed87d566e2645e80cb68c4d87f3d","sourceTextSha256":"72782d00becfedb76dfbf3615edab5c7e0681a5ce4394ce89acb8d480e4bf45a","sourceXmlSha256":"95219670e363e011c5149973da3d34f70e0d616cec373e9e47712bbe83df36a8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"26ae1473c81a1bdf4932060ef80fdc692805b22fa7bc7a494224e6cf1cb5e0d0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31778,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundSeveral studies have shown that parental relationships between infants and their caregivers, and their mental health condition in childhood, influence children's development. The present study aimed to predict the effects of maternal mental health and mother-infant bonding at 10 months of age on Japanese children's behavioral development at 5 years. We analyzed factors including maternal mental health and mother-infant bonding to predict subtype classes as a prospective cohort study.MethodsData from Japan's Chiba Study of Mother and Child Health (C-MACH) were used. The Japanese versions of the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were administered to 275 consenting mothers and their children. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify the children's characteristics. We analyzed the relationship between sociodemographics, maternal mental states, and latent classes using ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression.ResultsThree latent classes were found: “asocial” (41.3 %), “well-adjusted” (20.3 %), and “highly difficult” (38.4 %). Children in the “asocial” class had a low probability for all behaviors (emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behaviors). Children in the “highly difficult” class were more likely to exhibit conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems as well as fewer prosocial behaviors. In addition, there were more males in the “asocial” class than in the “well-adjusted” class (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.30, 95 % confidence interval (CI) [0.11; 0.83]), and they had higher MIBS 10-month scores (OR = 1.39, 95%CI [1.00; 1.94]).There were fewer females in the “highly difficult” than in the “well-adjusted” class (OR = 0.16, 95 % CI [0.06; 0.43]), and they had higher MIBS 10-month scores (OR = 1.65, 95%CI [1.21; 2.26]).ConclusionsThe results suggest that insufficient mother-infant bonding at 10 months may contribute to males’ asocial behavior at five years. These findings can help parents better understand and manage these issues in their children for prevention and intervention.\n\nHighlights•Subtypes of strengths and difficulties were explored in Japanese children.•Two of the main classifications identified were “asocial” and “highly difficult”.•These two classes accounted for approximately 80 % of the children studied.•Exhibiting impaired maternal bonding and being a male predict these two classes.•Strong mother-infant bonding and being a female predict prosocial behaviors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tomoko Kawasaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yoshikazu Noda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yoshiyuki Hirano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Akiko Kawanami","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenichi Sakurai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chisato Mori","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eiji Shimizu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":1},{"pmcid":"PMC11854251","doi":"10.3390/children12020255","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal birth cohort study","ageRange":"Childhood through early adulthood","population":"Participants in a birth cohort followed into early adulthood","rationale":"The long follow-up places earlier interpersonal experiences and later security at different points in time.","parentQuestion":"Which early relationships were measured before young adults described attachment security?","readingPrompts":["Which early relationships were measured before young adults described attachment security?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (participants in a birth cohort followed into early adulthood) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Long follow-up can clarify the order of measured events, but participants retained into adulthood may differ from those lost. Later attachment cannot be attributed to one early relationship alone.","id":"PMC11854251","title":"The Interpersonal Antecedents of Attachment Security in Early Adulthood","authors":"Julie A. Blake; James G. Scott; Jake M. Najman; Hannah J. Thomas","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-02-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020255","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11854251","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11854251/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11854251-2608bccec8ba5b7a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2608bccec8ba5b7a68e416c99ba6850f2de110f2e2577bdbfa84873be4d0125c","sourceTextSha256":"e8deee766fd3c7802d615d7d6a76fc18710531683fa2791baf86c23f67b4af4b","sourceXmlSha256":"2db459be2525970d7b1aee5bcbf14303e0dfcd19b098f1cd0bfb6c237e28cc90","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":26701,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background/Objectives: The relevance of adult attachment security for physical and emotional wellbeing is increasingly evident. Developing a better understanding of the interpersonal antecedents of secure attachment in childhood and adolescence could enable opportunities for its promotion when attachment styles are more easily modifiable. Methods: Data from 3648 participants in a longitudinal birth cohort study were examined. At 21 years, participants completed the confidence (in self and others) subscale of the Attachment Style Questionnaire, a measure of attachment security. Path analysis was used to longitudinally examine the influence of maternal and child-reported interpersonal variables at birth, 5, and 14 years on attachment security in early adulthood. Results: Two pathways were identified. Firstly, child and family social relations at birth and 5 years predicted attachment security via the number of the child’s close friends at 14 years (β = 0.11, p < 0.001). Secondly, attuned caregiving at 14 years predicted attachment security via the recalled experiences of parental care up to 16 years, measured at 21 years (β = 0.28, p < 0.001). Greater adolescent family satisfaction directly predicted increased attachment security in early adulthood (β = 0.10, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Child and family social relationships from birth and throughout childhood and adolescence, along with attuned caregiving, led to increased attachment security in early adulthood. Public health and policy initiatives aimed at strengthening social support systems for caregivers and their children throughout childhood, and increasing the uptake of parenting programmes aimed at strengthening attuned caregiving, may lead to long-term improvements in the attachment security of offspring.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Julie A. Blake","type":"Person"},{"name":"James G. Scott","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jake M. Najman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hannah J. Thomas","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":2},{"pmcid":"PMC11882359","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70036","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Secondary clinical records analysis","ageRange":"Perinatal families","population":"Patient records from a community perinatal mental health service in Birmingham, UK","rationale":"The study examines how the parent-infant relationship is assessed in a real service using existing patient records.","parentQuestion":"What can routine clinical records show about bonding, and what is left undocumented?","readingPrompts":["What can routine clinical records show about bonding, and what is left undocumented?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (patient records from a community perinatal mental health service in Birmingham, UK) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"A secondary analysis of 948 clinical records depends on what professionals documented. An unrecorded bonding assessment is not evidence that a concern was absent.","id":"PMC11882359","title":"Assessing Parent–Infant Bonding in a Community Perinatal Mental Health Service","authors":"Grace Baptie; Karen Yirmiya; Camilla Rosan; Cathy Coombs; Kim Alyousefi‐van Dijk","journal":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70036","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11882359","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11882359/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11882359-413bd81e823a3311.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"413bd81e823a33111238b1e138f84e09aa44f9881050a4effdc99e8ac6067b96","sourceTextSha256":"d84f52b0a366f67cffbec1630e3621479c2191f3bf3d1b082682f66c8f228502","sourceXmlSha256":"29c6e257f51739eea459e0c43cb4383a2be2aa1050e194369ae4a545a4f7d9cf","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e3afbe197c243ae4e396a6a25708be1bdeded6df470722c826ec4bfdd7014ce0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34586,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTObjectivesPerinatal mental health (PMH) services support the mental health needs of women and birthing people in pregnancy and postnatal, alongside the developing relationship between parent and infant. Mental health symptoms in PMH services are routinely screened for, yet there are inconsistencies in whether parent–infant bond is assessed and how. The aim of this study is to assess the predictive validity of screening for parent–infant bonding difficulties (Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ)) and psychopathology (CORE‐10) to predict patient outcomes at discharge from a PMH service.MethodsSecondary analysis of clinical data from a PMH service in Birmingham, United Kingdom, encompassed 948 patient records. A structural equation model was constructed on patient data containing PBQ and CORE‐10 scores recorded at initial assessment and discharge from the service.ResultsAnalysis revealed a significant decrease in bonding difficulties and psychopathology scores from initial assessment to discharge from the service. The predictive model showed CORE‐10 scores at discharge were predicted by both initial CORE‐10 and PBQ scores, whereas PBQ scores at discharge were predicted solely by initial PBQ scores. Demographic factors including age, parity and ethnicity did not present any direct association with psychopathology or bonding difficulties at either timepoint.ConclusionsThis analysis provides evidence of a pathway between early parent–infant bond and later psychopathology symptoms, which exists independently from the pathway between psychopathology symptoms at intake and discharge alone. These findings support embedding self‐report assessments of parent–infant bond, in addition to measures of psychopathology, to better predict patient outcomes at discharge from a PMH service.Keywords: CORE‐10, parent–infant bond, perinatal mental health, Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, screening measures","authorEntries":[{"name":"Grace Baptie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen Yirmiya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camilla Rosan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cathy Coombs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kim Alyousefi‐van Dijk","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fcpp.70036","publisherEvidenceSha256":"84c867a8fe1ed32f9f25a7b0c9087937e8e7a740641784608d38081f2cfc3881","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":3},{"pmcid":"PMC12025558","doi":"10.3390/children12040465","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Varied child ages in included studies","population":"Research on caregiver empathy, sensitivity, child attachment and socioemotional development","rationale":"The review compares multiple study designs and constructs relevant to the emotional availability of caregivers.","parentQuestion":"How do researchers distinguish noticing an emotion from responding sensitively to it?","readingPrompts":["How do researchers distinguish noticing an emotion from responding sensitively to it?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (research on caregiver empathy, sensitivity, child attachment and socioemotional development) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The 16 studies included varied designs and definitions of empathy, sensitivity and development. Evidence for one construct or outcome cannot be assumed to hold for the others.","id":"PMC12025558","title":"Empathy and Parental Sensitivity in Child Attachment and Socioemotional Development: A Systematic Review from Emotional, Genetic, and Neurobiological Perspectives","authors":"Miriam Santana-Ferrándiz; Jesús Ibáñez-Pérez; Carmen Moret-Tatay","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-04-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040465","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12025558","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12025558/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12025558-a37a23175b0e8c60.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a37a23175b0e8c60ff14d3ebd883d423b0d32d03d494683f0767ebc49f135cde","sourceTextSha256":"e2b89b31390e126e082ebb1fb3e211ac8782c127f2eac822bb8c2ce57774f369","sourceXmlSha256":"3b2bed9e1fa69b29563cd7042530d3cc73b546d9b89acd341695aef95b3afe3a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":20967,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental empathy and sensitivity play a crucial role in the development of child attachment and socioemotional growth, influencing emotional regulation, social skills, and psychological well-being. However, no comprehensive systematic review integrates emotional, genetic, and neurobiological perspectives. Objectives: this systematic review aims to synthesize existing evidence on the relationship between parental empathy and sensitivity with child attachment and socioemotional development, integrating classical theories with contemporary findings and considering contextual factors such as adversity and intergenerational dynamics. Method: searches were conducted for studies published between 1993 and 2024. Empirical studies examining empathy (affective, cognitive, and multidimensional), parental sensitivity, child attachment (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized, or DMM), and socioemotional development were included. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing longitudinal, cross-sectional, genetic, neurobiological, and experimental designs. Results: key findings include the following: positive socialization predicted greater empathy, and self-regulation maternal anxiety reduced sensitivity and indirectly affected attachment; emotional empathy positively influenced sensitivity; genetic predispositions affected sensitivity through crying; neurobiological studies revealed altered PCC–amygdala connectivity in postpartum depression. Conclusions: the findings demonstrate that parental empathy and sensitivity significantly influence child attachment security and socioemotional development through emotional regulation, genetic predispositions, and neurobiological mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the parent–child bond and highlights implications for evidence-based parenting interventions.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Miriam Santana-Ferrándiz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jesús Ibáñez-Pérez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carmen Moret-Tatay","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":4},{"pmcid":"PMC12066551","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1426198","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Systematic measurement review","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Studies evaluating clinician-rated measures of the parent-infant relationship","rationale":"This review appraises the measurement instruments themselves, including what is known about their validity and reliability.","parentQuestion":"What does an observer look for when assessing an infant's relationship with a parent?","readingPrompts":["What does an observer look for when assessing an infant's relationship with a parent?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (studies evaluating clinician-rated measures of the parent-infant relationship) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The review evaluates clinician-rated tools against measurement criteria. A well-rated tool for a particular interaction may still miss other dimensions of the parent-infant relationship.","id":"PMC12066551","title":"Assessing the parent–infant relationship: a two-stage, COSMIN-informed systematic review evaluating clinician-rated measures","authors":"Isabelle Shone; Lynsey Gregg; Anja Wittkowski","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-04-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1426198","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12066551","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12066551/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12066551-af38425c02e8c75d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"af38425c02e8c75d7084b0b1471561f06c180ce993bb632e264f9716543beb79","sourceTextSha256":"f46639f52b75f5666e53b2fc57fa05c11b81fc96be157d3547ccde81ca72222e","sourceXmlSha256":"c1765abeb0a9167773158ac3f46d37b991c3f68d45ee441d06c17c64d5c960bd","rightsEvidenceSha256":"50b9c2285383d5c8e29d46c988061cac7d0e4d3e5b4fbf48a16230737bea62ac","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62769,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundThe parent–infant relationship is important for healthy infant development. Parent–infant assessments can aid clinicians in identifying any difficulties within the parent–infant relationship. Meaningful, valid, and reliable clinician-rated measures assist these assessments and provide diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment indications. Thus, this review aimed to (a) provide a comprehensive overview of existing clinician-rated measures and their clinical utility for the assessment of aspects of the parent–infant relationship and (b) evaluate their methodological qualities and psychometric properties.MethodsA systematic search of five databases was undertaken in two stages. In Stage 1, relevant clinician-rated parent–infant assessment measures, applicable from birth until 2 years postpartum were identified. In Stage 2, relevant studies describing the development and/or validation of those measures were first identified and then reviewed. Eligible studies from Stage 2 were quality assessed in terms of their methodological quality and risk of bias; a quality appraisal of each measure’s psychometric properties and an overall grading of the quality of evidence were also undertaken. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments methodology was used.ResultsForty-one measures were eligible for inclusion at Stage 1, but relevant studies reporting on the development and/or validation of the parent–infant assessments were identified for 25 clinician-rated measures. Thirty-one studies reporting on those 25 measures that met inclusion criteria were synthesised at Stage 2. Most measures were rated as “low” or “very low” overall quality according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The most promising evidence was identified for the Mother–Infant/Toddler Feeding Scale, Tuned-In Parenting Scale, and Coding Interactive Behaviour Instrument. ConclusionsThere was a notable diversity of measures that can be used to assess various aspects of the parent–infant relationship, including attunement, attachment, interaction quality, sensitivity, responsivity, and reciprocity. The quality of methodological and psychometric evidence across the reviewed measures was low, with 76% of measures having only one study supporting the measure’s development and/or validation. Thus, further research is needed to review the psychometric properties and suitability as assessment measures.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Isabelle Shone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lynsey Gregg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anja Wittkowski","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":5},{"pmcid":"PMC12089384","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-01714-8","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"2–3 months and 9 months","population":"Infants and mothers assessed across emotional situations","rationale":"The study distinguishes the context of responding and the infant's temperament when examining regulation.","parentQuestion":"Does a caregiver's sensitivity look the same when an infant is calm and when the infant is upset?","readingPrompts":["Does a caregiver's sensitivity look the same when an infant is calm and when the infant is upset?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (infants and mothers assessed across emotional situations) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The researchers measured sensitivity during tasks designed to elicit fear or frustration. Behavior during these tasks may differ from responses to distress at home.","id":"PMC12089384","title":"The role of maternal sensitivity, infant temperament, and emotional context in the development of emotion regulation","authors":"Laura Bozicevic; Leonardo De Pascalis; Peter Cooper; Lynne Murray","journal":"Scientific Reports","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2025-05-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01714-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12089384","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12089384/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12089384-5317b70afb2c7d48.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5317b70afb2c7d48c9cf66828bb5d87d0a90cff236cf17081dd41f28c0aa4249","sourceTextSha256":"5b33a01a742ab7909a2e47af1ad81aea5bdbddf8c6430f6a24c0840f22ad4519","sourceXmlSha256":"de552fb558f60f3edc45f1c17ef8093d5fe130a3d50b007d039ec6f1ba8f5630","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51171,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChild emotion regulation (ER) is a multifaced system influenced by extrinsic (parenting), intrinsic (temperament) and contextual factors. Even though establishing how these factors work together is important for understanding ER developmental processes, exploration of them together has been rare, particularly in early infancy. Using a longitudinal and observational design including anger- and fear-inducing tasks, we assessed maternal sensitivity at 2–3 months (n. 144 observations) and ER at 9 months (i.e., intensity of distress, self-soothing, distraction, communicative behaviours; n. 130 observations), as well as mother-reported infant temperament. Results showed that emotional context influenced maternal sensitivity (higher in frustrating compared to novel contexts) and ER strategies (e.g., communicative behaviours were used more often when facing frustration than novelty). The effect of emotional context on ER strategies was mediated by maternal sensitivity (e.g., during frustration, higher sensitivity increased the odds of self-soothing and communicative behaviours) and moderated by temperament: greater maternal sensitivity in the context of frustration increased self-soothing in highly negative reactive children, and communicative behaviours in low reactive children. Results are discussed within ER and differential susceptibility theories to better understand ER development in early infancy and help inform effective support programmes for parents and children aimed at the prevention of emotional difficulties later in childhood.Keywords: Child emotion regulation, Maternal sensitivity, Temperament, Emotional context, Observational study, Longitudinal designSubject terms: Human behaviour, Emotion","authorEntries":[{"name":"Laura Bozicevic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Leonardo De Pascalis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Cooper","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lynne Murray","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":6},{"pmcid":"PMC12131891","doi":"10.1590/1806-9282.20241379","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional measurement development study","ageRange":"Early postpartum","population":"Mothers recruited in a hospital maternity service in Türkiye","rationale":"Developing a bonding assessment makes the choice of indicators and the setting of observation visible to readers.","parentQuestion":"What signs do researchers use to describe the beginning of a mother-infant bond?","readingPrompts":["What signs do researchers use to describe the beginning of a mother-infant bond?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (mothers recruited in a hospital maternity service in Türkiye) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The instrument was developed in a single hospital maternity service. Early signs recorded there may not capture how a parent and infant interact after they return home.","id":"PMC12131891","title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the Early Period Mother–Infant Bonding Indicators Assessment Scale","authors":"Ozge Karakaya Suzan; Nursan Cinar","journal":"Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira","publisher":"Associação Médica Brasileira","publishedDate":"2025-06-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20241379","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12131891","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12131891/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12131891-1ddd7b4325f3ec8b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1ddd7b4325f3ec8b7b90475e474cebc76d2ac0cb87e2820ab828444952b4073d","sourceTextSha256":"b0e9ebaf7b54e62516a2441ac6c0b36d3005f7e7f4a6d1ec7e4258e6cc1cd436","sourceXmlSha256":"cc90dbdfb5f5cfd78b09f8f181f921022e53e575e4f60a20a59649e69b205c74","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e47efffd2df728a45415ffbff9e75bc6f7ac7765ec824e550673c439387e7359","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":18285,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"SUMMARYOBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to develop the Early Period Mother–Infant Bonding Indicators Assessment Scale and to examine its validity and reliability.METHODS:This is a cross-sectional, methodological, correlational study. This study was carried out with 143 mothers in the Sakarya Training and Research Hospital Maternity Service between February and April of 2021. The content validity of the scale was assessed by consulting 11 experts. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, and the tool's internal consistency and construct validity were analyzed.RESULTS:For the mothers, the average age was 28.19±5.71. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.83, and the Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales were 0.85–0.80. The correlations between the physical and emotional intimacy and exploration and striving subdimensions with the whole scale were found to be highly positive and statistically significant (r=0.919, r=0.869, p<0.005). The exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale explained 55.59% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis found that the physical and emotional intimacy and exploration and striving subdimension factor loads ranged from 0.53 to 0.75 and 0.59 to 0.77, respectively.CONCLUSION:The two-factor, 13-item Early Period Mother–Infant Bonding Indicators Assessment Scale was confirmed to have sufficient reliability and validity. With these measurement tools, mothers’ behaviors towards mother–infant bonding right after birth will be evaluated, and mothers will be directed to get support in the area of weakness.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ozge Karakaya Suzan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nursan Cinar","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":7},{"pmcid":"PMC12973118","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70029","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Comparative observational study","ageRange":"Pregnancy and early infancy","population":"Mothers with and without ADHD enrolled during pregnancy or postpartum","rationale":"By comparing maternal-infant attachment across groups, the authors consider a context often missing from generic advice on bonding.","parentQuestion":"How might parental ADHD affect the support a family needs to build an early relationship?","readingPrompts":["How might parental ADHD affect the support a family needs to build an early relationship?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers with and without ADHD enrolled during pregnancy or postpartum) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Groups were defined by mothers' ADHD status, not random assignment. Differences in supports, symptoms and circumstances can also shape how mothers report the early relationship.","id":"PMC12973118","title":"Differential impacts of parental attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on early maternal‐infant attachment","authors":"Elyse Mark; Brooke S G Molina; Michelle A Wilson; Charles H Zeanah; Heather M Joseph","journal":"JCPP Advances","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-06-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.70029","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12973118","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12973118/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12973118-50ff0ea5ab4c4d58.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"50ff0ea5ab4c4d582fca98d517f55a432ce5332aa4c7445ca478fa939b392644","sourceTextSha256":"61c95aff0e727f4ae6903dbe90fcabaa24b686c23912788125eb5ad0f37885c4","sourceXmlSha256":"203b51379fe1c2c57c0bdaabd21919d0ad7b365b68fba6990bdf8dd73d4a2848","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4db0bfb2db204c3de67ae8f6be0a265476441febf3c8762e10b6c319371b6fbe","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35610,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParental attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased postpartum depressive symptoms and impaired daily functioning, potentially impacting early maternal‐infant attachment (MIA).Methods78 mothers, half with ADHD, were enrolled during pregnancy or postpartum. Participants completed questionnaires regarding social support, home chaos, postpartum depressive symptoms, and postnatal MIA. Pregnant participants (n = 45) also reported antenatal MIA. ANOVA compared mothers without ADHD (n = 44), mothers with ADHD (n = 21), and mothers with ADHD coparents (infants' fathers; n = 13), and Benjamini‐Hochberg correction was applied to account for multiple testing. Multilevel linear regression examined predictors of MIA.ResultsMothers with ADHD reported greater postpartum depressive symptoms and home chaos than mothers with ADHD coparents or those without parental ADHD; mothers with ADHD coparents reported the poorest overall MIA and quality of attachment and greatest hostility toward their infants (Benjamini‐Hochberg false discovery rate q < 0.05). In the final model for MIA, postpartum depressive symptoms (B = −0.85, p < 0.001) and coparent ADHD (B = −4.70, p = 0.051) were associated with poorer MIA (R 2 = 0.40, p < 0.001). When examining MIA subscales, postpartum depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with subscales measuring quality of attachment and absence of hostility but not pleasure in mother‐child interaction. When antenatal attachment was included, it (B = 0.65, p = 0.002), along with postpartum depressive symptoms (B = −0.60, p = 0.032), predicted postnatal MIA (R 2 = 0.50, p < 0.001).ConclusionsGiven parental ADHD (mother or father) was associated with increased maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and less optimal MIA in this study, additional support for families with ADHD in the perinatal period may improve maternal and infant mental health outcomes. Future work incorporating observational data and additional investigation of the coparenting relationship is needed to further clarify determinants of MIA in early childhood.Keywords: ADHD, maternal‐infant attachment, maternal‐infant bonding, postpartum depression\n\nKey Points Postpartum depressive symptoms have been reliably associated with less optimal maternal‐infant attachment (MIA), specifically lower quality of attachment and greater infant‐directed hostility.Mothers diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as those with coparents with ADHD, report poorer attachment to their infants compared to mothers in non‐ADHD parenting pairs.Regression analyses indicate that both maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and presence of a coparent with ADHD negatively impact MIA in the neonatal period. How and why parental ADHD, in either the birthing or non‐birthing parent, negatively affects early parental bonding remains poorly understood, warranting future investigation of symptom‐specific peripartum impairments.Providing expectant parents with ADHD with preventative interventions focused on ADHD symptom management may improve MIA and family functioning.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elyse Mark","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brooke S G Molina","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michelle A Wilson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charles H Zeanah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Heather M Joseph","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":8},{"pmcid":"PMC13578672","doi":"10.1177/15248380251343187","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods systematic review","ageRange":"Child and adolescent populations across studies","population":"Studies of communication between children and parents after potentially traumatic events affecting a parent","rationale":"The review distinguishes the communication families describe from assumptions about how much children ought to be told.","parentQuestion":"How do families talk about a difficult event that happened to a parent?","readingPrompts":["How do families talk about a difficult event that happened to a parent?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (studies of communication between children and parents after potentially traumatic events affecting a parent) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The 31 studies differed in parental exposure and how communication was assessed. The synthesis cannot prescribe what every parent should disclose following a potentially traumatic event.","id":"PMC13578672","title":"Parent–Child Communication after Parental Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events: A Systematic Review","authors":"Dani de Beijer; Mèlanie Sloover; Karlijn Heesen; Elisa van Ee","journal":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2025-06-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251343187","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13578672","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13578672/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13578672-c629ebbcc2e9afc6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c629ebbcc2e9afc6b154157d2ca9a27eb8d0c58d96f7bdcdb0391af2878b9428","sourceTextSha256":"a2f5d7bfe523b053344411a1ff129c20a361c23dc3c9d14dfe34fc00c04dac58","sourceXmlSha256":"d6dfd65b7d6cdc7c7e70df3c07410b745d54b981e1016359ffbcd861e1965118","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e8f51d8d9691b4c06e649c400a59a5d9ba5832acd1470d4cb07733923802a71a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":65003,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Intergenerational traumatization poses a risk for the well-being of children whose parents have been exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Previous research has implied that parent–child communication may significantly contribute to the transmission of trauma across generations, but findings remain limited and inconclusive, particularly regarding the mechanisms and factors that could underlie this process. Therefore, the present paper performed a mixed methods systematic literature review to methodically map how PTE-exposed parents communicate with their children—both in general and about parental PTEs—and how such communication may contribute to trauma transmission. Five electronic databases were accessed to conduct keyword-led searches, yielding a final inclusion of 31 peer-reviewed, empirical studies that investigated parent–child communication among PTE-exposed parents and/or their nonexposed children. Parental PTE exposure was found to have a negative impact on general parent–child communication, often due to the presence of parental anger, irritability, and withdrawal. Conversations about parental PTEs showed substantial diversity in their frequency, content and style, with strategies of partial/modulated disclosure appearing most common. How parents approached PTE communication frequently stemmed from a desire to keep their children safe and unburdened by their previous experiences. Finally, both general communication and PTE communication were implied to contribute to trauma transmission, revealing a significant impact of parent–child communication on child functioning, identity, and well-being. Based on these key findings, the authors discuss meaningful implications for future research (i.e., prospective directions, addressing methodological concerns) and formulate suggestions for clinicians and policymakers surrounding the treatment of PTE-exposed parents and their offspring.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Dani de Beijer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mèlanie Sloover","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karlijn Heesen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisa van Ee","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F15248380251343187","publisherEvidenceSha256":"cc456bec2bb15c99333d8c9e7546dfd9f849189c78ca5a7f23f26e80c8e9a72b","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":9},{"pmcid":"PMC12322783","doi":"10.1017/gmh.2025.10036","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Randomized mixed-methods feasibility trial","ageRange":"Infancy in primary care","population":"Forty-four mother-infant dyads randomized in primary care in Santiago, Chile","rationale":"The feasibility study examines participation and perceived usefulness of a remotely delivered maternal-sensitivity program.","parentQuestion":"Can parents and facilitators use a video group to work on responsive care?","readingPrompts":["Can parents and facilitators use a video group to work on responsive care?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (forty-four mother-infant dyads randomized in primary care in Santiago, Chile) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Of 44 randomized mother-infant pairs, adherence and follow-up were incomplete. Acceptability among participants who engaged with the video group is distinct from effectiveness at scale.","id":"PMC12322783","title":"Group videoconferencing intervention “C@nnected” to enhance maternal sensitivity in primary care in Chile: A feasibility trial","authors":"Victoria Binda; Marcia Olhaberry; Carla Castañon; Constanza Abarca; Catalina Caamaño; Javier Moran-Kneer","journal":"Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publishedDate":"2025-07-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2025.10036","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12322783","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12322783/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12322783-98d8667888ac0f39.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"98d8667888ac0f39312ed2cc7d8fc36e247ee86c162b6cd73d15250aa7674968","sourceTextSha256":"ee3ac521e9164a958355dbc1c8124659c86383740ec9494a606313739e0de92a","sourceXmlSha256":"06b6bac37a2e847af04ed9be7477ed9c0420e9ca7e7cd4e2173bf29cb18e9703","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c6ef74e49e9d7a419ea22dc1139c21e90814a7195ec31afafd920a12c04ed675","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48417,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Keywords: primary care, brief interventions, early childhood, maternal, digital health\n\nAbstractEarly interventions supporting parental sensitivity have proven effective. Despite advancements in telemedicine, research on remote group parenting interventions remains limited. This study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of “C@nnected,” a brief group videoconferencing intervention aimed at enhancing maternal sensitivity in mother–infant dyads in primary care settings in Santiago, Chile. A feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. Of 44 mother–infant dyads randomized, 26 were assigned to receive the intervention, whereas 18 were allocated to the control group. Eligibility and recruitment rates were 89% and 36%, respectively, with adherence at 50% and follow-up at 64.5%. The intervention demonstrated high acceptability in both the quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Mothers who participated in the intervention showed high scores in credibility and expectancy and reported increased knowledge, stronger bonds with their children and greater satisfaction and competence in their motherhood role. This pilot study underscores the potential of “C@nnected” while identifying areas for improvement. The findings provide valuable insights into refining and further evaluating its efficacy through an RCT.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Victoria Binda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marcia Olhaberry","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carla Castañon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Constanza Abarca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catalina Caamaño","type":"Person"},{"name":"Javier Moran-Kneer","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":10},{"pmcid":"PMC12611230","doi":"10.1111/sjop.70009","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Mothers interviewed after Circle of Security Parenting or Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for toddlers","rationale":"Interviews examine how mothers understood and used program content rather than comparing children's clinical outcomes.","parentQuestion":"Which experiences do parents remember after two different relationship-focused programs?","readingPrompts":["Which experiences do parents remember after two different relationship-focused programs?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (mothers interviewed after Circle of Security Parenting or Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for toddlers) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Twenty-nine participating mothers were purposively recruited for post-program interviews. Their accounts may differ from those of caregivers who declined or discontinued either program.","id":"PMC12611230","title":"Circle of Security—Parenting and Parent–Child Interaction Therapy—Toddler: A Qualitative Exploration of Parents' Perspectives","authors":"Jane Kohlhoff; Sara Cibralic; Nancy Wallace; Susan Morgan; Linda Lennie; Lucinda Rabbetts","journal":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-07-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.70009","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12611230","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12611230/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12611230-d9dce1dec18d77ee.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d9dce1dec18d77ee335f116308a539d0df306d8dbc334909a9a455f68ac722ef","sourceTextSha256":"2edc7d5bda2750ee6c4017ddf37351084fecc3562ee52552a73236fdea3f909f","sourceXmlSha256":"c6a9b93069ff2ad07c2a65f3492b3e05ba6980291f960cbe2316f9520eed1052","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0085bb29f8f54e4043db3cf0c3f7b88d3366571e33d59e7284f4533e06f9f9b3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66236,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTParent–Child Interaction Therapy—Toddler (PCIT‐T) and Circle of Security—Parenting (COS‐P) are two attachment‐based early parenting programs with emerging evidence bases. Most of the research has, however, been quantitative in nature. Understanding caregiver perspectives and acceptability of the programs is therefore needed. This study aimed to address this gap in research by examining perspectives of parents who participated in PCIT‐T or COS‐P at an Australian community‐based child behavior clinic for treatment of toddler behavior problems. Twenty‐nine mothers were purposively recruited to participate in a semi‐structured post‐program interview (COS‐P: n = 10; PCIT‐T: n = 19). Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results of thematic analysis showed that parents in both groups experienced a range of positive gains (for the toddler, themselves as a parent, and for relationships). Participants in both groups identified the clinician as a key facilitator of positive program outcomes, and time commitment as a barrier. For the COS‐P group, the group process and treatment journey were identified as facilitators, and inconsistent attendance from group attendees was a barrier. The PCIT‐T group viewed the live coaching and the manualized protocol as facilitators. Results suggest that both COS‐P and PCIT‐T are viewed positively by parents and identify several parent‐identified facilitators/barriers.Keywords: attachment‐based interventions, circle of security‐parenting, disruptive child behaviors, parent–child interaction therapy—toddler, parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jane Kohlhoff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Cibralic","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nancy Wallace","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susan Morgan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linda Lennie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucinda Rabbetts","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fsjop.70009","publisherEvidenceSha256":"9a39e7ababd8d8098e9cf35732c6126ad09dedaeec528d414111609c2e970a4c","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":11},{"pmcid":"PMC12562554","doi":"10.3390/children12101371","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Secondary observational analysis","ageRange":"Childhood; mean age about 11","population":"Children with functional abdominal pain disorders taking part in a treatment study","rationale":"The baseline analysis separates trust, communication and alienation in a clinical sample, before drawing comparisons with health-related symptoms.","parentQuestion":"How are children's perceptions of parental trust and communication measured when they live with recurrent pain?","readingPrompts":["How are children's perceptions of parental trust and communication measured when they live with recurrent pain?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (children with functional abdominal pain disorders taking part in a treatment study) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"These are baseline data from a treatment trial, before the treatment comparison. Children with functional abdominal pain disorders are a selected group, and most participants were White.","id":"PMC12562554","title":"Associations Between Parent–Child Attachment and Psychosocial- and Health-Related Symptoms in Children with Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders","authors":"Camden E Matherne; Tasha B Murphy; Rona L Levy; Shelby L Langer; Joan M Romano; Miranda A L van Tilburg; C Meghan McMurtry","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-10-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101371","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12562554","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12562554/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12562554-5525a87b3f146e1f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5525a87b3f146e1f10b7038c3e7b755fc93583c1a914ea341eebae0426796ce9","sourceTextSha256":"ea64adc32daf322119ec2afbde450d4a84bf12a3c9f27e884684a198d011cb59","sourceXmlSha256":"ba1e22113a079cf48ce36e24df2959e7fd33df992c3a5d91e5f73fd6f8d9d04b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":24584,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractHighlights What are the main findings? In youth with Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders (FAPDs), less secure parental attachment is associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms, greater depressive symptoms, and more functional impairment.To varying degrees, pain catastrophizing mediated these relationships. What is the implication of the main finding? Results support an attachment-diathesis model of pediatric FAPDs.Parent–child attachment and catastrophizing may be important treatment targets in children with FAPDs.AbstractBackground and Objectives: The attachment-diathesis model of chronic pain, which associates insecure attachment with pain catastrophizing and worse pain-related outcomes, is well-supported in adults. Although Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders (FAPDs) are common in youth, with symptoms influenced by the parent–child dynamic, an attachment-diathesis model of FAPDs is unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate if insecure parental attachment is associated with pain catastrophizing and pain-related variables in youth with FAPDs. Methods: Baseline questionnaire data from an RCT of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with FAPDs (n = 200, 73% girls, 93% White, and a mean age of 11.2 years old) were used to examine relationships between parental attachment (subscales include Alienation, Trust, and Communication), catastrophizing, and pain-related variables (depression, disability, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity). Results: Alienation was significantly correlated with depression (r = 0.39), GI symptom severity (r = 0.30), and disability (r = 0.22; ps < 0.05). Trust was also correlated with depression (r = −0.39), GI symptom severity (r = −0.19), and disability (r = −0.19; ps < 0.05). Communication was associated with depression (r = −0.30, p < 0.01). Catastrophizing mediated these associations, accounting for 22–89% of the relationship between attachment and pain-related variables. Conclusions: Children who report a less secure attachment to their parents report more physical and psychological symptomatology than children who describe their attachment as more secure. This association is partly explained by child catastrophizing. Results suggest that parent–child attachment and catastrophizing may be important treatment targets in children with FAPDs.Keywords: functional abdominal pain, parental attachment, attachment-diathesis model, pediatric chronic pain","authorEntries":[{"name":"Camden E Matherne","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tasha B Murphy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rona L Levy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shelby L Langer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joan M Romano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miranda A L van Tilburg","type":"Person"},{"name":"C Meghan McMurtry","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":12},{"pmcid":"PMC12660420","doi":"10.1007/s42844-025-00183-2","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Developmental cohort study","ageRange":"Childhood through adolescence","population":"Adolescents with histories of institutional care and records of caregiving over development","rationale":"The study links caregiving histories to adolescents' knowledge of secure-base relationships in a specific care setting.","parentQuestion":"How do researchers assess whether young people expect support to be available?","readingPrompts":["How do researchers assess whether young people expect support to be available?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (adolescents with histories of institutional care and records of caregiving over development) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The institutional-care history and subsequent caregiving settings are central to the sample. Secure-base knowledge assessed in adolescence is not a direct observation of trust in an ordinary family setting.","id":"PMC12660420","title":"Caregiving Quality Across Development and Secure Base Knowledge among Adolescents with a History of Institutional Care","authors":"Megan M Hare; Elia Psouni; Katherine L Guyon-Harris; Kathryn L Humphreys; Nathan A Fox; Charles A Nelson; Charles H Zeanah","journal":"Adversity and Resilience Science","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-10-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-025-00183-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12660420","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12660420/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12660420-5847be18409dc898.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5847be18409dc8980c814ac47727b3a49530905be20be351a0f993b3ac4cc308","sourceTextSha256":"56923848490c3a4a977e7dac90291656eae24a03aa45ab2e9744c4574c1bcf55","sourceXmlSha256":"b0c15b98282e03dfab13e6fcd02f895cab1dd52471b249b4db6fa82efa49824a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"19f5d0531ec906a2de2a3db50151d28e4aa926844e8212801e9574594eb830c0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32692,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSecure base scripts are implicit schemas that guide perceptions, responses, and interactions by encapsulating expectations of support from attachment figures during distress. The current study investigated the impact of early institutional rearing and the causal effects of high-quality foster care following early deprivation on secure base scripts in adolescents who had experienced severe early deprivation. We evaluated whether caregiver quality, assessed 5 times from ages 30 months to 12 years, predicted secure base scripts at age 16 years, assessed with the Secure Base Script Test (SBST). We analyzed data from 121 participants of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, comprising institutionalized children who were randomized to care as usual (CAUG) or to high-quality foster care (FCG). We also included a group of never-institutionalized comparison children (NIG). The NIG exhibited higher SBST scores compared to children with a history of institutional rearing, highlighting the detrimental effects of early deprivation. Contrary to expectations, no statistically significant group differences emerged between FCG and CAUG on SBST scores. However, individual differences in caregiving quality, regardless of group, predicted SBST scores, with caregiving at ages 8 and 12 years emerging as stronger predictors than earlier assessments. Thus, that while early deprivation can have lasting effects on secure base script development, caregiving quality in middle childhood may play a particularly important role in shaping attachment-related representations in adolescence.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42844-025-00183-2.Keywords: Attachment, Deprivation, Secure base script, Caregiving quality, Institutionalization, Adolescence, Foster care","authorEntries":[{"name":"Megan M Hare","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elia Psouni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katherine L Guyon-Harris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathryn L Humphreys","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nathan A Fox","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charles A Nelson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charles H Zeanah","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs42844-025-00183-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b882a66ef37bd0f96abeb2cf16421cea6f4006b2b299a3beccf52c53d560f222","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":13},{"pmcid":"PMC12613746","doi":"10.1186/s13034-025-00981-7","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Scoping review","ageRange":"Birth to 6 years","population":"Studies of relationship-based therapies for infants and young children with mental health difficulties and their caregivers","rationale":"The review maps dyadic therapies and the settings in which they were studied rather than assuming all attachment-focused programs are interchangeable.","parentQuestion":"What does treatment look like when a caregiver and a young child participate together?","readingPrompts":["What does treatment look like when a caregiver and a young child participate together?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (studies of relationship-based therapies for infants and young children with mental health difficulties and their caregivers) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The scoping review catalogs approaches for children aged zero to six who have mental health difficulties. A mapped therapy is not necessarily one with demonstrated comparative effectiveness.","id":"PMC12613746","title":"Dyadic attachment-based therapies for infants and young children with mental health problems: a scoping review","authors":"Katherine Matheson; Constance de Schaetzen; Adrienne Li; Nicole Sheridan; Anne-Lise Holahan; Alexandra Tighe; Mina Salamatmanesh; Melissa Vloet; Paula Cloutier; Amanda Helleman; Lisa Currie; Nicole Racine; Sevda Saadat; Kathleen Pajer","journal":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2025-11-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-00981-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12613746","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12613746/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12613746-8abc53eb8fb84b7a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8abc53eb8fb84b7a9256391bf5b0ec41f66c45b0891b1a70d6a20532b3ff31ab","sourceTextSha256":"6fc446e81da269bc5ad3dbe3fd8483592997dfc44beb2e482053ddb255e32c0f","sourceXmlSha256":"f77e47dad00b9e30fbb69ad6bd86ef8d0520bba6f16c33732c823d19af241f8d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ba7f023d36471d6f35d7b9444f6b7bf6c958ae7a15ec25a801a434e57817fae","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":80289,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionEarly child-caregiver attachment is foundational to mental health (MH). While prevention efforts often aim to improve attachment quality, clinicians frequently encounter infants and young children already exhibiting clinical symptoms of MH disorders. A comprehensive summary of attachment-based dyadic interventions for this population is lacking. This scoping review aims to address this gap.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL and hand-searched articles to identify and characterize dyadic, relationship-based interventions for children aged 0–6 years with clinical symptoms of MH disorders. Studies were screened for eligibility and included if they examined therapeutic modalities used in clinical populations beyond preventive approaches.ResultsScreening identified studies that evaluated several therapeutic modalities, e.g., Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Early Pathways (EP), Watch, Wait, and Wonder, Parent-Infant Psychotherapy, and Video Feedback Interventions. PCIT and EP had the most published data, treated the largest number of participants, and demonstrated significant improvements in child or relational outcomes. However, most studies had small sample sizes and methodological limitations. Only a few interventions had been evaluated using rigorous designs such as randomized controlled trials.ConclusionsTwo interventions that had the most evidence were EP and PCIT, particularly for families affected by adverse social determinants of health. Both require further research to explore barriers for implementation (e.g., adaptability in multiple settings and cultures, lessen resources required for service delivery, etc.). Additional research is needed to strengthen the evidence base for dyadic, attachment-based treatments targeting clinical MH concerns in infants and young children.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13034-025-00981-7.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Katherine Matheson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Constance de Schaetzen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Adrienne Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Sheridan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne-Lise Holahan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexandra Tighe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mina Salamatmanesh","type":"Person"},{"name":"Melissa Vloet","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paula Cloutier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda Helleman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa Currie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Racine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevda Saadat","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kathleen Pajer","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":14},{"pmcid":"PMC12825960","doi":"10.1017/S0954579425100904","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Two-cohort developmental study","ageRange":"Infancy and toddlerhood with later follow-up","population":"Families in two cohorts differing in ecological adversity, including infant-parent and toddler-mother dyads","rationale":"The authors examine attachment alongside environmental adversity in two cohorts, allowing comparison across distinct family settings.","parentQuestion":"Why might similar early adversity be followed by different developmental paths?","readingPrompts":["Why might similar early adversity be followed by different developmental paths?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (families in two cohorts differing in ecological adversity, including infant-parent and toddler-mother dyads) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The two cohorts differ in both developmental stage and ecological risk. A difference between cohorts may reflect those features as well as how attachment was measured.","id":"PMC12825960","title":"What accounts for multifinality of the pathways from family ecological adversity to children’s future antisocial outcomes? Exploring early attachment relationships as a source of resilience in low- and high-risk samples","authors":"Juyoung Kim; Haley M Herbert; Grazyna Kochanska","journal":"Development and Psychopathology","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publishedDate":"2025-11-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579425100904","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12825960","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12825960/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12825960-562c43d420a5c5a6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"562c43d420a5c5a69d941e36015b21b68c019c2a2e2771ec7d5d6a2f0275bdc1","sourceTextSha256":"fa1841f044ce673dda366e75a14e0cdeb17047379315edb8e1473361255b9a93","sourceXmlSha256":"c3c8d78ba3a9236f6fc90ad81356cdf817ccd7ac66e661c6c0f1fc3337f8abc0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"101358d62dec66860365b5920c000ec19bb83470b60384824c0f36803ec41fef","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":59068,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractResearch has robustly demonstrated that children exposed to early ecological adversity are at risk for developing antisocial, externalizing behavior problems (rule breaking, aggression, disregard for others). Yet, studies have also demonstrated multifinality in developmental pathways unfolding in adversity’s aftermath, with many children showing remarkable resilience. Understanding sources of such resilience is critical, especially across different populations (Luthar et al., 2006, 2015). In Family Study (FS, 102 low-risk mothers, fathers, and infants) and Play Study (PS, 186 high-risk mother-toddler dyads), we test a model of parent–child attachment security, observed at 15 months in FS and 2.5 years in PS, as a moderator of effects of early family ecological adversity, assessed as a cumulative score of sociodemographic risks (graded for severity) at 7 months in FS and 2.5 years in PS, on children’s antisocial, externalizing problems, observed and parent-reported at 5.5 years in FS and 7 years in PS. We supported moderation for mother–child relationships in both studies: Higher early family adversity was associated with more antisocial outcomes five years later, but only for children with less secure attachments. We highlight the key role of early security as a protective factor and a source of resilience for children in families experiencing adversity.Keywords: Antisocial outcomes, attachment security, ecological adversity, longitudinal studies, resilience","authorEntries":[{"name":"Juyoung Kim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haley M Herbert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Grazyna Kochanska","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1017%2Fs0954579425100904","publisherEvidenceSha256":"26541269526bd14e257bee7ba1179084daf71d4f3c508ba3af191cb95f606c46","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":15},{"pmcid":"PMC12992642","doi":"10.1177/13591045251400385","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Pilot intervention study","ageRange":"Families in a parenting program","population":"Mandarin-speaking families taking part in an attachment-focused parenting program in Canada","rationale":"This pilot examines a relationship-focused program adapted for Mandarin-speaking families in a Canadian setting.","parentQuestion":"How do language and cultural context enter the delivery of a parenting group?","readingPrompts":["How do language and cultural context enter the delivery of a parenting group?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (mandarin-speaking families taking part in an attachment-focused parenting program in Canada) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The pilot involved Mandarin-speaking families in Canada. Its cultural adaptation and recruitment setting limit how readily its findings transfer to other language communities.","id":"PMC12992642","title":"A Pilot Study of an Attachment-Based Parenting Intervention for Mandarin-Speaking Families in Canada","authors":"Helen Liu; Lin Bao; Anna Kristen; Anh-Thu Vu; Marlene Moretti","journal":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2025-11-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045251400385","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12992642","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12992642/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12992642-86899ea5c5ae24ee.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"86899ea5c5ae24eeb902da5b7569b69bea2556387be04e2215c822efe9c43ed6","sourceTextSha256":"0fc0fc3c21d5319f1c3e16db65f152bf306d81f36232d3f910531a7498c88fe7","sourceXmlSha256":"d5d94fcb75f272b5cca825af524b522850d68ee52e71e121560e9787bc613979","rightsEvidenceSha256":"94951b6b444db561b779a8ff23cb9dd3b45d0ae91bdad8789a027283ee8da9ab","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35877,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectivesTo address the gap in accessibility of mental health services for Mandarin-speaking families in Canada, this study evaluated the uptake, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of Connect for Mandarin Speaking Families, a culturally-inclusive and attachment-focused parenting program designed to promote youth and family wellbeing.MethodsParticipants were 17 birth and 1 kinship immigrant parents from China to Canada (age 39–69, M age = 49.42, SD = 7.25; 14 mothers; 4 fathers) seeking support for concerns about their children’s mental health problems (age 12–18, M age = 14.44, SD = 1.80; 27.8% male, 72.2% female). Parents completed self-report pre- and post-measures assessing their child’s mental health and evaluated the perceived fit and helpfulness of the program in this single-arm pilot study.ResultsPreliminary evidence was found for the program’s effectiveness in reducing adolescent emotional and behavioural problems and improving family satisfaction. Importantly, parent attendance and retention were high (85%), and parents reported the program was very helpful and a good fit with their cultural values.ConclusionsThis pilot study is among the first to evaluate a culturally-inclusive, attachment-based parenting intervention for Chinese immigrant families in Canada, delivered in their native language. Future research with larger samples and further adaptations to address immigrant-specific family challenges is warranted.\n\nPlain Language SummaryWhy was the study done? The study explored how Chinese immigrant parents with youth experiencing emotional and behavioural problems engaged in an attachment-based parenting program (Connect) that was delivered in Mandarin and adapted to align with Chinese cultural values and parenting norms. The researchers wanted to know if parents would attend and remain in the program, if they liked the program and found it helpful, and whether it improved their children’s behavioural and emotional problems and family functioning. What did the researchers do? The researchers recruited 18 participants (17 birth parents and 1 kinship parent, between 39 to 69 years old) from three Connect for Mandarin-Speaking Families groups that ran in Canada. These parents were seeking support for concerns related to their children’s mental health, with the children ranging in age from 12 to 18 years old. Participants were given questionnaires to fill out before and after they participated in the 10-week parenting program. What did the researchers find? Results from attendance sheets and parent feedback showed that parents attended consistently and found the program to be helpful. Most parents believed that the program aligned with their culture. Results from the questionnaires showed that there were decreases in teen’s emotional and behavioural problems at the end of the program and increases in family satisfaction. Because the number of participants in the study was so small, we should be cautious in drawing conclusions from the results. What do the findings mean? This was a small, preliminary study, but it suggests that the culturally tailored version of Connect may be a promising avenue for supporting Mandarin-speaking families in Canada. The researchers recommend further studies with a larger number of participants so that the results can be interpreted with more confidence.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Helen Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lin Bao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Kristen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anh-Thu Vu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marlene Moretti","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F13591045251400385","publisherEvidenceSha256":"f0ecd0547ff00b67e890980b3027d877b6b9114b376550059b4a03706223ef32","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":16},{"pmcid":"PMC12979287","doi":"10.1007/s10567-026-00556-8","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Varied childhood samples","population":"Studies of attachment-based interventions involving maltreated children","rationale":"This evidence synthesis distinguishes domains of child well-being and the types of relationship-focused interventions that assessed them.","parentQuestion":"Which child outcomes have actually been measured after attachment-based interventions?","readingPrompts":["Which child outcomes have actually been measured after attachment-based interventions?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (studies of attachment-based interventions involving maltreated children) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The intervention studies concern children who experienced maltreatment and span multiple outcome domains. Effects on one outcome or age group cannot justify assuming gains across all domains.","id":"PMC12979287","title":"Effectiveness of Attachment-Based Interventions for Maltreated Children’s Well-Being: A Systematic Review","authors":"Kajung Hong; Rubi Alvarez-Rodriguez; Miguel T. Villodas","journal":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-02-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-026-00556-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12979287","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12979287/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12979287-1a9d89c97f99bddb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1a9d89c97f99bddb3982edb43bb55495c339053b63208bb02db143bf0a5a3541","sourceTextSha256":"9779087dc76e03989146dd424d4deb9d760ec121f261fd49b604cf5bc4354c6b","sourceXmlSha256":"8c6e1374dac10091ee759bf0aecd04274d26a81456442a3d4e27eae491bb03af","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":75681,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Many parenting interventions have been developed and implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of child maltreatment on children’s well-being. Intervention approaches rooted in attachment theory have the potential to improve the psychosocial and health outcomes of maltreated children by addressing parenting behaviors and caregiver–child relationships. However, few review studies have focused on assessing the impact of attachment-based parenting interventions on maltreated children’s psychosocial outcomes. The current systematic review synthesized findings from 30 attachment-based intervention studies (N = 1,423) that examined maltreated children’s emotional, behavioral, physiological, cognitive, and health outcomes post-interventions. The overall effectiveness varied across interventions, with many studies constrained by small sample sizes and reporting nonsignificant findings. Notably, short-term, attachment-based interventions using in-the-moment coaching tailored to families’ needs and administered by experienced providers tended to result in improved child outcomes. We conclude with suggestions for future directions in attachment-based intervention research.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kajung Hong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rubi Alvarez-Rodriguez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miguel T. Villodas","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10567-026-00556-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"dd65fb080341b7737f80d8238d9e516fc5cb20f773ee695bd7b5f832c070a7b0","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":17},{"pmcid":"PMC12977892","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-04068-6","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Qualitative acceptability study nested in a trial","ageRange":"Perinatal families","population":"Families and practitioners in English community perinatal mental health services","rationale":"The authors examine whether a parenting program is acceptable in routine services, a different question from whether it improves attachment.","parentQuestion":"How do participants experience a structured group focused on recognizing a young child's needs?","readingPrompts":["How do participants experience a structured group focused on recognizing a young child's needs?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (families and practitioners in English community perinatal mental health services) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The qualitative analysis drew on parents and practitioners from the intervention arm. Their accounts address acceptability of the groups and cannot estimate effects relative to usual care.","id":"PMC12977892","title":"Acceptability of Circle of Security-Parenting groups in NHS community perinatal mental health services in England: parent and practitioner perspectives","authors":"Zoë Darwin; Lani Richards; Amy Clarke; Kavita Trevena; Sophia Nahz Rehman; Jude Field; Nina Morris; Innamana Pettyll; Basanti Aryal; Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk; Ruth O’Shaughnessy; Nic Horley; Ed Waddingham; Daphne Babalis; Victoria Cornelius; Pasco Fearon; Steve Pilling; Jiunn Wang; Elena Pizzo; Peter Fonagy; Camilla Rosan","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-02-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04068-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12977892","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12977892/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12977892-b8c417d97aadcc30.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b8c417d97aadcc3096f8bf173618297278eb3145591de78022e3511a4933a5fb","sourceTextSha256":"194ebbd9c766b1a3a9a1480e7bad815901fb4366ac8f522f3671e0db81c72f12","sourceXmlSha256":"bc7727ffb68e9eb88a21c80e75b681a2b6182fb72a41b15c22b228e203394c50","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":85411,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundPerinatal mental health (PMH) difficulties are prevalent and often accompanied by parent-infant relationship difficulties. National Health Service community PMH services (PMHS) support birthing parents (typically mothers) experiencing moderate-to-severe and complex mental health difficulties. While PMHS primarily address maternal mental health, treatment can include interventions targeting parent-infant relationships. The Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) programme is widely used within PMHS in England and offers a potential solution to the evidence gaps for interventions that: i) target both parental mental health and parent-infant relationship quality; (ii) are transdiagnostic; and iii) delivered in groups. This study evaluates the acceptability of COS-P, an attachment-informed, group intervention delivered in PMHS in ten 90-min sessions, predominantly online.MethodsThis qualitative study analysed the perspectives of parents (COS-P recipients) and practitioners (COS-P providers) in the intervention arm of a wider randomised controlled trial. Data collection involved interviews (58 parents, 7 practitioners) and focus groups (6 practitioners). Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted by a team including co-researchers with lived experience and interdisciplinary academics and practitioners.ResultsFour themes were constructed: (1) ‘Flamingos’, capturing the power of the group in normalising and validating demands relating to motherhood and PMH; (2) ‘Practise Babies’, highlighting the universal necessity and benefit of practising relationship skills, without expectations of perfection and with opportunities for repair; (3) ‘the Dark Things’, describing the emotional intensity for parents and practitioners arising from current and past relationships, occasionally necessitating extra support; and (4) ‘the Ripples’, illustrating shifts in understanding and compassion that may extend beyond the parent-infant relationship and interact with other interventions. These themes encompass both positive and negative experiences for parents and practitioners, as well as practical considerations for implementing COS-P within PMHS.ConclusionsAlthough COS-P is positively regarded by many parents and practitioners in PMHS, attention to individual and service-specific factors remains crucial. Findings underscore the importance of trauma-informed approaches, particularly regarding intervention timing, sequencing, and ensuring personal agency in treatment decisions. Moreover, the effective facilitation of parent-infant psychological group interventions demands significant skill and resource allocation before, during, and outside sessions, impacting workforce planning, practitioner training, and supervision.Trial registrationISRCTN18308962. Registered 18/02/2022.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-026-04068-6.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zoë Darwin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lani Richards","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amy Clarke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kavita Trevena","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophia Nahz Rehman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jude Field","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nina Morris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Innamana Pettyll","type":"Person"},{"name":"Basanti Aryal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruth O’Shaughnessy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nic Horley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ed Waddingham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daphne Babalis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Victoria Cornelius","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pasco Fearon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Steve Pilling","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiunn Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Pizzo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Fonagy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camilla Rosan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":18},{"pmcid":"PMC12930034","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100508","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional parent survey","ageRange":"Early postpartum","population":"Mothers and partners reporting on support, confidence and bonding after birth","rationale":"Including birth parents and partners gives the authors two perspectives on social support and the early caregiving relationship.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of support do new parents report alongside their confidence and sense of connection?","readingPrompts":["What kinds of support do new parents report alongside their confidence and sense of connection?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and partners reporting on support, confidence and bonding after birth) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Mothers and partners reported support and bonding in a cross-sectional survey. Feeling well supported and feeling confident may influence how both are rated.","id":"PMC12930034","title":"Associations between formal social support in early postpartum, parenting self-efficacy, and parent-infant bonding: A cross-sectional survey","authors":"Elisabeth Schobinger; Alain Lacroix; Anne-Sylvie Ramelet; Antje Horsch","journal":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2026-02-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100508","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12930034","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12930034/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12930034-2ae13f7a9b20df53.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2ae13f7a9b20df535a804ff224238b1bdc1d1b02542fc4733f3e442703a05741","sourceTextSha256":"dbc86162f9892bf2bf46ef81b70c7c10bcaf1ddec3f9964aefe1a872a5f50bad","sourceXmlSha256":"71fdf1c99c6bd871f30ac49a64c23dbe23e605ccbc692511033cf9427551c6b2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"70b0267cf867cf5d774e0c7fff8f39c1a70e8ca553651778d3e4d905abfa1173","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55367,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundFormal social support from healthcare professionals is critical in facilitating the transition to parenthood and may contribute to parental self-efficacy. However, its association with parent-infant bonding remains unclear, and evidence to guide clinical practice is scarce, especially during the postpartum hospital stay.ObjectivesThis study aimed to (a) explore associations between formal social support during the postpartum stay, parenting self-efficacy, and parent-infant bonding; and (b) investigate the role of depressive symptoms and other confounding factors.Design and SettingA cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 2023 to August 2024 in five hospitals in French-speaking Switzerland.Participants420 first-time parents (298 mothers and 122 partners).MethodsFirst-time mothers and co-parents completed a cross-sectional survey. Variables were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised, the FOCUS-Postpartum Scale, the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support Scale, the Parenting Expectations Survey, and the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and regression analyses were performed.ResultsA total of 298 mothers and 122 partners answered the survey. Parents reported low satisfaction with the information received during the postpartum hospital stay. In bivariate analyses, formal social support was positively associated with maternal self-efficacy (rho = 0.18, p = 0.004) but not with partners’ self-efficacy (rho= -0.07, p = 0.45) or parent-infant bonding. After adjustment for confounding factors, the association between formal social support and maternal self-efficacy was no longer significant. In the maternal regression model, satisfaction with informal general support was significantly associated with maternal self-efficacy (β = 0.62, p = 0.002). Non-exclusive breastfeeding was associated with higher maternal bonding difficulties (β = 0.34, p = 0.008). Partners with a secondary education level reported lower parenting self-efficacy (β = -35.49, p = 0.005) and lower bonding quality (β = 0.7, p = 0.019) than those with an apprenticeship education. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with parental self-efficacy (mothers β = -2.44, p = 0.015; partners β = -4.57, p < 0.001) and bonding (mothers β = 0.08, p < 0.001; partners β = 0.07, p = 0.002).ConclusionsHigher satisfaction with informal support was linked to maternal self-efficacy, while depressive symptoms consistently undermined both parental self-efficacy and bonding for both parents. Together with parents’ low satisfaction with information received, these findings underscore the need for tailored support and the importance of clear and consistent communication from healthcare professionals for both mothers and partners.Keywords: Mothers, Social support, Early postpartum, Parenting self-efficacy, Fathers, Bonding","authorEntries":[{"name":"Elisabeth Schobinger","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alain Lacroix","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne-Sylvie Ramelet","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antje Horsch","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":19},{"pmcid":"PMC12931550","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105124","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Trial-based economic evaluation","ageRange":"Perinatal period","population":"Mothers and birthing parents with perinatal mental health difficulties in England","rationale":"This economic evaluation compares an added parenting program with usual care and distinguishes resource use from evidence about a particular family's bond.","parentQuestion":"What resources does an attachment-focused parenting program require in a clinical service?","readingPrompts":["What resources does an attachment-focused parenting program require in a clinical service?","What care was used for comparison, and which costs and outcomes entered the economic analysis?","Which features of the study population (mothers and birthing parents with perinatal mental health difficulties in England) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The economic comparison uses service costs and outcomes from English perinatal mental health services. A different care system, comparator or time horizon could yield different estimates.","id":"PMC12931550","title":"Cost-utility analysis of the Circle of Security-Parenting programme to reduce perinatal psychopathology in birthing parents in England","authors":"Jiunn Wang; Camilla Rosan; Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk; Zoe Darwin; Daphne Babalis; Victoria Cornelius; Ed Waddingham; Lani Richards; Stephen Pilling; Pasco Fearon; Peter Fonagy; Elena Pizzo","journal":"BMJ Open","publisher":"BMJ Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2026-02-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105124","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12931550","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12931550/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12931550-ed203c7592a3a22e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ed203c7592a3a22ecce94b822ee727253041a698e1b09de2ae61126f16f01615","sourceTextSha256":"0ba4772d72a39d0b58755ff2ce1031db087540233193d3e0ad92bcbde53d7f08","sourceXmlSha256":"228dba05575c3c931ff28cb3d02c3c08102833737600b1812d49f0fde128ea35","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8b2d527b664b8dc2bff7cc3ae1ee458a306e4dd5d0e9ab07905dcc438196c862","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27820,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivesThe Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) group intervention has demonstrated efficacy in reducing maternal perinatal mental health difficulty (PMHD) symptoms in some contexts. The Circle of Security Intervention (COSI) study, a multisite, individually randomised, single-blind, parallel-arm controlled trial, was conducted in England to assess the clinical effectiveness of COS-P in reducing perinatal psychopathology, parenting and infant development, as well as its acceptability among the National Health Service (NHS) participants and staff. The main aim of this work is to estimate the cost-utility of COS-P plus treatment as usual (TAU) relative to TAU among mothers and birthing parents receiving NHS perinatal mental health services (PMHS) in England.DesignA within-trial economic evaluation was performed comparing COS-P plus TAU with TAU alone, using data from the COSI trial, which employed a 2:1 randomisation ratio. Analyses were conducted from both NHS and personal social services (PSS) and societal perspectives. A 12-month time horizon was used, consistent with the final trial follow-up.SettingSecondary care NHS perinatal health services across multiple centres in England.ParticipantsA total of 371 mothers and birthing parents with PMHD were randomised and had complete economic outcome data; 248 received COS-P plus TAU and 123 received TAU alone. Participants were eligible if they were receiving NHS PMHS; exclusion criteria were defined in the trial protocol.InterventionsParticipants in the intervention arm received the COS-P group programme in addition to TAU. The control group received TAU alone.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary economic outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 12 months, derived from the 5-level EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire - responses. Costs were estimated from NHS and PSS as well as societal perspectives, including healthcare utilisation and productivity losses due to work absence.ResultsCompared with TAU, COS-P was associated with higher costs from both NHS and PSS (£180.58; 95% CI −£1075 to £1436) and societal (£72.94; 95% CI −£1473 to £1619) perspectives. COS-P was marginally less effective in terms of QALYs (−0.01; 95% CI −0.06 to 0.05). Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicated substantial uncertainty around cost and effectiveness estimates.ConclusionsOn average, COS-P was associated with higher costs and did not demonstrate improvements in health-related quality of life compared with TAU alone. Given the uncertainty surrounding the estimates, further research is warranted to explore potential longer term economic and clinical impacts of COS-P in perinatal mental health settings.Trial registration numberSRCTN18308962.Keywords: Parents, Clinical Trial, Health Care Costs, HEALTH ECONOMICS, MENTAL HEALTH","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jiunn Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camilla Rosan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zoe Darwin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daphne Babalis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Victoria Cornelius","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ed Waddingham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lani Richards","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephen Pilling","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pasco Fearon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Fonagy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Pizzo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":20},{"pmcid":"PMC12858612","doi":"10.1007/s10935-025-00867-6","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Two thousand one hundred and fifty-six Dutch adolescents included in a study of peer pressure.","rationale":"The paper distinguishes behavior limits from psychological control and asks how both relate to belonging and autonomy.","parentQuestion":"When I set a limit, am I also trying to control what my teenager thinks or feels?","readingPrompts":["Did the measure distinguish monitoring a behavior from putting pressure on a young person's feelings?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","When I set a limit, am I also trying to control what my teenager thinks or feels?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12858612","title":"Associations Between Parenting Practices and Peer Pressure Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Autonomy and Relatedness","authors":"M. A. Crespo-López; I. M. Koning","journal":"Journal of Prevention (2022)","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-07-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-025-00867-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12858612","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12858612/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12858612-ade9781de7d1c076.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ade9781de7d1c076b70b22c61136230af6f83c386abe2bb28e584cff837ef649","sourceTextSha256":"58e8a5e41165b79dcf185f3b3c9c1428c2a3e06f7b3b5ac6c1bd03a6b0933a8f","sourceXmlSha256":"95c831876c5d000896eea1f0facdd90c2c12843442e27eaf38050c3d66f0b2f5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"84bef27659a3a6e94b7be6f25723141b9309413a17a9a7771d88df4ffa3090f7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44720,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parents influence their children’s social development, including their susceptibility to peer pressure. Both parenting practices and peer pressure are associated with adolescents' basic needs for autonomy and relatedness, essential for healthy development. However, the mechanisms underlying these relationships require further exploration. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study addresses the following questions: (1) How do different parenting practices (parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control) affect adolescents’ autonomy and relatedness? (2) Do autonomy and relatedness mediate the relationship between parenting practices and susceptibility to peer pressure? (3) Does gender moderate the association between parenting practices and susceptibility to peer pressure? Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyse data from 2156 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.67, SD = 1.33; 1129 girls). Results indicate that high psychological control—a parenting practice involving guilt induction and love withdrawal—is associated with higher susceptibility to peer pressure, while high parental support is associated with reduced susceptibility. Behavioral control showed no direct effect on peer pressure. Psychological control negatively impacted autonomy and relatedness, while behavioral control and support positively affected relatedness and negatively affected autonomy. Autonomy and relatedness mediated the relationship between psychological control and susceptibility to peer pressure, and between parental support and susceptibility to peer pressure. Gender moderated the relationship between psychological control and susceptibility to peer pressure, with boys showing a stronger association. These findings highlight the importance of supportive parenting in fostering adolescents' autonomy and relatedness, ultimately reducing their susceptibility to peer pressure. They offer valuable insights for developing effective parenting programs tailored to adolescents' needs, incorporating a gender-sensitive approach.","authorEntries":[{"name":"M. A. Crespo-López","type":"Person"},{"name":"I. M. Koning","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10935-025-00867-6","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e2ae89c1fd769b80db83805291bd970f62c5a447f2649ce70675dc1bd8bf249c","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":21},{"pmcid":"PMC12383164","doi":"10.3390/bs15080999","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents who rated responses from mothers and fathers, with additional family information from mothers.","rationale":"The analysis separates parents’ reactions to happiness, sadness and anger within the same household.","parentQuestion":"Does my child feel equally free to show joy, sadness and anger around me?","readingPrompts":["Did the response profiles look the same for joy, sadness and anger?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Does my child feel equally free to show joy, sadness and anger around me?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12383164","title":"Emotion Socialization Under One Roof: How Parental Response Patterns Shape Adolescent Emotional Well-Being","authors":"Huiyuan Gao; Yue Guan; Wenyue Pei; Yuhan Gao; Jiayue Mao; Suqun Liao; Can Zeng; Gengfeng Niu","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-07-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15080999","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12383164","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12383164/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12383164-eda09149f8413ad9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"eda09149f8413ad9082c61b9e3901bf6c688c42b8574c3092eff97db5d3609c2","sourceTextSha256":"02934d6c1cb2a2bb7ac42996174a91610934ac89994c694fa86d96a45bfdac53","sourceXmlSha256":"3ad0e8debd275dcbd403a731f973df8dffd5e49118982f68031a688b79054382","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45303,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Abstract(1) Background: This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate family patterns of paternal and maternal responses to adolescents’ discrete emotions (happiness, sadness, and anger) and examined the relationship between these profiles and demographic factors, as well as adolescents’ emotion adjustment (emotion regulation and depressive symptoms). (2) Methods: A sample of 666 adolescents reported parental responses and their emotional adjustment; their mothers provided family information. (3) Results: (a) The LPA identified four profiles for adolescent happiness, including high enhancing but low dampening and neglect from both parents (Consistent Supportive); low enhancing but high dampening and neglect from both parents (Consistent Unsupportive); low to moderate scores on each response from both parents (Consistent Disengaging); and high maternal dampening and neglect but relatively low scores on the paternal response (Inconsistent). There were two profiles for sadness (Consistent Supportive, Consistent Unsupportive) and three for anger (Consistent Supportive, Consistent Unsupportive, Consistent Disengaging). (b) Parents with boys, higher incomes, better education, and greater marital satisfaction were likely to be classified into the Consistent Supportive profile across emotions. (c) When adolescents perceived their parents with the Consistent Supportive profile, they would show the best emotional adjustment; while for parents with the Inconsistent profile (for happiness) and the Consistent Unsupportive profile, the adolescents had the poorest outcome. Interestingly, adolescents who perceived their parents as fitting the Consistent Disengaging profile (especially for anger) exhibited comparatively less adverse adjustment. (4) Implications: A person-centered approach highlights different patterns of emotion socialization, underscores the importance of fostering parental cooperation and supportive responses to adolescents’ happiness, and suggests that joint disengagement from anger may promote healthier emotional development.Keywords: latent profile analysis, emotion socialization, adolescents, depressive symptoms, regulation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Huiyuan Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yue Guan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wenyue Pei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuhan Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiayue Mao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suqun Liao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Can Zeng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gengfeng Niu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":22},{"pmcid":"PMC12532742","doi":"10.1007/s10964-025-02222-8","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Five hundred and three adolescents averaging about fourteen and a half years of age.","rationale":"The paper maps relationships among reported parental responses and different difficulties adolescents experience in managing emotion.","parentQuestion":"Which kinds of emotional support does my teenager say are missing?","readingPrompts":["What does a connection in the network show about two questionnaire responses?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which kinds of emotional support does my teenager say are missing?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12532742","title":"Parental Emotion Socialization and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in Adolescents: A Network Analysis","authors":"Márcia Silva Azevedo; Liliana Meira; Daniela Pascoal Câmara; Tiago Bento Ferreira; Eva Costa Martins","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-07-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02222-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12532742","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12532742/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12532742-53e10a0004081674.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"53e10a00040816744ebb4bac636ead0f7c9ee4e7f7b2be3815da1dd538eb6333","sourceTextSha256":"3dd5ba0312305e3d286ae1e11be405e5f5f759a14c8a92abf7898b2a6ec5505e","sourceXmlSha256":"850a41995dbb365f086bccc8b7cf9bcd346057150ffc3372b9ec6600e47cbdfc","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":64215,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental emotion socialization strategies influence adolescent emotion regulation development. However, there are still doubts about the supportive/unsupportive role of each strategy. This may be likely due to limitations of prior research that analyzed these strategies in isolation, without considering their interdependence. This study explored interactive patterns among parental strategies, clarifying which combinations were associated with fewer emotion regulation difficulties. Participants were 503 adolescents (60.8% female; Mage = 14.54; SDage = 1.17). Network and Expected Symptom Activity analyses indicated that reward and override strategies were associated with fewer emotion regulation difficulties, while punishment, neglect, and magnification were associated with greater difficulties. High reward (but not high override) mitigated emotion regulation difficulties unless alongside high neglect or two unsupportive strategies. Override helped buffered neglect’s negative effects when combined with high reward. High values in all strategies were associated with more emotion regulation difficulties, while low values with fewer. These results emphasize the interactive nature of parental emotional responses during adolescence, suggesting that no strategy is inherently adaptive or maladaptive—it depends on the context of co-occurring parental behaviors. The findings also support the “good enough” parenting perspective, showing that positive and negative behaviors can coexist and still be associated with fewer difficulties in emotion regulation. In this context, neglect appears to be more detrimental than other emotion socialization strategies.Keywords: Parental emotion socialization, Emotion regulation, Adolescence, Network analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Márcia Silva Azevedo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Meira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniela Pascoal Câmara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiago Bento Ferreira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva Costa Martins","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-025-02222-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"8353b0caa88192721d316d8b40335c2714b858765fa070511f07504ea312a459","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":23},{"pmcid":"PMC12334003","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0329017","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 1–14","population":"Households in Bangladesh’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.","rationale":"The survey distinguishes forms of violent discipline and estimates their distribution across households, without treating prevalence as acceptability.","parentQuestion":"Which disciplinary practices would our family call hurtful even if they are common?","readingPrompts":["What kinds of punishment were included in the household survey’s definition of violent discipline?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which disciplinary practices would our family call hurtful even if they are common?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12334003","title":"Prevalence and determinants of violent disciplinary practices for children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey","authors":"Raisa Rashid Mim; Mohammad Shahed Masud","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2025-08-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329017","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12334003","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12334003/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12334003-4aef600842108cd2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4aef600842108cd212b2e65b20cabd65a8a8baf1c3b9b6be9054eda5c668c80f","sourceTextSha256":"c07e90c6392236a26993e2734e83c0a8103a0b5f8e8a8dcbd045be7d8550a864","sourceXmlSha256":"c6a745b06993c7da7d2a8741aac7ccb2ab240a373f6ae80aef0153ebbf86a051","rightsEvidenceSha256":"563577ee756e84bfd96f2456c86e3de17acb1f328ef14d82e22b322158c416f9","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31621,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Violent discipline, characterized by the use of physical force resulting in bodily pain, discomfort, or resorting to scolding and emotional abuse to correct children’s misbehavior, has gathered considerable attention due to its negative impact on children’s development. This study aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with different violent disciplinary practices toward children of 1–14 years age in Bangladesh. Utilizing data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in 2019, this analysis, based on interviews with parents of 70027 children, focuses on three dependent variables measuring violent disciplinary practices: psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline. The independent variables considered include the child’s age, sex, type of residence (rural or urban), division, education of mothers, child disability, ethnicity and wealth index. Logistic regression models were employed to find the relationships between these variables and different forms of violent discipline, including psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline (psychological aggression, physical punishment or both), among children in Bangladesh. The results reveal several significant associations with these disciplinary practices. Younger male children, with functional difficulties, those from urban residence and poorer households, residing in the central and southern regions of the country (Khulna, Chattogram), having primary educated mothers and belonging to the Bengali households are at higher risk of any form of violent discipline including psychological aggression, physical punishment. Significantly, our study unveils a strong correlation between any violent discipline and psychological aggression, highlighting that Bangladeshi parents predominantly employ psychological aggression as their primary mode of disciplinary practice. The findings underscore the importance of activating child protection laws and implementing continuous training programs for parents to promote positive parenting practices. To mitigate the use of violent discipline in Bangladesh, the study suggests focusing on improving parental education levels and addressing economic conditions.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Raisa Rashid Mim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mohammad Shahed Masud","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":24},{"pmcid":"PMC12925893","doi":"10.1016/j.jaacop.2025.08.001","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Ages 3, 5 and 7","population":"Children and their main caregivers in the UK Millennium Cohort Study.","rationale":"The analysis asks how household disorder fits into repeated exchanges between caregiver discipline and child behavior.","parentQuestion":"Which features of our daily routine make calm limits harder to maintain?","readingPrompts":["How was household chaos distinguished from the behaviors reported within it?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","Which features of our daily routine make calm limits harder to maintain?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12925893","title":"Changing Family Dynamics Through Childhood: Exploring Household Chaos as a Moderator of Bidirectional Effects Between Parent and Child Behaviors","authors":"Bonamy R. Oliver; Jon Heron; Jasmine A.L. Raw; Jane Gilmour; Emily Midouhas","journal":"JAACAP Open","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2025-08-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaacop.2025.08.001","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12925893","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12925893/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12925893-784860a8711ffd6b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"784860a8711ffd6b6e72c0d66393a1346bef8a4fd906177413f15519f492ed75","sourceTextSha256":"88e39ba57711cd62f5e2dd54354bc0f4a326dcab74667033c697b2c8aabb2611","sourceXmlSha256":"7e18111001bddff31c7fa9a6f2f192c6bb27712b2c8df7649aaed9544e3e2ec3","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c249f79c800ce866d4daca125266b9344c307c4da655208c3c1627a481b534a0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35884,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectiveHarsh parenting and childhood externalizing behaviors can form bidirectional, reinforcing dynamics that set the stage for adverse outcomes. In community samples, little is known about contextual factors that moderate this bidirectionality; we examined household chaos as a key candidate.MethodUsing the United Kingdom’s Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; 17,115 families), we tested moderation by chaos of pathways between main-carer reports of harsh parenting and externalizing behaviors over child ages 3, 5, and 7 years.ResultsFindings supported the mutual nature of parent and child behaviors through childhood. Despite 2-year intervals, there was also evidence for interactions between chaos and harsh parenting in predicting later externalizing problems, and between externalizing problems and chaos in predicting later harsh parenting. As hypothesized, perceptions of high chaos in the home exacerbated associations between harsh parenting and later externalizing problems. Unexpectedly, children’s externalizing problems had a weaker influence on harsh parenting in the context of higher chaos (or, indeed, a stronger influence in low-chaos homes). Acknowledging our anticipated small effect sizes, several interpretations are discussed. For example, parents perceiving higher chaos may filter out the excessive stimulation of their children’s externalizing problems and be less reactive to them, or lower home chaos may reflect a need for calm and control in parents who are particularly reactive to their children’s externalizing behaviors.ConclusionNegative, reinforcing parent–child dynamics are seen outside clinical contexts over time. Exploring moderators of this bidirectionality may offer a nuanced understanding of family processes that hold the key to prevention and intervention.\n\nPlain language summaryParents and children influence each other’s behavior over time. Understanding how the family home environment strengthens or weakens these patterns may inform ways to mitigate long-term conflictual cycles in the family. Analyzing the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, 17,115 families), this study found that household chaos (eg, disorganization, lack of routine, and sense of rush rather than calm) may change the mutual association between parental harshness and child externalizing behavior over time. The results suggest complex dynamics between parent and child behavior, particularly in the context of household chaos.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Bonamy R. Oliver","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jon Heron","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jasmine A.L. Raw","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jane Gilmour","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emily Midouhas","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":25},{"pmcid":"PMC12385255","doi":"10.3390/ejihpe15080160","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Late adolescence","population":"Five hundred Italian adolescents averaging eighteen years of age.","rationale":"The study compares perceived psychological control and support alongside different forms of perfectionism.","parentQuestion":"Does my encouragement sound like support or like a condition my child has to meet?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors distinguish forms of perfectionism in the proposed pathways?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Does my encouragement sound like support or like a condition my child has to meet?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12385255","title":"The Mediating Role of Dispositional Optimism and Perfectionism on the Relationship Between Perceived Parental Psychological Control and Support and Adolescents’ Well-Being","authors":"Luana Sorrenti; Maria Imbesi; Carmelo Francesco Meduri; Angelo Fumia; Pina Filippello; Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","journal":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-08-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15080160","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12385255","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12385255/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12385255-14917d70c72ea49d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"14917d70c72ea49df09b99e897c3a0196b36b15ae9f39900d15ba3e5515e0ba6","sourceTextSha256":"6ee4b81c05ccabadbbf39c193588476fb7a2dd61b6e49656b1948177daa68f97","sourceXmlSha256":"fb7b634abaac4025f4d3999ed6703a12170456c6f3f454713ab7594cf1b8c672","rightsEvidenceSha256":"decad743a7973b6dff4067a7d7573791274a151cf76a1bad9e2df7bf1d73bb1e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51043,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdolescents’ psychological well-being results from the interaction between individual traits, such as optimism and perfectionism, and contextual factors. According to the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the living environment can promote well-being by fulfilling basic psychological needs. Perceived parental support or control may influence the satisfaction of these needs and the development of dispositional traits, with significant consequences on well-being. This study, conducted on a sample of Italian adolescents (N = 500, Mage = 18; SD = 0.7), aimed to explore the mediating role of dispositional optimism and both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in the relationship between perceived parental support and control and adolescents’ well-being. Structural Equation Model (SEM) results showed that optimism mediated the relationship between paternal support and well-being (β = 0.029, p = 0.05), while adaptive perfectionism mediated the effects of both maternal and paternal support on well-being (β = 0.062, p < 0.001; β = 0.038, p = 0.001). In contrast, maternal control had an indirect negative impact on well-being through dispositional optimism and maladaptive perfectionism (β = −0.045, p = 0.012; β = −0.040, p = 0.009), whereas paternal control was not significant. These findings underscore the importance of supportive parenting in promoting adolescent psychological well-being and the risks associated with excessive control.Keywords: well-being, perfectionism, adolescence, optimism, parental control, parental support","authorEntries":[{"name":"Luana Sorrenti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Imbesi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carmelo Francesco Meduri","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angelo Fumia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pina Filippello","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":26},{"pmcid":"PMC12454304","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1467701","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Four hundred and eighty-two parents recruited from four Chinese kindergartens.","rationale":"Screen time was examined alongside the parent-child relationship and parents’ awareness during discipline.","parentQuestion":"What happens to our conversation when a screen-time limit becomes a power struggle?","readingPrompts":["Who estimated preschoolers’ screen time and assessed the parent-child relationship?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What happens to our conversation when a screen-time limit becomes a power struggle?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12454304","title":"Harsh parenting and preschool children’s screen time: the mediating role of parent–child relationships and the moderating effect of mindful parenting","authors":"Caili Zhang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-09-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1467701","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12454304","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12454304/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12454304-5643e78ba8c01595.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5643e78ba8c01595344151747a42297efab54d2ff5999306f501cad2b03a6000","sourceTextSha256":"08afdc603d46d4ccdb5fffcc91e76579ed66f3ec7b87381d402becdcc7faf47c","sourceXmlSha256":"252e6640864b8cb05f7954c23b0bb0e4857c3be6f8e9b5c8a1e26b0ba38c4c65","rightsEvidenceSha256":"914297c0985bc98cc89d037f8448d0f794a760a277970d73abeada508c649a64","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33160,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionExcessive screen time among preschoolers is a growing public health concern. This study examined associations between harsh parenting and children’s screen time, testing parent–child relationship quality as a mediator and mindful parenting as a moderator.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was administered to 482 parents from four kindergartens in China (Mage = 36.0 years, SD = 3.89). Parents completed validated scales assessing harsh parenting, parent–child relationship quality, mindful parenting, and children’s daily screen time. A moderated mediation model was tested.ResultsHarsh parenting showed an indirect association with greater child screen time through poorer parent–child relationships. Mindful parenting moderated the link between harsh parenting and parent–child relationship quality, such that higher mindful parenting buffered the negative impact of harsh parenting, attenuating the indirect effect on screen time.DiscussionFindings indicate that strengthening parent–child relationship quality and fostering mindful parenting may mitigate the influence of harsh parenting on preschoolers’ screen use. Interventions promoting positive, mindful parenting practices could help reduce excessive screen time in young children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Caili Zhang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":27},{"pmcid":"PMC12527484","doi":"10.1017/S003329172510192X","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Preschool to adolescence","population":"Participants in the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development.","rationale":"The researchers measured irritability and positive and harsh parenting across several childhood ages before examining later outcomes.","parentQuestion":"Which behaviors are stable patterns and which were reported only during a difficult transition?","readingPrompts":["When were parenting and irritability assessed relative to the later adolescent outcomes?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","Which behaviors are stable patterns and which were reported only during a difficult transition?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12527484","title":"Associations of childhood irritability and parenting profiles with youth suicide attempt: a longitudinal person-centered approach","authors":"Cassandra Zephirin; Marie-Claude Geoffroy; Eszter Szekely; Léa C Perret; Michel Boivin; Richard E Tremblay; Sylvana M Côté; Massimiliano Orri","journal":"Psychological Medicine","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publishedDate":"2025-10-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172510192X","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12527484","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12527484/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12527484-36601265dfae8b98.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"36601265dfae8b98ff440a6d9a0b24caad0954eaf3f1e8b8f31616290792775f","sourceTextSha256":"10ccb3e00632ad51af0b93c76547216fbf28c80d6a5c7a808c29ec941654a37e","sourceXmlSha256":"471913bb06b67cb56087b9807678cc883d5e5dcaeea00a52d84f756271854f4a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c6ef74e49e9d7a419ea22dc1139c21e90814a7195ec31afafd920a12c04ed675","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44996,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundChildhood irritability and harsh parenting are associated with youth suicide attempts. Parents’ harsh reactions have been associated with children’s irritable behavior. While studies have shown individual associations of irritability and parenting behaviors with suicide risk, few have considered these factors jointly. We aimed to identify profiles of children based on irritability and parenting during childhood and examine their associations with youth suicide attempt.MethodsParticipants (N = 1626) were from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Mothers reported on childhood irritability, harsh parenting, and positive parenting between ages 3.5 and 8; youth self-reported suicide attempt between ages 13 and 23.ResultsWe identified four profiles based on the joint development of irritability and parenting during childhood: (1) low irritability, low harsh parenting, and high positive parenting (30.3%); (2) moderate irritability, moderate harsh parenting, and high positive parenting (28.4%); (3) moderate irritability, moderate harsh parenting, and low positive parenting (26.6%); and (4) high irritability, high harsh parenting, and low positive parenting (14.8%). In logistic regression analyses, only children in the high irritability, high harsh parenting, and low positive parenting profile had higher odds of attempting suicide (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.55–4.09) compared to those in the low irritability, low harsh parenting, and high positive parenting profile. This association remained significant (OR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.03–3.15) in models adjusting for covariates.ConclusionChildren with chronically high irritability were also those experiencing the harshest parenting and the least positive parenting, as well as those most at risk of suicide attempt. Targeting both child and parental behavior may maximize suicide prevention efforts among children with high irritability.Keywords: longitudinal, parenting, suicidal behavior, trajectory, youth irritability","authorEntries":[{"name":"Cassandra Zephirin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marie-Claude Geoffroy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eszter Szekely","type":"Person"},{"name":"Léa C Perret","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michel Boivin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Richard E Tremblay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sylvana M Côté","type":"Person"},{"name":"Massimiliano Orri","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":28},{"pmcid":"PMC12718222","doi":"10.1007/s10802-025-01378-y","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Randomized trial analysis","ageRange":"Families with childhood behavior difficulties","population":"One hundred and ten families randomized to a self-help parenting program or a waitlist.","rationale":"The trial separates unsupported responses, supportive practices and parenting confidence when testing possible pathways of change.","parentQuestion":"Which specific response to my child’s behavior would I want a parenting program to help me change?","readingPrompts":["At what point in the trial were changes in parenting and child behavior assessed?","Which conclusions follow from randomized assignment, and which rely on additional assumptions?","Which specific response to my child’s behavior would I want a parenting program to help me change?"],"limitations":"Randomization applies to the assigned program. It does not isolate every proposed mechanism or establish effects in populations beyond the trial.","id":"PMC12718222","title":"Mechanisms of Change in a Self-Help Parenting Program for Child Behavioral Difficulties: the Role of Unsupportive Parenting","authors":"Suzanne R.C. de Jong-Arts; Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker; Jos W.R. Twisk; Jaap Oosterlaan; Marjolein Luman","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-11-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01378-y","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12718222","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12718222/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12718222-f9929999782f8759.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f9929999782f8759f1f1b94f8fa50e60846e202e00e7df35980821b1aa1f66af","sourceTextSha256":"0dff78ce569b63cce7daa77502920d410d5575c862f5c0f86cecb70b169341c7","sourceXmlSha256":"fcd9968d795c42564b49a9993508bc864ba58396516228d1712d78600bbdcb16","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40889,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Self-help parenting programs that are aimed at reducing child behavioral difficulties may be effective and accessible alternatives to face-to-face parenting programs. Insight into the mechanisms of change for such programs is important to enhance their effectiveness. The goal of this study was to examine whether changes in supportive and unsupportive parenting (measured by the Parenting Practices Interview; PPI) and parenting sense of competence (measured by the Parenting Sense of Competence scale; PSOC) mediated the effects of a self-help parenting program on child behavioral difficulties. A total of 110 families were randomized to a 15-week self-help program or waitlist. Outcomes and mediators were measured at pre-, mid- and post-measurement. Outcomes were parent-rated child behavioral difficulties, assessed by the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, Intensity Scale (ECBI-I), and ecologically momentary assessments (EMA) of child behavior problems. Results showed that reductions in unsupportive parenting significantly mediated reductions in child behavioral difficulties assessed with the ECBI-I. We did not find this mediating effect for the EMA. Supportive parenting and parenting sense of competence did not mediate changes in child behavioral difficulties. Although future research into self-help parent training should provide insight into possible reciprocal interactions between changes in parents and children, reducing unsupportive parenting practices may play a key role in reducing child behavioral difficulties.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-025-01378-y.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Suzanne R.C. de Jong-Arts","type":"Person"},{"name":"Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jos W.R. Twisk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jaap Oosterlaan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marjolein Luman","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-025-01378-y","publisherEvidenceSha256":"adc6bf4c43a916850256a2aa9c5769954f0cfd0b439c6f86f8efff9bcf3ab263","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":29},{"pmcid":"PMC12657184","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1620464","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 3–6","population":"Parents of 5,138 children in Wuhan, China.","rationale":"Profiles combine parenting and temperament, encouraging attention to the match between a child and an adult's response rather than labeling a child difficult.","parentQuestion":"What changes if I describe our interaction rather than calling my preschooler difficult?","readingPrompts":["Which parts of each profile represented temperament and which represented reported parenting?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What changes if I describe our interaction rather than calling my preschooler difficult?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12657184","title":"Understanding early childhood behavioral problems through parenting style–temperament typologies: a latent profile analysis","authors":"Mingyue Zhou; Dongmei Zhu; Shi Guo; Minxiao Zheng; Junhua Dang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-11-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1620464","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12657184","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12657184/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12657184-4259047b43eb04ff.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4259047b43eb04ffbd0131045f4cf43b185ffc8fd8d2ffe03ccd87e44c58c40c","sourceTextSha256":"da5aff8128f761fcb7d93cb95e938c3af10b31d760add6697b6fc3beb14285f6","sourceXmlSha256":"e67a3abfff3141e4edde3f618c80620cfd57ed6205fb498a0a4b7b16703f2155","rightsEvidenceSha256":"faf355e231fc4b2c7dec08d4750ac112bc94fb829dfcc8d5ce08833e93e1a252","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39493,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThis study examined the combined effects of parenting style and child temperament on early childhood behavioral problems using latent profile analysis.MethodsA total of 5,138 valid questionnaires were collected from parents of children aged 3 to 6 years in Wuhan, China. Parenting styles, temperament traits, and behavioral problems were assessed using standardized instruments.ResultsFour distinct latent profiles were identified: Dysregulated Parenting–Rebellious Temperament, Unstable Parenting–Reserved Temperament, Supportive Parenting–Challenging Temperament, and Enriched Parenting–Compliant Temperament. Children in the Dysregulated Parenting–Rebellious Temperament group exhibited the highest rates of behavioral problems, whereas those in the Enriched Parenting–Compliant Temperament group showed the lowest. The results suggest that when children display more challenging temperamental traits, supportive parenting may be associated with lower behavioral problem prevalence. Conversely, children with more adaptable temperaments appear less susceptible to behavioral difficulties even in the context of less optimal parenting. Additionally, girls demonstrated significantly higher overall detection rates of behavioral problems than boys, and children with less-educated parents and lower household income exhibited greater behavioral problem prevalence.DiscussionThese findings underscore the importance of promoting positive parenting practices and accounting for individual temperament differences in early prevention efforts. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to validate and extend these findings.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mingyue Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dongmei Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shi Guo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Minxiao Zheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junhua Dang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":30},{"pmcid":"PMC12755088","doi":"10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf078","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Children with type 1 diabetes","population":"Families included in an evidence review of pediatric diabetes parenting interventions.","rationale":"The review addresses supportive parenting during repeated health-related tasks that can become sources of tension.","parentQuestion":"How does this research distinguish supporting a child’s care from taking over every conversation?","readingPrompts":["Which interventions focused on parenting and which outcomes concerned diabetes management?","How did the review decide which studies or instruments to include?","How does this research distinguish supporting a child’s care from taking over every conversation?"],"limitations":"The scope depends on the search strategy, eligible sources and differences between their measures. The review does not test a specific household practice.","id":"PMC12755088","title":"Parenting interventions for parents of children with type 1 diabetes—a systematic review","authors":"Mandy Jansen; Paul G Voorhoeve; Lianne Wiltink; Judith B Prins; Giesje Nefs","journal":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publishedDate":"2025-12-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf078","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12755088","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12755088/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12755088-e046a0ed1aff74cd.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e046a0ed1aff74cd65899014aef0641e7ec83cbf8f4f672c6df2b0f84bf25030","sourceTextSha256":"f3c9511448f0bb833c00f40343cb6905cd774b16597b37b6fdb7fb177cb83813","sourceXmlSha256":"98a8f6fcc3fb48da9b4e4abfe30c4d13bd97a56f5cf22ef3e6b6aa581fcaa02b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"65bdf8f57295e7135ac10eff276bf0e1bf64e8c8e50869ada523a1f8ef2b31ab","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":70891,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivesThis systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022356654, AMNR junior research grant) evaluated the effectiveness of parenting interventions in pediatric type 1 diabetes, designed to enhance supportive parenting behaviors, in improving family dynamics, parent-, child-, and diabetes-related outcomes.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO for studies from 1980 to February 25, 2025. We included reports of controlled and uncontrolled studies describing quantitative change. Data were synthesized narratively, and intervention content was coded according to a behavioral taxonomy. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (2.0) tool and the ROBINS-I tool for controlled and uncontrolled studies, respectively.ResultsAfter screening 12,654 reports, we included 51 studies (across 72 reports) describing findings of 37 unique interventions. Most studies and outcomes had an increased risk of bias. Whereas overall effects were mixed, intensive, targeted interventions had the most impact on psychosocial and diabetes outcomes. Some preventive interventions and, notably, control groups also showed effects, with most promising effects in subgroups. Many preventive intervention studies were underpowered. A diabetes-specific focus seemed necessary, although not sufficient, to affect diabetes outcomes. Several strategies were used to stimulate parents toward changing their own and—ultimately—their children’s behavior, although individual components could not be uniquely related to intervention effectiveness.ConclusionsTargeted and preventive parenting interventions serve as a potential, although not exclusive, approach to improve psychosocial and diabetes outcomes. Future research should elucidate which families benefit from parenting interventions compared to other educational or supporting interventions, thereby delineating their essential intervention components.Keywords: diabetes, parent–adolescent communication, family functioning, parent psychosocial functioning, psychosocial intervention, systematic review","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mandy Jansen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul G Voorhoeve","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lianne Wiltink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Judith B Prins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giesje Nefs","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":31},{"pmcid":"PMC12833960","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1666593","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"High-school years","population":"Two thousand three hundred and ten high school students completing questionnaires.","rationale":"The study distinguishes perceived rejection from difficulty identifying feelings and repeated negative thoughts.","parentQuestion":"Can I respond to a teenager’s feelings even when they cannot yet tell me exactly what is wrong?","readingPrompts":["How did the model distinguish difficulty naming emotions from repeatedly focusing on distress?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Can I respond to a teenager’s feelings even when they cannot yet tell me exactly what is wrong?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC12833960","title":"The effect of perceived parental rejection on depression in high school students: the chain mediating role of rumination and alexithymia","authors":"Xiangyan Li; Quan Lu; Yuxin Wang; Yuan Gao","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-01-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1666593","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12833960","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12833960/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12833960-013c7fc32c5bf54a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"013c7fc32c5bf54a2eb3c4295dbed1442b904514170cfdd68f3b232957fcba3f","sourceTextSha256":"86d926cc554ebc024acab9202dc4e5aba6975eb0a2c208614b1d9242bf8cf373","sourceXmlSha256":"30fb0c71d470cea4b7caef10f4b16d1bdfdb3b7068f10e4aa68ea326bbdc13e6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a70f8215acb4b9c5846e1ce68a570fbae68c4d41b6f33f1dc98963b23cccb7a8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46846,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"In recent years, the incidence of depression in adolescents has continued to rise, which has become a hot issue of global concern. Through a cross-sectional survey, this study aims to explore the relationship between perceived parental rejection and depression in high school students, and to test the chain mediating effect of rumination and alexithymia in the relationship between them. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2,310 high school students using the Short-from Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese Scale, the Ruminative Responses Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The results showed that parental rejection was positively correlated with depression in high school students. The mediating effects of rumination and alexithymia between parental rejection and depression were significant. Rumination and alexithymia played a chain mediating role between parental rejection and depression. Conclusion: Parental rejection not only directly predicts the depression levels of high school students, but also indirectly affects their depression through the independent mediating effects of rumination and alexithymia, as well as the chain mediating effect of rumination-alexithymia. This study constructs and validates this model for the first time, thereby deepening the understanding of the complex mechanism between parental rejection and depression in high school students and providing important insights for the prevention and intervention of depression.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiangyan Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Quan Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuxin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Gao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":32},{"pmcid":"PMC13272229","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02953-w","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Ages 11–24","population":"Participants in the longitudinal Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood.","rationale":"Following aggression toward parents over time helps place hard family interactions in developmental context without assuming that a child alone explains them.","parentQuestion":"How can I describe a difficult exchange accurately without reducing a young person to a label?","readingPrompts":["When were early family risks measured relative to each report of aggression?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","How can I describe a difficult exchange accurately without reducing a young person to a label?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC13272229","title":"Physical aggression toward parents from ages 11 to 24: prevalence trajectory and risk and protective factors","authors":"Laura Bechtiger; David Bürgin; Gregor Ferolla Vasconcelos; Denis Ribeaud; Manuel Eisner; Lilly Shanahan","journal":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-01-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02953-w","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13272229","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13272229/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13272229-fbfcb81806a99404.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fbfcb81806a99404f9a17d2a31d6588091c075e3647b679340e2c0b22baea245","sourceTextSha256":"d173752df9dcc755b8505a051665fe847220ef5adb8983b4c0efb22764792cf6","sourceXmlSha256":"a615ee16538f5728ecda4a2981dfe67e9ce6efa48ad8571a5e5ea3559b4ab825","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31045,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPhysical youth-to-parent aggression (PYPA) is among the most understudied forms of family aggression in the general population. This study examined the prevalence and developmental course of PYPA from adolescence into young adulthood and investigated childhood behavioral and interpersonal risk (e.g., ADHD symptoms, low self-control, harsh parenting) as well as protective factors (e.g., conflict coping, parental involvement). Data came from six assessments of the prospective-longitudinal Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso), including N = 1522 participants. Participants reported PYPA at ages 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, and 24. Risk and protective factors were measured at or before age 11. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the developmental course of PYPA, and logistic regression analyses examined its risk and protective factors. One in three youth (32.5%) reported engaging in PYPA at least once. Prevalence followed a cubic trajectory: increasing from age 11 to 13, then declining at varying rates through age 24. ADHD symptoms (OR (95%CI) = 1.26 (1.10, 1.45)), harsh parenting (OR (95%CI) = 1.24 (1.08, 1.42)), and interparental disagreement (OR (95%CI) = 1.17 (1.01, 1.35)) were associated with higher odds of PYPA; whereas competent conflict coping (OR (95%CI) = 0.83 (0.72, 0.96)) and parental involvement (OR (95%CI) = 0.83 (0.72, 0.95)) were associated with lower odds after accounting for participants’ aggressive tendencies during childhood. Reducing children’s aggressive tendencies and exposure to aggression and conflict, while fostering competent coping skills and supportive family environments could decrease PYPA and the burden of family aggression.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00787-025-02953-w.Keywords: Family aggression, Youth-to-parent aggression, Prevalence, Longitudinal cohort, Risk and protective factors, Adolescence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Laura Bechtiger","type":"Person"},{"name":"David Bürgin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gregor Ferolla Vasconcelos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Denis Ribeaud","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manuel Eisner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lilly Shanahan","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00787-025-02953-w","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6aafc42fe57b19b50ca834bf74b490697bb059664488d85d5349f63e7d16574b","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":33},{"pmcid":"PMC12864064","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1732342","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Late childhood and early adolescence","population":"Five hundred and thirteen Chinese young people assessed twice, six months apart.","rationale":"The paper examines emotional control and peer ties alongside harsh parenting and self-injury, giving readers a reason to distinguish experiences from diagnoses.","parentQuestion":"What might make it easier for my child to tell me about distress without anticipating punishment?","readingPrompts":["Which variables were measured together at the second assessment?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","What might make it easier for my child to tell me about distress without anticipating punishment?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC12864064","title":"Parental harsh parenting and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: the role of emotional uncontrollability, deviant peer affiliation, school disengagement, and self-control","authors":"Jingjing Li; Jiaqin Wang; Yue Tian; Danlin Cui; Xiaomin Xu; Qiongmei Zhang; Xingcan Ni; Chengfu Yu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-01-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1732342","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12864064","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12864064/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12864064-560e074398b8be52.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"560e074398b8be52e58c6baa6f6ee054bca6cd18bf26349b71c7e1343d8e1654","sourceTextSha256":"3b7751a066c2f852e6d979ef8c353487c686a9af89ffb76c62f4f94796ca2e6d","sourceXmlSha256":"da22ba0254f23491564cc14cb29148b8e964b06279952acf686cbf52150b8f34","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bdf85382fc3a92a5f401f7aafbcbee2b049a3c35fd485fadcc60237edf664aeb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42320,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParental harsh parenting poses a significant risk for adolescent non−suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This longitudinal study investigated whether emotional uncontrollability, deviant peer affiliation, and school disengagement mediate the link between harsh parenting and adolescent NSSI, and whether these pathways are moderated by adolescents’ self-control.MethodA total of 513 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 10.32 years; SD = 0.96 years) were assessed at two time points six months apart.ResultsT1 parental harsh parenting positively predicted T2 emotional uncontrollability, deviant peer affiliation, and school disengagement. T2 emotional uncontrollability and deviant peer affiliation, in turn, were associated with T2 NSSI. The mediating effect of T2 emotional uncontrollability on the relationship between T1 harsh parenting and T2 NSSI was significant. Moreover, this indirect link was significant for adolescents with low self-control, but not for those with high self-control.ConclusionThese findings highlighting the critical role of emotional uncontrollability as a mediator and, more importantly, self-control as a key moderator that buffers this risk pathway. These results suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing self-regulation and emotion-management skills may help mitigate the risk of NSSI among adolescents exposed to harsh parenting.Keywords: adolescent, deviant peer affiliation, emotional uncontrollability, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), parental harsh parenting, school disengagement, self-control","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jingjing Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiaqin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yue Tian","type":"Person"},{"name":"Danlin Cui","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaomin Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qiongmei Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xingcan Ni","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chengfu Yu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":34},{"pmcid":"PMC12868059","doi":"10.1007/s10802-025-01393-z","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Twenty-nine adolescent-parent pairs taking part in a conflict discussion about life with Tourette syndrome.","rationale":"Direct observation of disagreement makes this a useful source for considering which responses leave a young person room to speak.","parentQuestion":"In a conflict, do I listen for my teenager’s account before explaining mine?","readingPrompts":["How did researchers code a parent’s response during the recorded disagreement?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","In a conflict, do I listen for my teenager’s account before explaining mine?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC12868059","title":"Parent Emotion Socialization Behaviors and Adolescent Psychological Symptoms in Families Impacted by Tourette Syndrome","authors":"Abigail L.B. Snow; Isabelle Taylor; Brandon Low; David A. Isaacs; Daniel O. Claassen; Kelly H. Watson","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-02-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01393-z","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12868059","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12868059/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12868059-50633b25898c2278.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"50633b25898c227885e97e23c99c09f88bd901a15806bfc74fe07a0e8f0520e6","sourceTextSha256":"779a2bf4129633a2f44fbbc07c82a4f1a39c2c7e95fc22338f3b650f2f332809","sourceXmlSha256":"5923139ae906bf66fc689a6d8b00c1ad77367cee325a0d29641dd69c948222da","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37887,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parent emotion socialization (ES) behaviors, encompassing supportive and unsupportive responses to adolescent emotions, are an important factor in shaping youths’ psychological development, but their impact in adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) has been largely overlooked. While tics are the defining symptom of TS, psychological comorbidities are widespread in this population and more strongly predict quality of life than tic severity. As such, there is an urgent clinical need to identify risk factors for psychopathology in adolescents with TS. Parent ES behaviors in families affected by TS have not yet been examined, but evidence of (a) the impact of parent ES behaviors in other neurodevelopmental disorders and (b) environmental sensitivity in TS suggests adolescents with TS may be particularly sensitive to parent ES behaviors. The current study utilized behavioral observations of parent-adolescent dyads (n = 29) engaging in a conflict discussion to examine ES behaviors in parents of adolescents with TS. Additionally, we investigated the relationship of observed ES behaviors with adolescent self-reported psychological symptoms. Results revealed that parents of adolescents with TS engaged in wide ranges of both supportive and unsupportive ES behaviors. Further, greater use of supportive ES behaviors was significantly related to fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents, and greater use of unsupportive ES behaviors was significantly related to greater internalizing, and marginally related to greater externalizing, symptoms in adolescents. Findings highlight the importance of parental support in this population and implicate parent ES as a novel target for intervention in families affected by TS.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Abigail L.B. Snow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Isabelle Taylor","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brandon Low","type":"Person"},{"name":"David A. Isaacs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel O. Claassen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kelly H. Watson","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-025-01393-z","publisherEvidenceSha256":"3b7640e623c03f053845d65093175e53f9c8211b7d8ff0af45ef822d5f84f77b","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":35},{"pmcid":"PMC13009114","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10471-2","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Upper secondary school","population":"Five hundred and fifty-three Swedish secondary-school students responding to an online survey.","rationale":"The authors ask adolescents about rules, support and communication alongside parental attitudes toward gambling.","parentQuestion":"How can I ask about a risky activity and still make it easy to give an honest answer?","readingPrompts":["How were family rules for gambling distinguished from conversations about it?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How can I ask about a risky activity and still make it easy to give an honest answer?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13009114","title":"Parental Influence on Adolescent Gambling: the Role of Communication, Rules, and Social Support","authors":"Karin Boson; Mitchell Andersson; Sevtap Gurdal; Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson; Sabina Kapetanovic","journal":"Journal of Gambling Studies","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-02-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10471-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13009114","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13009114/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13009114-6475f83f21d4e4d5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6475f83f21d4e4d551d9db0d5f1d26ad94f301b79db186529404457ba65f032b","sourceTextSha256":"afcfaea5c093c72e4bcc5f966541c0599b8d4e8bab5e52a1b3997dd3124e9d0f","sourceXmlSha256":"446533bd5e98e52a4d9f10506c05bae21899c5b090c675fb8dd3aa068dd6ec2f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41383,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdolescent gambling has reached unprecedented levels in recent years, warranting research attention due to its links with other risk behaviors and mental health issues. This study focuses on the risk and protective factors in parent-adolescent relationships affecting gambling behaviors in Swedish adolescents. We investigated the role of parenting practices, parental gambling issues, and parental attitudes toward gambling. Participants included 553 upper secondary school students who completed an online survey about gambling, parental behaviors and attitudes, and parent–child communication. The analytical sample consisted of 57.8% boys with a mean age of 16.8 years (SD = 0.9). Logistic regression models assessed the relationship between these variables, problem gambling, and gambling initiation. Despite legal restrictions against gambling under 18 in Sweden, 49% of adolescents in our sample reported gambling at some point, 25% reported gambling in the past month, and 10% endorsed problem gambling behavior. Our results indicate that parental acceptance and their own gambling behavior are significantly associated with adolescent gambling initiation, suggesting children mimic parental behaviors. Furthermore, parent–child communication and disclosure were associated with both gambling initiation and problems. Enhancing parental awareness is essential to prevent underage gambling initiation and curb future problematic gambling behaviors, given the influential role of parent–child communication, attitudes, and behaviors on adolescents’ gambling habits.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10899-025-10471-2.Keywords: Adolescents, Gambling initiation, Gambling problems, Parent-child communication, Parental attitudes, Parental gambling behavior","authorEntries":[{"name":"Karin Boson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mitchell Andersson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sabina Kapetanovic","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10899-025-10471-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"fbb711f4a262c3f34ef96a838bb5c7e6e77e7c32c8e73c99c215e19dbdcb8337","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":36},{"pmcid":"PMC13352549","doi":"10.1111/sjop.70082","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 3–13","population":"Norwegian mothers and fathers in a population-based family cohort.","rationale":"Parents’ memories of how adults treated their emotions form one possible context for their responses to children today.","parentQuestion":"Which responses from my childhood do I repeat without noticing?","readingPrompts":["How did the study account for parents’ recollections of their own upbringing?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which responses from my childhood do I repeat without noticing?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13352549","title":"Determinants of Parental Emotion Socialization Behaviors: Insights From a Large‐Scale Population‐Based Family Study","authors":"Yvonne Severinsen; Eivind Ystrom; Nikolai Haahjem Eftedal; Egil Nygaard; Mona Bekkhus; Karine Maria Porpino Viana; Stella Tsotsi; Evalill Bølstad; Rune Flaaten Bjørk","journal":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-02-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.70082","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13352549","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13352549/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13352549-a526ef250d939a75.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a526ef250d939a757a382c4f3adf7dbcdaa0f762c67c2b0d0c97e2595955daf4","sourceTextSha256":"7e9d17da01fb2698a6f46261acbd15d6fd643e227a2870d3d183a2114da4f134","sourceXmlSha256":"5af0a9f1eb9f2a41276cb74be6e3d8cf74ba60e76e5b704e626dafaa3f406c79","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f04dd6ac8c682d2b7fd081dd53beee1b479aa959ee28b660b6d4b4b17054afd1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":69193,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTParental emotion socialization behaviors (ESBs) are essential for child development and are typically understood as influenced by factors related to three domains: the parent, the child, and the family context. However, it remains unclear how parents' childhood experiences with ESBs should be represented within these conceptual frameworks. Addressing the complexity of ESBs, the present study examined predictors across three theoretically derived domains and additionally included parents' recollected ESBs as a parent‐level factor. Questionnaire data were collected from a large population‐based cohort of Norwegian mothers and fathers (n = 4207; 2460 mothers) with children aged 3 to 13 years (M = 7.4 years). Supportive and non‐supportive ESBs were examined separately through hierarchical regression models incorporating parent, context, and child factors. The three domains collectively accounted for 28% of the variance in supportive ESBs and 29% in non‐supportive ESBs. The results clearly emphasized parental factors, with parent gender and recollected ESBs being the most influential predictors. Other parent factors, such as perceived parenting stress, alcohol use, and the personality traits agreeableness and openness, also showed unique effects across both types of ESBs. Among contextual factors, education, income, and country of birth predicted non‐supportive ESBs but not supportive ESBs. Child age and birth order were linked with supportive ESBs, whereas only child age predicted non‐supportive ESBs. Findings highlight the importance of parent characteristics, particularly gender and recollected emotion socialization from the family of origin, in predicting current parental ESBs beyond contextual and child‐related factors.\n\nSummary Predictors from the parent, child, and family context domains jointly accounted for 28%–29% of the variance in supportive and non‐supportive parental emotion socialization behavior.Parents' characteristics, particularly gender and recollected experiences of emotion socialization in their family of origin, were the strongest predictors.Contextual and child‐related factors made smaller contributions, mainly to non‐supportive behaviors.Findings underscore the role of parents' developmental history and individual characteristics in understanding current emotion socialization practices.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yvonne Severinsen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eivind Ystrom","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikolai Haahjem Eftedal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Egil Nygaard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mona Bekkhus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karine Maria Porpino Viana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stella Tsotsi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Evalill Bølstad","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rune Flaaten Bjørk","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fsjop.70082","publisherEvidenceSha256":"088adfc959dbeae85c6a3954ca642887a8b3924fb5ed42865af5e1eb4474d111","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":37},{"pmcid":"PMC12979555","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747061","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Children and adolescents","population":"Seventy-six participants in groups with and without an autism diagnosis.","rationale":"The analysis considers parenting style and self-esteem alongside autistic traits, rather than assuming a single experience for every young person.","parentQuestion":"What does encouragement sound like to this child, rather than to children in general?","readingPrompts":["How comparable were the groups when interpreting differences in self-esteem?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What does encouragement sound like to this child, rather than to children in general?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC12979555","title":"How parenting shapes the relationship between autistic traits and self-esteem in youth: a comparative study of autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Kazuhiko Yamamuro; Natsuko Kashida; Rio Ishida; Michihiro Toritsuka; Tsutomu Takeda; Manabu Makinodan","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-02-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747061","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12979555","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12979555/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12979555-b7029e6ea8e07f18.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b7029e6ea8e07f182455f3d4d03f262f3f42aab0694ea6c864dc04dced38f920","sourceTextSha256":"12c9891bdc1baec773b984014b0c80900d61f508b9b44e7cc05876908287dca1","sourceXmlSha256":"6aab803863f35bd523bd649e73e2f1579ae62ea511908944e1d68602ad4b52d2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"355aad4a00f89ab0bd49c6c527953216e120d352465b3c2eec04e2ec6146d9eb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36090,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundSelf-esteem is a critical factor in the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents, yet little is known about how autistic traits and parenting styles interact to relate self-worth in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding these relationships may provide important insights for family-based interventions.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 76 participants (ASD: n = 40; typically developing [TD]: n = 36). Autistic traits were assessed using the Japanese version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-J), parenting attitudes were evaluated with the Parental Nurturance and Parenting Scale (PNPS), and self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). In the ASD group, clinician-rated autism symptom severity was additionally assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). Associations among autistic traits, parenting attitudes, and self-esteem were examined using multiple linear regression and partial correlation analyses.ResultsChildren and adolescents with ASD exhibited significantly lower self-esteem than their TD peers (RSES: ASD < TD, p < 0.01). In the combined sample, higher AQ-J scores were independently associated with lower self-esteem (β ≈ −0.48, p < 0.01). Within the ASD group, negative parenting attitudes were linked to lower self-esteem (β = −0.36, p = 0.02), whereas positive parenting attitudes showed a non-significant trend toward higher self-esteem (β = 0.20, p = 0.17). Conversely, clinician-rated autism symptom severity assessed by the ADOS-2 was not associated with self-esteem (β = 0.06, p = 0.72). Overall, parenting attitudes were more closely related to self-esteem than clinician-rated symptom severity in the ASD group.ConclusionThese findings underscore the relevance of parenting contexts in relation to self-esteem among youth with ASD. Although autistic traits were associated with greater vulnerability in self-esteem, supportive parenting attitudes were associated with more favorable self-esteem outcomes. Together, the results suggest that parenting-related factors may be important considerations when addressing psychological well-being in autistic children and adolescents.Keywords: adolescents, autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, parenting style, self-esteem","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kazuhiko Yamamuro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Natsuko Kashida","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rio Ishida","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michihiro Toritsuka","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tsutomu Takeda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manabu Makinodan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":38},{"pmcid":"PMC13000038","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00382-5","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Systematic review","ageRange":"Childhood and adolescence","population":"Studies of parenting styles in diverse cultural settings.","rationale":"Responsiveness and firm expectations can mean different things across settings. This review examines how well familiar parenting categories travel.","parentQuestion":"What does showing a child respect look like in my family’s cultural context?","readingPrompts":["Which local concepts resisted translation into the original parenting-style categories?","How did the review decide which studies or instruments to include?","What does showing a child respect look like in my family’s cultural context?"],"limitations":"The scope depends on the search strategy, eligible sources and differences between their measures. The review does not test a specific household practice.","id":"PMC13000038","title":"Reassessing Baumrind’s framework: a systematic review of cultural adaptations and emerging parenting patterns in diverse societies","authors":"Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti; Adi Atmoko; Nur Eva; Domingos Soares","journal":"Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2026-02-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-026-00382-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13000038","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13000038/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13000038-ef14abf1b88cfb36.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ef14abf1b88cfb363a95bd61eb7e1dc9c213f27d1cab1013a4670e54282bb548","sourceTextSha256":"bee99157bff64c9d3b6c8af873df71a13b12a3c86db3e7c81b082b27086486ea","sourceXmlSha256":"f4bf9a9a4ced6c0af45af6e0db641b96ef4d5b54eb7140bd1b120e7f352d0b1f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58286,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundDiana Baumrind’s parenting style framework, based on the dimensions of responsiveness and demandingness, has long served as a cornerstone in developmental psychology. However, its assumed universality is increasingly questioned in light of cross-cultural evidence showing that cultural, socioeconomic, and contextual factors profoundly shape parenting practices and outcomes. In collectivistic societies such as Javanese culture, values like rukun (harmony), nrimo (acceptance), and tut wuri handayani (guiding from behind) foster parenting approaches that integrate authority with care in ways that challenge Western categorizations, particularly the idealization of authoritative parenting.ObjectiveThis systematic literature review aims to critically evaluate the limitations of Baumrind’s parenting typology in diverse cultural contexts and to explore emerging, culturally responsive models that better capture the complexity and adaptability of parenting across societies.MethodsA comprehensive synthesis was conducted of 37 peer-reviewed studies published between 1966 and 2025, identified through systematic searches in databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on relevance to cross-cultural parenting, methodological rigor, and theoretical contribution. Thematic analysis and critical appraisal were employed to identify patterns, discrepancies, and innovations in parenting research.ResultsFindings reveal that Baumrind’s four-category model—authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—fails to account for the contextual adaptability and cultural specificity of parenting behaviors. In collectivistic settings such as African American, Asian, Arab, and Latin American communities, authoritarian and indulgent parenting styles are often associated with positive child outcomes, contradicting Western-centric assumptions. Latent profile analysis has further uncovered novel parenting patterns—such as controlling-indulgent, absent, and ambiguous styles—that fall outside the traditional typology. Emerging frameworks grounded in Self-Determination Theory, emotion coaching, positive discipline, and gentle parenting emphasize autonomy support, emotional attunement, and non-coercive guidance, offering more dynamic and culturally sensitive alternatives.ConclusionParenting is not a fixed set of behaviors but a fluid, reciprocal, and contextually embedded process. This review calls for a paradigmatic shift from rigid typologies to dynamic, universalist models toward ecologically valid, culturally grounded approaches or models that recognize the diversity of family systems and developmental goals. Future research must prioritize the development of culturally adaptive instruments and theories, especially in underrepresented regions like Java, to advance a more inclusive, equitable, and globally relevant science of parenting.Keywords: Parenting styles, Baumrind, Cultural context, Authoritarian parenting, Authoritative parenting, Systematic literature review, Javanese culture, Alternative parenting models","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Adi Atmoko","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nur Eva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Domingos Soares","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":39},{"pmcid":"PMC13546263","doi":"10.1007/s40653-026-00867-6","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 10–19","population":"Adolescent respondents from six municipalities in Cundinamarca, Colombia.","rationale":"Young people reported on both warmth and physical punishment. Measuring them separately helps avoid assuming that one rules out the other.","parentQuestion":"What would my child describe as both caring and hurtful in how adults set limits?","readingPrompts":["Who described family warmth and physical punishment in this survey?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What would my child describe as both caring and hurtful in how adults set limits?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13546263","title":"Parental Warmth as a Moderator Between Family Conflict and the use of Corporal Punishment: Adolescents’ Perspectives","authors":"Natalia Valenzuela; Angela Trujillo; Martha Rocío González","journal":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2026-04-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-026-00867-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13546263","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13546263/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13546263-1152e1d9b7788f31.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1152e1d9b7788f31682abf355ef5b0cd5b770448e474bf1e2196f1780943a532","sourceTextSha256":"9f844753a7549a50005779d6ac88020828bf5c2cff1a377571c9bd575fa2a244","sourceXmlSha256":"07ce3660ee2b3d16368712161cef41557e79fafd356053acf73eddca3e620f71","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38209,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined whether parental warmth moderates the relationship between family conflict and physical punishment from the perspective of Colombian adolescents. A sample of 3,279 adolescents (ages 10–19) from six municipalities in Cundinamarca completed the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Using multiple linear regression and moderation analysis, results revealed that higher parental warmth buffers the association between family conflict and the use of Physical punishment. Specifically, as parental warmth increases, the impact of family conflict on CP decreases. These findings highlight the protective role of warm parenting in mitigating negative family dynamics and have important implications for developing interventions and public policies to reduce harsh discipline in Colombia.Keywords: Parental Warmth, Family Conflict, CP, Youth mental health","authorEntries":[{"name":"Natalia Valenzuela","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angela Trujillo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Martha Rocío González","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":40},{"pmcid":"PMC11149413","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2024.26261","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Early childhood to adolescence","population":"Families followed in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.","rationale":"This article examines whether parenting and children’s regulatory skills predict later changes in one another. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"Am I adjusting my support as my child’s planning skills change?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether parenting and children’s regulatory skills predict later changes in one another?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families followed in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC11149413","title":"Transactional Linkages Between Parenting Behaviors and Child Executive Functions and Self-Regulation from Early Childhood to Adolescence","authors":"Atika Khurana; Heather Leonard; Laura Michaelson; Derek Kosty","journal":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","publisher":"Scandinavian Society for Person-Oriented Research","publishedDate":"2024-05-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2024.26261","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11149413","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11149413/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11149413-92dc7f8130b1b448.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"92dc7f8130b1b448fe56c730d88e6e5e3c3c4381a3409a7b4fe97e13e27d6991","sourceTextSha256":"4021f376d0be912bcab4e02c7c3587dd160f137efc9276f65e275be03adbd288","sourceXmlSha256":"307cb844992debe73572c73ff2905648adf564068d961cfd43a030c3e35213f9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d2303fe87ac8141d086fe082e33160aa67ab397fe85566637f8d73ef517eb10c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66027,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Research on the development of executive functions (EFs) and self-regulation (SR) has focused heavily on the early childhood years, when these abilities first emerge. Less is known in comparison about how these abilities develop through adolescence, and how contextual factors, such as parenting, influence their development in later years. Using longitudinal data from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), we used random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) to examine the bidirectional linkages between three parenting behaviors (i.e., autonomy support, supportive presence, hostility), child EFs (i.e., working memory, inhibitory control) and child SR outcomes, from early childhood to adolescence. Parenting in early childhood was significantly associated with change in child EFs from early to middle childhood, but not from middle childhood to adolescence. Specifically, greater autonomy support in early childhood was associated with stronger child working memory and inhibitory control in middle childhood; greater supportive presence in early childhood was associated with stronger child working memory in middle childhood; and higher rates of hostility in early childhood were associated with weaker child inhibitory skills in middle childhood. Reciprocal effects of child EF and SR on parenting were also observed. Specifically, stronger child inhibitory control in early childhood was associated with less hostility in middle childhood, and stronger child self-regulation in middle childhood was associated with greater supportive presence in adolescence. Accounting for lagged and stability effects, there was significant residual covariance between parenting behaviors and child SR in adolescence, suggesting that parenting continues to be associated with the development of SR skills through adolescence. Understanding reciprocal linkages between parenting and child EF/SR through adolescence is critical in developing targeted parenting interventions beyond early childhood to improve children’s outcomes.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Atika Khurana","type":"Person"},{"name":"Heather Leonard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Michaelson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Derek Kosty","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":41},{"pmcid":"PMC11273578","doi":"10.3390/bs14070534","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Parents of adolescents surveyed after China’s Double Reduction policy was introduced.","rationale":"This article examines how support for choice, communication and family cohesion relate under China’s homework reforms. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"What happens to family communication when a child gains more say in their after-school routine?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how support for choice, communication and family cohesion relate under China’s homework reforms?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is parents of adolescents surveyed after China’s Double Reduction policy was introduced."],"limitations":"Reports about earlier autonomy support were gathered retrospectively after an education-policy change. Recall and simultaneous changes in family life may affect the comparison.","id":"PMC11273578","title":"The Impact of Parental Autonomy Support on Family Adaptation in the Context of “Double Reduction”: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Communication and Cohesion","authors":"Ruibo Xie; Xuan Wang; Yangguang Ding; Yanling Chen; Wan Ding; Xiaochun Xie; Hanna Järvenoja","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-06-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070534","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11273578","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11273578/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11273578-153cccb4993308be.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"153cccb4993308bed67fc799c42aba664695ee2074aa64f78ed76b830133899f","sourceTextSha256":"22e61a08c8e372762df4b9df74c17b5f30605818592be2bc9079669bb09ff4b6","sourceXmlSha256":"4703438f73ca762a3f9aadf12a726e91badf488a33d0c4e897e8a219c7a84995","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":42630,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThe implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy indicates a significant change in the way households operate, such as through parental education conception and parenting form, in which family adaptation needs particular attention. Parental autonomy support has been evidenced to be related to family adaptation in prior studies. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between parental autonomy support and family adaptation in the context of “Double Reduction” are not clear enough but remain fascinating. This study aims to explore the process through which parental autonomy support affects the whole family’s adaptation in the context of “Double Reduction” from the perspectives of parent–child behavior and emotions (i.e., parent–child communication and parent–child cohesion). A cross-sectional design based on the questionnaire method was used to collect the characteristics of 4239 adolescent parents (1493 fathers and 3427 mothers; Mage = 43.20, SDage = 22.39) one year after the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy. In addition, this study also used the retrospective method to obtain the characteristics of parental autonomy support before the “Double Reduction” policy. In the context of “Double Reduction”, the research results found that parental autonomy support can predict family adaptation; parental autonomy support can also influence the whole family’s adaptation through the quality of parent–child interaction. This study reveals the impact mechanism of parental autonomy support on family adaptation under the background of “Double Reduction” in China and provides insights on how to improve the adaptation of the entire family from the perspective of parent–child interaction.Keywords: “Double Reduction” policy, parental autonomy support, parent–child communication, parent–child cohesion, family adaptation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ruibo Xie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xuan Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yangguang Ding","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yanling Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wan Ding","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaochun Xie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hanna Järvenoja","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":42},{"pmcid":"PMC11314356","doi":"10.3390/nu16152564","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 9–14","population":"Children aged nine to fourteen completing measures of food education, literacy and learning motivation.","rationale":"This article examines how food education at home relates to children’s confidence and motivation to learn about food. The research links support at home to the confidence or motivation a young person brings to their own activities.","parentQuestion":"What part of preparing or choosing food would my child like to learn next?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how food education at home relates to children’s confidence and motivation to learn about food?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children aged nine to fourteen completing measures of food education, literacy and learning motivation."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11314356","title":"The Effects of Parental Food Education on Children’s Food Literacy: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Relationship and Learning Motivation","authors":"Xing Xu; Huizi Cai; Jieying Zhang; Tiansheng Xia","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-08-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152564","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11314356","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11314356/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11314356-e02f78de74528e1b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e02f78de74528e1b68721cb276b73a7b4499adf8135850515ced31b9e450895f","sourceTextSha256":"54a1c04f0c02e6f23758ae362f84d1d5c3eb923d461d5c6d156e872ad7f43025","sourceXmlSha256":"8e835f6a21c32aa2b0d178c52b34f03a50c5bd7d51abd17dea5c24e832966141","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44301,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental food education has been recognized among the important factors influencing children’s food literacy; however, the intrinsic mechanisms through which this influence occurs are unclear. In this study, a mediation model was constructed to explore this issue, using the parent–child relationship and learning motivation as mediating variables. In total, 204 children, aged 9–14 years old, responded to questionnaires on parental food education, children’s food literacy, the parent–child relationship, and learning motivation, which were used to measure the variables of interest. The results showed that parental food education was significantly and positively related to the parent–child relationship, learning motivation, and children’s food literacy; the parent–child relationship was significantly and positively related to learning motivation; and learning motivation was significantly and positively related to children’s food literacy. Parental food education influenced children’s food literacy in the following two main ways: the mediating role of learning motivation and the chain-mediating roles of the parent–child relationship and learning motivation. In addition, we attempt to explore the moderating role of the teaching stage between parental food education and the parent–child relationship, learning motivation, and children’s food literacy. In this paper, we discuss possible guidelines for family food education and children’s health based on the findings of the current study.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xing Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huizi Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jieying Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiansheng Xia","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":43},{"pmcid":"PMC11431262","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21091207","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence and emerging adulthood","population":"A Taiwanese sample reporting parenting, perceived benefits of risk and risk-taking behaviour.","rationale":"This article examines how psychological control and perceived benefits of risk relate in Taiwanese youth. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"What benefit does my child see in a risk that looks pointless to me?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how psychological control and perceived benefits of risk relate in Taiwanese youth?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is a Taiwanese sample reporting parenting, perceived benefits of risk and risk-taking behaviour."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11431262","title":"Parental Psychological Control and Risk-Taking among Taiwanese Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Benefit Perception as a Mediator","authors":"Catherine P Chou; Ryan D Burns","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-09-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091207","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11431262","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11431262/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11431262-c1f89a362afe5897.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c1f89a362afe58979d7afdaee1e43161af63c3b9df511b66482ebabb040f0812","sourceTextSha256":"395a519d6b16369294ed583656446ee1794d3d656f87a329675165e483106a1f","sourceXmlSha256":"3ec86da0588622d787a6baf22e4cb1c7c32d3328567af00b4f0f61b6f7bf4ead","rightsEvidenceSha256":"cb9b6cb0622c2455037548fbf8fbde7d93ecae1fbd8821f278bd6345daad909e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43619,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractYouth risk-taking behaviors present important public health concerns due to their prevalence and potential adverse consequences, underscoring the need for research and prevention strategies to promote youth’s healthy development. The present research examined the relationship between parental psychological control and risk-taking behaviors via benefit perception among high school and college students in Taiwan. Using a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed 378 participants to assess maternal and paternal psychological control, benefit perception, and engagement in risk-taking behaviors. Results indicated no significant difference in psychological control or benefit perception between high school and college students. However, college students reported higher levels of risk-taking behaviors, such as risky driving, alcohol use, and unprotected sex. Both maternal and paternal psychological control positively correlated with benefit perception and risk-taking behaviors. Furthermore, benefit perception mediated the relationship between psychological control and risk-taking behavior among high school and college students. These findings suggested that parental psychological control indirectly influenced youth risk-taking by shaping their perceptions of the benefits of such behaviors. The study highlights the importance of promoting autonomy-supportive parenting to reduce risk-taking behaviors and advocates for programs that enhance decision-making skills among adolescents and emerging adults.Keywords: psychological control, risk-taking, benefit perception, adolescent, emerging adult","authorEntries":[{"name":"Catherine P Chou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ryan D Burns","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":44},{"pmcid":"PMC11430176","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14090924","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Randomized controlled trial","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Twenty-one parent–child pairs taking part in the Partners in Play trial.","rationale":"This article examines whether a play intervention changes how parents guide children and how children regulate behaviour. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"When I join a game, can my child still decide what to try next?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether a play intervention changes how parents guide children and how children regulate behaviour?","What did the comparison group receive, and did the outcome measure daily practice or reported attitudes?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is twenty-one parent–child pairs taking part in the Partners in Play trial."],"limitations":"Only 21 parent–child pairs took part. A programme effect in this trial cannot establish what happens in larger groups or outside the play sessions.","id":"PMC11430176","title":"Effect of the Partners in Play Intervention on Parents’ Autonomy-Supportive Guiding Behaviour and Children’s Self-Regulation","authors":"Natalie Day; Fred Paas; Lisa Kervin; Sahar Bokosmaty; Steven J. Howard","journal":"Brain Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-09-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090924","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11430176","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11430176/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11430176-cf78583d84512770.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cf78583d84512770a13b0aaed17d2a7388720be74b8ff3c01f0afdb88665d5b7","sourceTextSha256":"00a105daf283a02e6f6754a9e3c3e9ae93175bbacac30420c5c711ed0bb8b84b","sourceXmlSha256":"b0ed81526cd8618443d8caf90733b1897c1802fada8e329ba14892f9d4cb0559","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9ef39fb5c8152afa517a36059d938fc2c9468789fff19ade64c7b56b528ac1","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":74243,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Compelling evidence supports the foundational importance of early self-regulation (SR). It also supports parents in the home environment as having the foremost influence on early development. Yet, prevailing approaches to support early SR growth have tended to leverage early education and clinical settings. Partners in Play (PiP) was developed as a sustainable approach for parents to learn how and when to support children through experiences of self-regulation challenges in the home learning environment. This study reports the first randomised control trial evaluation of the PiP program, with 21 parent–child dyads (consisting of twelve girl–mother dyads, eight boy–mother dyads, and one boy–father dyad; mean child age = 4.12 years, SD = 0.65). Dyads were randomised to a PiP intervention group (n = 10), which entailed four online parent information sessions and four out-of-home guided practice dyadic play sessions across 8 weeks, or an active control group (n = 11). The primary outcome was parent autonomy support, and the secondary outcome was child SR. Results indicated a significant increase in parents’ use of autonomy support and a non-significant but moderate-sized effect on child SR. This innovative proof-of-concept program and evaluation provides a roadmap for effecting change in parental support during children’s play, to the prospective benefit of important abilities such as child SR. Analyses show promise for a parent-based model toward parent behaviour change and child SR improvement.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Natalie Day","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fred Paas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa Kervin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sahar Bokosmaty","type":"Person"},{"name":"Steven J. Howard","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":45},{"pmcid":"PMC11521895","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397547","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Comparative scaffolding experiment","ageRange":"Age 5","population":"Mothers and five-year-olds discussing a fictional family conflict.","rationale":"This article examines moral reasoning during a conversation with a parent. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"Could I ask my child to explain a character’s decision before offering my own interpretation?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about moral reasoning during a conversation with a parent?","What exactly was changed in the comparison, and what did the child do without help?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is mothers and five-year-olds discussing a fictional family conflict."],"limitations":"Performance in the study task may not carry over to an unscripted family conversation. Check how the comparison condition was arranged.","id":"PMC11521895","title":"Evolutionary development of mother–child scaffolding for moral comprehension","authors":"Robert J Beck","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-10-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397547","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11521895","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11521895/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11521895/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11521895-2fdde5eebefbecd9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2fdde5eebefbecd99ad1cd0cf52974026193d602957a1178306fe43843158a7c","sourceTextSha256":"1beb82f21bfd6fb8a4e0e14ae558faac0b2e975545cd78c4f32273a3e88025cc","sourceXmlSha256":"9f38b7d5de4f14c6b6a9417694f1158dbdad4c1aea52f56bd40ce6e2d2482c9a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3f051c7ca5bb5a473839602609f14fa926b2fd8d30a1fd1620b7d7e741366282","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":89914,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis evolutionary developmental study employed an experimental recursive narrative ecological niche, comparing scaffolded mother–child (5-year-old) pairs to unassisted controls as they independently viewed and discussed a realistic fictional family video depicting a father–daughter emotional conflict over the girl’s risky behavior, which violated harm/care and fairness/justice moral foundation norms. A microgenetic analysis was conducted on a selected variant pair that demonstrated high adaptive fitness in the niche by employing developmentally advanced cooperative scaffolding tools. The conversational ecosystem phase was characterized by repeated maternal theory-oriented “why” questions and coordinated child causal responses, forming a joint epistemic investigation that facilitated the child’s moral understanding of the characters’ responsibilities and motives. The pair used quasi-justice procedures to gather evidence, judge, and construct moral attributes for the characters. Their conversational mechanism was supported by mutual mindreading, mental time travel, and empathic communications, as they interacted simultaneously with each other and the story characters. A narrative ecological scaffolding theory emerged, establishing a standard for cooperative epistemic scaffolding between the mother and the child. Future training programs should utilize the Zone of Proximal Development method to instruct similar parent–child pairs.Keywords: evolutionary development, ecological niche, narrative inquiry, scaffolding, harm/care, fairness/justice, moral comprehension, theory of mind","authorEntries":[{"name":"Robert J Beck","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":46},{"pmcid":"PMC11816459","doi":"10.1177/26350106241304424","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents living with type 1 diabetes reporting their perspectives on communication and self-care.","rationale":"This article examines how parent–adolescent communication relates to teenagers’ confidence in managing type 1 diabetes. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"How can I find out which care conversations leave my teenager feeling more capable?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parent–adolescent communication relates to teenagers’ confidence in managing type 1 diabetes?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescents living with type 1 diabetes reporting their perspectives on communication and self-care."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11816459","title":"Parent-Adolescent Communication, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents","authors":"Ella Tuohy; Pamela Gallagher; Caroline Rawdon; Nuala Murphy; Ciara McDonnell; Veronica Swallow; Veronica Lambert","journal":"The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2025-01-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26350106241304424","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11816459","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11816459/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11816459-a6e3339ccacd48a9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a6e3339ccacd48a9f636f13e658952a065deff75d870266c81ae5e37022733a1","sourceTextSha256":"7b1ccaf41344688ff654377072713a02412da008fb437eb74da5953670da49ce","sourceXmlSha256":"1d8208c40761478d0175a3bdb36b1f5f1cec82935a7c5bd16564ae198b59d456","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1422330bc8b9d35afb432bd9f87fd8cc9db40c9bd0885ebd23728dc2f6dfec76","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31830,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate adolescent perspectives of parent-adolescent communication, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-specific family conflict, self-efficacy, and their relationship to adolescent self-management of T1DM.MethodsA cross-sectional survey design was employed. Adolescents completed measures of parent-adolescent communication, T1DM-specific family conflict, self-efficacy, and self-management, which included activation and division of responsibility for management tasks.ResultsSurveys were completed by 113 adolescents ages 11 to 17 years (mean age 13.85 years, SD 1.78) and living with T1DM for 6 months and longer. Hierarchical multiple regression sought to determine what variables make the most unique contribution to self-management of T1DM, division of family responsibility for management tasks, and activation. Self-efficacy was a significant predictor of division of family responsibility for T1DM management, patient activation, and all self-management subscales except collaboration with parents. Openness in parent-adolescent communication was a significant predictor of the diabetes communication and goals subscale of the self-management measure and activation. Problems in communication was a significant predictor of collaboration with parents and self-management goals.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that family context characteristics, particularly parent-adolescent communication, and self-efficacy are important for engagement with self-management for adolescents living with T1DM. Findings can inform future family-focused self-management interventions to improve T1DM outcomes for adolescents living with T1DM.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ella Tuohy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pamela Gallagher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caroline Rawdon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nuala Murphy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ciara McDonnell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Swallow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Lambert","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F26350106241304424","publisherEvidenceSha256":"0a3866acad1022c7073d4214c816275884ba159728ab502a1555d278c75dd526","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":47},{"pmcid":"PMC11766234","doi":"10.3390/jintelligence13010008","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Middle school","population":"Shanghai public middle-school students reporting their experiences of home and school support.","rationale":"This article examines how parental support for autonomy fits alongside teachers’ beliefs and school climate. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"Does my encouragement of choice feel consistent with the messages my child receives at school?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental support for autonomy fits alongside teachers’ beliefs and school climate?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is shanghai public middle-school students reporting their experiences of home and school support."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11766234","title":"Teachers’ Growth Mindset, Perceived School Climate, and Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Moderate the Relationship Between Students’ Growth Mindset and Academic Achievement","authors":"Kai Zhang; Wu-Jing He","journal":"Journal of Intelligence","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-01-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13010008","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11766234","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11766234/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11766234-a1195d57bf1f216b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a1195d57bf1f216b4b79bba80ba78a05dc4be27a2396166d9470644aa5e26d6a","sourceTextSha256":"d8d85217545b6f8123aa6c9e5f9f048b451b32afe9978c8327e40e7ffbf03fb5","sourceXmlSha256":"0033d0cf79fccdbca27ce8750aaf0b86b43cb14df9ca0c0a15bd9527cf338c7e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":56655,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study investigates the moderating effects of several contextual factors (i.e., teachers’ growth mindset, perceived school climate, and perceived parental autonomy support) on the relationship between students’ growth mindset and academic achievement. Drawing on Dweck’s growth mindset theory and recent research findings that highlight the context sensitivity of the growth mindset, we hypothesize that supportive environments strengthen the positive impact of students’ growth mindset on academic outcomes. A sample of 358 middle school students (53.8% female; Mage = 13.38 years, SD = 2.20) from public schools in Shanghai City, mainland China, was assessed via three validated instruments: (1) the Growth Mindset Inventory, which is used to measure students’ and teachers’ beliefs about intelligence; (2) the Delaware School Climate Survey for Students, which is used to assess students’ perceptions of the school climate; and (3) the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale, which is used to evaluate students’ perceived parental autonomy support. Academic achievement was measured by district-level final exam scores. The results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that teachers’ growth mindset, perceived school climate support (e.g., teacher–student and student–student relations, fairness of rules, school safety, liking of school), and the perception of positive parental autonomy support (e.g., choice, rationale, acknowledgment) positively moderated the relationship between students’ growth mindset and academic achievement. In contrast, the perception of negative parental autonomy factors (e.g., punishment threats, performance pressure, guilt-inducing criticism) negatively moderated this relationship. These results indicate that the relationship between students’ growth mindset and academic achievement may vary depending on contextual factors, highlighting the importance of considering both positive and negative influences when designing educational strategies.Keywords: growth mindset, academic achievement, teachers’ mindset, school climate, perceived parental autonomy support","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kai Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wu-Jing He","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":48},{"pmcid":"PMC11851669","doi":"10.3390/bs15020172","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents studied in relation to after-school activities, self-management and parental involvement.","rationale":"This article examines how parental involvement and students’ after-school self-management relate to academic performance. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of an after-school schedule can my teenager organise themselves?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental involvement and students’ after-school self-management relate to academic performance?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescents studied in relation to after-school activities, self-management and parental involvement."],"limitations":"A pattern in observed behaviour can have several explanations. The study setting and the way the behaviour was recorded matter when interpreting it.","id":"PMC11851669","title":"After-School Behaviors, Self-Management, and Parental Involvement as Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents","authors":"Meng Xiao; Mingzhang Zuo; Xinqi Liu; Kunyu Wang; Heng Luo","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-02-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020172","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11851669","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11851669/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11851669-8977a5459190d57f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8977a5459190d57f11b260f55463d7ac6374bfb6012af18ab07aa156956b9424","sourceTextSha256":"238fd738f7f8cf24e01439a659b51b74aceb6132991b5402261b73afd00e3fe2","sourceXmlSha256":"ccec77dbd6c001f125778bbc3b94caf436d8bcd30458d134d43abaad84421303","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53848,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"How adolescents’ after-school behaviors, self-management, and parental involvement are associated with their academic success and personal development has drawn growing attention. This study systematically examined how these three factors predict academic achievement. Data were collected from 353 seventh-grade students through a self-designed daily behavior log sheet and self-management app, and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify key predictors. The results indicated that academic achievement was positively related to sleep quality, homework duration, self-assessment, and parental involvement, while it was negatively associated with sleep duration, exercise duration, and the number of daily planned tasks. Despite these insights, the study has limitations, including reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias, and the use of a cross-sectional design, which precludes determining the temporal sequence of variables and inferring causal relationships. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, parents, and students; they also emphasize the importance of organizing students’ after-school activities effectively, enhancing their self-management competencies, and encouraging active parental involvement in fostering students’ academic success and overall development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Meng Xiao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mingzhang Zuo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinqi Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kunyu Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Heng Luo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":49},{"pmcid":"PMC11854090","doi":"10.3390/children12020247","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Six hundred and ninety-seven adolescents evaluating parental helicopter attitudes.","rationale":"This article examines how teenagers describe parental behaviour they consider overinvolved. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"Which kind of help would my teenager describe as stepping in too soon?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how teenagers describe parental behaviour they consider overinvolved?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is six hundred and ninety-seven adolescents evaluating parental helicopter attitudes."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC11854090","title":"Adolescents’ Evaluation of Their Parents in Terms of Helicopter Parenting Attitudes","authors":"Melike Yavaş Çelik","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-02-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020247","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11854090","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11854090/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11854090-a8e8c832ec9792d0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a8e8c832ec9792d060a83fb99a95770308474b18d83bf144d66c43b3d006fcf1","sourceTextSha256":"82c64d8b23ecdbae3f9c2340b44b038fd61782782f35d877dfb8b89845b253d4","sourceXmlSha256":"fab27d2d3ea60e8c0e446964b093eefabdb068cd88ed46719b70cdbe1897c5f8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a29070a2cb775d019d377415f1a5c938faaa7788fc2844ee01b7012f65e31609","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27293,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background/Objectives: Helicopter parenting is likened to a helicopter constantly hovering over the child. Every action the child takes or attempts to take is monitored by the parents and the child is continuously subjected to parental pressure. This study aims to evaluate the parents of adolescents in terms of helicopter parenting attitudes. Methods: The present study was conducted with a total of 697 adolescents. The data were collected using a question form and the Helicopter Parent Attitude/s Scale (HPAS). Results: The mean HPAS score of the mothers was found to be 35.81 ± 9.43, and the mean HPAS score of the fathers was 32.64 ± 9.50. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the average HPAS score of the mothers and fathers. It was found that the HPAS scores of mothers seen by the adolescents as having overprotective attitudes were higher than those of mothers with other attitudes. It was found that the average HPAS scores of fathers who were seen by adolescents as having indifferent attitudes were lower than those of fathers with different attitudes. Conclusions: Mothers may have more helicopter parenting attitudes than fathers. There may also be a relationship between overprotective attitudes, indifferent attitudes, and helicopter parenting attitudes. The mediating roles of helicopter parenting should be evaluated in more detail and should help them fulfill their parenting roles.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Melike Yavaş Çelik","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":50},{"pmcid":"PMC11890506","doi":"10.1186/s13034-025-00875-8","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Early childhood to school age","population":"Children in a longitudinal study with earlier measures from infancy and a later follow-up.","rationale":"This article examines how positive parenting and early executive function relate to later self-regulation. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"How does a child’s earlier ability to manage a task affect the help they need later?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how positive parenting and early executive function relate to later self-regulation?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children in a longitudinal study with earlier measures from infancy and a later follow-up."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC11890506","title":"Longitudinal associations between executive function and positive parenting during early childhood and resilience, self-regulation, and behavioral problems in school-age children","authors":"Lalin Rungsattatharm; Priyakorn Tasingha; Pon Trairatvorakul; Weerasak Chonchaiya","journal":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2025-03-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-00875-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11890506","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11890506/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11890506-7de70fda1f895521.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7de70fda1f895521ccd24e827878bb779397ca7193e712239252dd2f193e0ea6","sourceTextSha256":"9b0fe8e0d1950b01dc435896d8b3a19ed76c2983f9ec5e80ac4df83eaf36b95c","sourceXmlSha256":"a07b1f531581a630dbecc8198c7dd118aea4c5e88317afac84c6db91af7f4280","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5c9b0e1a8d84f5692c2f6ab862c92261ef624d6935b321f01fa677ce33fcf0b7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47645,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundLongitudinal studies of associations between executive function (EF) and parenting behaviors during early childhood and resilience, self-regulation, and behavioral problems in school-age children are scarce. This study aims to evaluate long-term associations between EF and parenting behaviors during preschool and resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems in 9-year-old children.MethodsFrom February 2021-March 2022, 195 participants were enrolled from a larger longitudinal study conducted since age 6 months. Parents reported child EF difficulties and behavioral problems at ages 4, 6, and 9, as well as parenting behaviors at ages 4 and 6. Children reported resilience and self-regulatory efficacy at age 9. The relationships between these variables were analyzed using path analysis.ResultsAmong 195 participants (51.3% female) with a median age of 108 months (interquartile range 108–109), EF difficulties at ages 4 and 6 exhibited direct and indirect relationships with lower resilience, reduced self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems at age 9. Positive parenting at ages 4 and 6 were indirectly associated with better resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and fewer behavioral problems at age 9, mediated by reduced EF difficulties and behavioral problems during preschool.ConclusionsEF difficulties during preschool were correlated with decreased resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems in school-age children. Interventions focusing on promoting EF and positive parenting during early childhood may alleviate behavioral problems and potentially enhance resilience and self-regulatory efficacy during school-age.Keywords: Behavior, Executive function, Parenting, Resilience, School-age children, Self-regulation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lalin Rungsattatharm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Priyakorn Tasingha","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pon Trairatvorakul","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weerasak Chonchaiya","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":51},{"pmcid":"PMC12331812","doi":"10.1007/s10964-025-02164-1","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Late adolescence","population":"Three hundred and fifty Hong Kong adolescents completing repeated reports across an academic year.","rationale":"This article examines how day-to-day variations in parental overinvolvement relate to young people’s psychological needs. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"Do changes in my involvement line up with how much choice my child feels from one week to the next?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how day-to-day variations in parental overinvolvement relate to young people’s psychological needs?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is three hundred and fifty Hong Kong adolescents completing repeated reports across an academic year."],"limitations":"Repeated reports describe within-family fluctuations in one Hong Kong sample. A link across measurement occasions does not identify every cause of changing wellbeing.","id":"PMC12331812","title":"Helicopter Parenting and Youth Affective Well-Being: Need Satisfaction as a Within-Family Mediator","authors":"Yue Wang; Savannah Boele; Anne Bülow; Loes Keijsers; Skyler T Hawk","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02164-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12331812","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12331812/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12331812-6650939618a72fe5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6650939618a72fe5cbad92b317d1d0c51a5103fc80b3c9eb2db34c34c3224f7a","sourceTextSha256":"02afc1a2cf5371e20a197e88a13b23c01791ca40b418e12cab66784f40788968","sourceXmlSha256":"852820ec2e9894183314749e6ff6e9705775d61807cd4781329fda8947e1f1e4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57052,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting processes occur within families and unfold over time. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), helicopter parenting can threaten youth’s psychological need satisfaction and undermine well-being. This study represents the first investigation of these theorized within-family, time-lagged processes. The research followed 350 late adolescents in Hong Kong (Mage = 18.2, SDage = 1.09, 39.7% male, 60.3% female, 98.9% Chinese) for an academic year, collecting 16 bi-weekly reports of maternal helicopter parenting, youth affective well-being, and youth psychological need satisfaction. Preregistered Dynamic Structural Equation Models showed that, within families, helicopter parenting predicted decreased autonomy and relatedness (but not competence) satisfaction, which subsequently predicted decreased positive affect and increased negative affect. Parenting effects were time-dependent, exhibiting differences in valence and statistical significance between concurrent and time-lagged associations. This meso-longitudinal study highlights the applicability of SDT to parenting contexts and underscores the significance of considering the timeframe in understanding parenting processes.Keywords: Helicopter parenting, Affective well-being, Self-determination theory, Dynamic structural equation modeling, Within-family","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yue Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Savannah Boele","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anne Bülow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loes Keijsers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Skyler T Hawk","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-025-02164-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"32d21a0faf1d3409dcdce0bebc60c5e34f63d698575975bfb382e1e658d4bb68","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":52},{"pmcid":"PMC12150784","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1416040","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Chinese preschool migrant children and families in a study of household chaos and conflict.","rationale":"This article examines how family conflict and mindful parenting enter accounts of self-regulation in migrant preschoolers. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"When our schedule becomes unpredictable, what helps my child resume an activity?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how family conflict and mindful parenting enter accounts of self-regulation in migrant preschoolers?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is chinese preschool migrant children and families in a study of household chaos and conflict."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12150784","title":"Household chaos and preschool migrant children’s self-regulation: the mediating role of parent–child conflict and the moderating role of mindful parenting","authors":"Huihui Zhu; Lina Shu; Xiaoying Wang; Zhechuan Xu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-05-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1416040","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12150784","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150784/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150784/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12150784-f8591e96bc026873.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f8591e96bc026873d49fc6989a493a7446e8f3a26d0b8bf4c4068b5982659709","sourceTextSha256":"d18b37a6c20bed665e201c505b2795b1e86e1350490760254a37d33f8e964532","sourceXmlSha256":"d9d67fffe26b0cd6a34745b60ab2894e6b23e55ffd079dbd95facae973dfc217","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e184efd403a83820cb233286e98da049712f1dc641c30a1780a7331bac1951a3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43467,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSelf-regulation is a foundational ability for children’s learning and socioemotional development. Household chaos, as an unavoidable physical environmental risk in the early growth environment of preschool migrant children, may significantly threaten the development of children’s self-regulation. Therefore, this study, based on the Family Stress Model and the Risk-Protective Factor Model, explores how household chaos affects the self-regulation of preschool migrant children through parent–child conflict and how mindful parenting moderates this relationship. Nine hundred and forty Chinese preschool migrant children and their families participated in this study. The results indicated that after controlling for factors including gender, age, and family socioeconomic status, household chaos was significantly negatively associated with children’s self-regulation ability. Parent–child conflict mediated the relationship between household chaos and the self-regulation of preschool migrant children. At the same time, mindful parenting modified the adverse effects of parent–child conflict on self-regulation, but as the level of parent–child conflict increased, its protective effect gradually decreased. These results suggest that household chaos and parent–child conflict are important risks for the early development of self-regulation in preschool migrant children. In addition, mindful parenting reduced the tension arising from parent–child conflict. These findings underscores the importance of addressing environmental stressors and promoting positive parent–child relationship in early childhood. Moreover, the results provide important implications for both practice and research.Keywords: preschool migrant children, household chaos, parent–child conflict, mindful parenting, self-regulation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Huihui Zhu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lina Shu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoying Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhechuan Xu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":53},{"pmcid":"PMC12121011","doi":"10.1186/s12966-025-01768-x","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Families of children with avid eating behaviour reporting feeding practices in the moment.","rationale":"This article examines how parents use structure and autonomy support when feeding children who are highly interested in eating. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"When my child is eager to eat, which parts of the meal can they still choose?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parents use structure and autonomy support when feeding children who are highly interested in eating?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families of children with avid eating behaviour reporting feeding practices in the moment."],"limitations":"A pattern in observed behaviour can have several explanations. The study setting and the way the behaviour was recorded matter when interpreting it.","id":"PMC12121011","title":"Parental use of structure-based and autonomy support feeding practices with children with avid eating behaviour: an Ecological Momentary Assessment study","authors":"Katie L. Edwards; Abigail Pickard; Claire Farrow; Emma Haycraft; Moritz Herle; Clare Llewellyn; Helen Croker; Alice Kininmonth; Jacqueline Blissett","journal":"The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2025-05-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01768-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12121011","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12121011/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12121011-7e381e29512d43c4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7e381e29512d43c4c20fe6722dbf17a6d639ebe2a00058efac8351109e1afa19","sourceTextSha256":"26cecccd5c9904cee2179a1b688e8ef0f59b0a85f004001989b2f9e891146c2c","sourceXmlSha256":"66fc38fe110147152c81d162cc09fbccdeeb7b27598a2cd6a7925203d57c7400","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ba7f023d36471d6f35d7b9444f6b7bf6c958ae7a15ec25a801a434e57817fae","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45707,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundAvid eating is an eating profile which confers greater risk for childhood obesity and can be challenging for parents to manage. Using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), we have previously shown that parental mood, feeding goals, and eating context determine parents’ use of coercive and indulgent feeding practices. Parents have also reported using specific noncoercive practices which provide structure (e.g., modelling) or autonomy support (e.g., nutrition education) when feeding children with avid eating behaviour more effectively. However, research is yet to examine the momentary predictors of these adaptive feeding practices.MethodThis EMA study aimed to examine parental mood, goals, and context as momentary predictors of parents’ use of noncoercive feeding practices during daily feeding interactions with preschool children (3–5-years-old) with an avid eating profile. Parents (N = 109; females n = 85) completed a 10-day EMA period which assessed momentary mood, feeding goals, feeding practices, and contextual factors.ResultsParents were more likely to use structure-based feeding practices when feeding goals were health-related, the atmosphere was positive or neutral, or when parents initiated eating occasions. Parents were also more likely to use autonomy support feeding practices when their feeding goals were health-related or when parents initiated eating occasions. Encouraging children to eat or negotiating with children about how much or what food to eat was significantly associated with a negative atmosphere during eating occasions.ConclusionsTogether, our findings show that parental mood, feeding goals and context are momentary predictors of parents’ use of noncoercive feeding practices to manage children’s avid eating behaviour. Further work is needed to examine whether supporting parents to prioritise health-related goals at mealtimes increases the use of adaptive, noncoercive feeding practices.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-025-01768-x.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Katie L. Edwards","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abigail Pickard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claire Farrow","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Haycraft","type":"Person"},{"name":"Moritz Herle","type":"Person"},{"name":"Clare Llewellyn","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen Croker","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alice Kininmonth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jacqueline Blissett","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":54},{"pmcid":"PMC12174505","doi":"10.1111/famp.70053","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Early to middle childhood","population":"Families represented in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study.","rationale":"This article examines how household disorganization, parenting stress and behavioural regulation change together. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"Does my child find it easier to manage a routine on days when our household is more predictable?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how household disorganization, parenting stress and behavioural regulation change together?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is families represented in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC12174505","title":"Reciprocal Relationships Among Household Chaos, Parenting Stress, and Children's Behavioral Self‐Regulation From Early to Middle Childhood","authors":"Qingyang Liu; Ying Zhang; Rachel A Razza","journal":"Family Process","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-06-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70053","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12174505","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12174505/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12174505-ad18293f6b1362a0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ad18293f6b1362a0c7a252ed87add88db7a5027af55f7e4305efbd8101a2901d","sourceTextSha256":"d0eab85ea8b50aebcbddb1773f5797aa28035cd6f29c241b6d86f7d55133fa1c","sourceXmlSha256":"c7983d3265d12198d70581262d242624e3bdd468bc3016c4147b5a5f7d6a19f0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8127a1028807f17d0ed2eebd300071eea7a63030352473a36d6ef6e6e08ee4c8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53297,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTHousehold chaos has been shown to be negatively associated with children's behavioral functioning and relational processes. Behavioral self‐regulation, the ability to manage emotions, behaviors, and attention in response to contextual demands, could be particularly vulnerable to chaotic home environments. Parenting stress, the negative psychological responses to caregiving challenges, could also be exacerbated in chaotic environments. However, the complex interactions among these factors, specifically how household chaos, parenting stress, and children's development of behavioral self‐regulation mutually influence one another, remain underexplored. Grounded in the transactional framework, this study used longitudinal data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4195) to examine the reciprocal relationships among these constructs during the transition from early to middle childhood (ages 3, 5, and 9). Results suggested reciprocal associations between household chaos and children's behavioral self‐regulation from age 3 to 5 and a similar bidirectional link between parenting stress and children's behavioral self‐regulation during the same developmental stage. In middle childhood, household chaos at age 5 predicted behavioral self‐regulation at age 9. These findings highlight the need for interventions to mitigate household chaos and alleviate parenting stress to foster children's long‐term behavioral self‐regulation development.Keywords: behavioral self‐regulation, cross‐lagged panel model, household chaos, longitudinal design, parenting stress, reciprocal associations","authorEntries":[{"name":"Qingyang Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachel A Razza","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Ffamp.70053","publisherEvidenceSha256":"126cfc2fc22a4b7b0e8e2e4b5766b9a31465afd8756d890019bc1b202e2ae084","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":55},{"pmcid":"PMC12294367","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22071106","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Children through age 16","population":"Parents in Ireland completing an online survey about play, travel and risk.","rationale":"This article examines parents’ tolerance for outdoor risk and children’s freedom to move around in Ireland. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"Which outdoor activities do I actually permit, and where do my stated beliefs differ?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about parents’ tolerance for outdoor risk and children’s freedom to move around in Ireland?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is parents in Ireland completing an online survey about play, travel and risk."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12294367","title":"Parental Attitudes to Risky Play and Children’s Independent Mobility: Public Health Implications for Children in Ireland","authors":"Fiona Armstrong; Michael Joseph Barrett; David Gaul; Lorraine D’Arcy","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-07-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071106","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12294367","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12294367/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12294367-f99d50377b657613.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f99d50377b657613c3e034df0f069fc83390075384e0d02672505807705e8146","sourceTextSha256":"ab86e41a492a9e7afe45e4588b7c6a99e88ba75fc94b00adb8b10cfa0dc925ef","sourceXmlSha256":"bc6dd77ab3d4f13137c906ba8c242ba613c623f8d93e808ac4411c87ad2628dd","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40921,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: Understanding the determinants of children’s outdoor play is an important element for child development and broader public health outcomes. There is growing evidence that children’s opportunities for play, particularly outdoor risky play, are diminishing. Parents are concerned with keeping their child safe while affording them independence to play. This study explored parents’ attitudes to risky play and practices around children’s independent mobility in Ireland with the aim of informing public health strategies promoting healthy childhood environments. Methods: An online survey comprising validated scales and standardised questions was completed by a nationally represented sample of 376 parents of children up to 16 years. Data was analysed via descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and regression analysis. Results: A total of 376 participants accessed the survey, of which 349 completed it. A total of 84% of participants were female. A total of 74% agreed that children need regular exposure to actual risk to develop risk management skills, and 71% trusted their children to play safely. Chi-square tests reveal significant associations between outdoor play in the rain and school travel (p < 0.01), and appropriate age to begin activities at home and in educational settings (p < 0.05). A moderate association was found between the method of school travel and children’s permission to play in the rain (Cramer’s V = 0.51). Respondents considered supervision to be a necessity to ensure their children’s safety. Overall, the results indicate that parents were risk-averse in three of the six categories of risky play, namely, play near dangerous elements, play with adult tools, and out-of-sight play. Conclusions: This study presents a descriptive analysis of findings from the Ireland State of Play Survey. Findings indicate that although parents recognise the benefits of risky play, there is some contradiction between parental attitudes and actual practices, with a lack of willingness or confidence in permitting their children to participate in all such activities.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Fiona Armstrong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michael Joseph Barrett","type":"Person"},{"name":"David Gaul","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lorraine D’Arcy","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":56},{"pmcid":"PMC12387450","doi":"10.3390/medicina61081338","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Guardians of adolescents with chronic digestive disorders receiving care in north-eastern Romania.","rationale":"This article examines what parents worry about as children with chronic digestive disorders take on more self-management. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"What worries me as my teenager prepares for a more independent role in their care?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about what parents worry about as children with chronic digestive disorders take on more self-management?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is guardians of adolescents with chronic digestive disorders receiving care in north-eastern Romania."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12387450","title":"The Journey to Autonomy: Understanding Parental Concerns During the Transition of Children with Chronic Digestive Disorders","authors":"Silvia Cristina Poamaneagra; Sorin Axinte; Carmen Anton; Elena Tătăranu; Catalina Mihai; Gheorghe G. Balan; Georgiana-Emmanuela Gîlca-Blanariu; Oana Timofte; Frenți Adina Mihaela; Oana Maria Roșu; Liliana Anchidin-Norocel; Smaranda Diaconescu","journal":"Medicina","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-07-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081338","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12387450","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12387450/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12387450-32936774c068c3a6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"32936774c068c3a64dd1c9bf5f96fad633c47b85cca024f5d0a3fbf162339477","sourceTextSha256":"2e1bb17e29ef3a587c14e5f3c8f9b6b0902d4fa42143956a113f46336906b980","sourceXmlSha256":"4501c33a0143cb337b1f0f6df714881cba134ce9458e350e999f51c5c0142feb","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fc21b978eac5888ea8b8d116295da77502f81fa020a7672b7ac616ceb2972ab4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39562,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background and Objectives: The transition from pediatric to adult-oriented healthcare is challenging and data on parental involvement and perception regarding the transition of children with chronic digestive diseases are scarce. Materials and Methods: Legal guardians of adolescents with chronic digestive diseases receiving care at a North-Eastern Romanian tertiary center and private offices were administered a 30-item survey. Results: There were 124 responders; 73.4% lived in rural areas; 81.5% were patients’ mothers. Positive correlations were found between parents’ perception of the child’s readiness for health-related decisions and appreciation of the children’s preparedness for transition (0.544; p = 0.000), between parents encouraging their children to maintain healthcare records and their perception of the children’s knowledge about their disease (0.67; p = 0.000), between parents’ fear of therapeutic breaks during transition and their perception of the need for transition training (0.704; p = 0.000), between fears for children’s impropriate health-related choices, fears of therapeutic breaks (0.573; p = 0.00) and parental perception that the adult physicians would be more patient-oriented and less family-centered (0.453; p < 0.000) and between parents’ trust in their children’s self-management skills and encouraging them to make decisions on their own (0.673; p < 0.000). Conclusions: The results of our study highlight the importance of addressing parental fears during special parent–children counseling sessions and promoting a child’s independence, chronic disease knowledge, records and alone consultations.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Silvia Cristina Poamaneagra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sorin Axinte","type":"Person"},{"name":"Carmen Anton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elena Tătăranu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catalina Mihai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gheorghe G. Balan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Georgiana-Emmanuela Gîlca-Blanariu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Oana Timofte","type":"Person"},{"name":"Frenți Adina Mihaela","type":"Person"},{"name":"Oana Maria Roșu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Anchidin-Norocel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Smaranda Diaconescu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":57},{"pmcid":"PMC12618715","doi":"10.1177/13623613251355259","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Five Mexican-heritage families with autistic children, observed across 108 videos.","rationale":"This article examines parental scaffolding when autistic children use two languages. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"When does changing languages help my child participate on their own terms?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about parental scaffolding when autistic children use two languages?","Which behaviours were directly recorded, and which interpretations required an inference?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is five Mexican-heritage families with autistic children, observed across 108 videos."],"limitations":"The recordings came from five families. A strategy observed during their routines does not imply that all multilingual autistic children need the same support.","id":"PMC12618715","title":"How do parents scaffold their autistic children’s bilingual language interactions in everyday settings?","authors":"Shana R Cohen; Alison Wishard Guerra; María José Aragón; Angeline Estrada; Eunsu Lee","journal":"Autism","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2025-07-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613251355259","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12618715","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12618715/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12618715-7e5b9b7372d2a963.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7e5b9b7372d2a963ac01bbdf4afff25203b077d7cd68f8fa395bec2fa6adf3d7","sourceTextSha256":"8009ecce6415cb263eefbfb2db1c0cd2aaee690483256aeee8fdf7fa27b1ea92","sourceXmlSha256":"a76a0bf1feac2aa4285a08e6354e6f02af70f6a93f68aa7d276f752e47f06a68","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1422330bc8b9d35afb432bd9f87fd8cc9db40c9bd0885ebd23728dc2f6dfec76","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51439,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examines how multilingual caregivers use their linguistic resources to support their autistic children’s language development, challenging historical narratives recommending therapists use only one language, English. Using a critical language socialization framework in which multilingualism is considered a practice that transcends linguistic competence, we analyzed 108 videos from five Spanish-dominant, Mexican heritage families. Findings showed that (1) families flexibly used their linguistic resources in daily interactions; (2) home activity settings predicted language use in distinct ways, transportation activities provided fewer constraints for interlocutors to use decontextualized language, language for abstract reasoning and prediction; and (3) variability in maternal scaffolding strategies influenced children’s decontextualized language. We recommend the implementation of asset-based interventions designed to leverage the strengths of multilingual autistic children and their families.Lay AbstractMexican heritage bilingual mothers of autistic children use a variety of language practices when talking with their children. We asked mothers to video record their language interactions with their autistic child over 10 days. Specifically, we analyzed the verbal language practices parents and children used during daily routine activities (e.g. meals). Historically, therapists have recommended that multilingual families only use English when talking with their autistic children, so as not to confuse them and interfere with their development. It is important to understand how multilingual parents use this non-empirical advice. In our sample, we found that mothers used a variety of language strategies including Spanish, English, describing and labeling their environment, action directions (directing a child to perform an action), close-ended questions (e.g. what color is this?), open-ended questions (e.g. How does the radio work?), and abstract reasoning to interact with their children. These strategies varied across activity settings. In particular, transportation was an important setting for children to use abstract language. Mothers’ verbal strategies influenced children’s language output, including children’s use of abstract reasoning and prediction, one of the most complex language strategies.Keywords: activity settings, autism spectrum disorders, bilingual autistic children, communication and language, decontextualized language, environmental factors, multilingual autistic children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shana R Cohen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alison Wishard Guerra","type":"Person"},{"name":"María José Aragón","type":"Person"},{"name":"Angeline Estrada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eunsu Lee","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F13623613251355259","publisherEvidenceSha256":"9e207375ad65bdfcb3e8b803a21b01bb998a2ae2a5098e1ea02e40a517cf8b6a","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":58},{"pmcid":"PMC12572969","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1630822","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 13–15","population":"Turkish competitive youth athletes aged thirteen to fifteen.","rationale":"This article examines how young athletes’ perceptions of overinvolvement relate to coping and appraising stress. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"How does my young athlete want me to respond when competition is stressful?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how young athletes’ perceptions of overinvolvement relate to coping and appraising stress?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is turkish competitive youth athletes aged thirteen to fifteen."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12572969","title":"Perceived helicopter parenting and its association with coping skills and stress appraisals in Turkish youth athletes","authors":"Tuba Denizci; Rabia Hurrem Ozdurak Singin; Hakan Kaya; Laurentiu-Gabriel Talaghir; Teodora Mihaela Iconomescu; Cristina Corina Bentea","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-10-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1630822","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12572969","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12572969/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12572969/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12572969-cc1b73d1e7955f6d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cc1b73d1e7955f6d3206fa7b969b843ec974d5bdb0a23b53a5b2dcfcd47579ec","sourceTextSha256":"f41408626ce7d9549b4ea6ab90f9acdc54132febb2ef1917c76e32ec60ed1822","sourceXmlSha256":"03abf9a4c7f18cc77668bee24b5d050333ebd18748993f69369c0e5a68421996","rightsEvidenceSha256":"486bba7a768e47f9f7ca8dcf538da20158090a2ef8d9239d10ea188478e1e939","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27931,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionHelicopter parenting (HP), characterized by overinvolved behaviors, may impact young athletes’ psychological skills. This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived HP, athletic coping skills, and stress appraisals (challenge and threat) in Turkish competitive youth athletes aged 13–15 years.MethodsA total of 398 competitive youth athletes participated, with 302 categorized into HP (n = 51) or regular parenting (RP, n = 251) groups. The Perceived Helicopter Parenting Scale, Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, and Challenge and Threat in Sport Scale were administered at two time points: during a training session and within 30 minutes before a competitive event. Mann-Whitney U-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA were used for analysis.ResultsAthletes with HP parents reported significantly lower total coping skills (p = 0.001) and lower scores on all subscales except coachability (p < 0.05) compared to those with RP parents. Before competitions, HP athletes exhibited lower challenge (p < 0.001) and higher threat appraisals (p = 0.001), with no differences observed during training.DiscussionPerceived HP is associated with reduced coping skills and heightened threat appraisals in competitive contexts, highlighting the need for interventions to promote balanced parental involvement in youth sports.Keywords: helicopter parenting, youth athletes, athletic coping skills, challenge and threat appraisals, sports psychology, parental influence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tuba Denizci","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rabia Hurrem Ozdurak Singin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hakan Kaya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurentiu-Gabriel Talaghir","type":"Person"},{"name":"Teodora Mihaela Iconomescu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cristina Corina Bentea","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":59},{"pmcid":"PMC12729710","doi":"10.3390/bs15121621","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Middle school","population":"Middle-school students reporting on homework and autonomy support from parents and teachers.","rationale":"This article examines how family and classroom support for autonomy fit into children’s self-regulation. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"Who takes responsibility for checking whether mathematics homework is complete?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how family and classroom support for autonomy fit into children’s self-regulation?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is middle-school students reporting on homework and autonomy support from parents and teachers."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12729710","title":"Parental and Teacher Autonomy Support in Developing Self-Regulation Skills","authors":"Mustafa Özgenel; Süleyman Avcı; Stacey Neuharth-Pritchett","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-11-25","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121621","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12729710","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12729710/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12729710-bc2109e2c6b18cdf.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"bc2109e2c6b18cdf2c8328d771c904b017b5cd63e748c44136d78f5401684e69","sourceTextSha256":"19d00e52235f18d060aae0379659d59a8987ae1dec6dd0e30d07e46eee749d08","sourceXmlSha256":"52d218b65bfcd5c31c9a358e4105b8cc65bc362058e521a4e74074d5ba65a93d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53551,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractHomework is a key learning activity that promotes students’ self-regulation, motivation, and academic achievement. Previous studies highlight the importance of parental and teacher autonomy support in fostering these outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships require further investigation. This study investigates the effects of parental and teacher autonomy support on students’ self-regulation skills, mathematics homework completion, and academic achievement. Additionally, it examines whether gender moderates these relationships. The research was conducted with 530 middle school students from five public schools in Istanbul, covering 5th, 6th, and 7th grades. Data were collected on teachers’ and parents’ autonomy support in homework, students’ self-regulation strategies, homework behaviors, and academic performance. Analyses were performed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25 software, employing structural equation modeling (SEM) with mediation paths, multi-group path analysis, and correlation tests. The results indicate that both parental and teacher autonomy support positively influence students’ use of self-regulation strategies, which in turn enhances homework completion and academic success. Self-regulation was found to mediate these relationships, confirming its crucial role in academic outcomes. However, gender did not significantly moderate these associations. This study advances the understanding of how parental and teacher autonomy support influence self-regulation, homework behavior, and academic achievement, contributing to the existing literature. By examining the mediating role of self-regulation and the moderating effect of gender, it provides in-depth insights into variations in homework engagement and academic outcomes. Findings highlight the importance of autonomy-supportive practices by parents and teachers to foster students’ independent study skills. Future studies could extend these findings by examining subject-specific differences and longitudinal effect.Keywords: parental autonomy support, teacher autonomy support, self-regulation, homework completion, achievement","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mustafa Özgenel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Süleyman Avcı","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stacey Neuharth-Pritchett","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":60},{"pmcid":"PMC12193146","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22060916","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Young children and their mothers","population":"Ninety-one mother–child pairs took part in video-recorded reading sessions.","rationale":"Interactive reading was coded from recordings while child development was assessed by caregiver questionnaire. The two measures capture different perspectives on the dyad.","parentQuestion":"What can an observer see about shared reading that a questionnaire might miss?","readingPrompts":["Which measures came from video and which from the mother on the same day?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC12193146","title":"Maternal Stress and Child Development: The Moderating Role of Interactive Shared Reading","authors":"Chrystian R. Kroeff; Juliana R. Bernardi; Clécio H. Da Silva; Nádia C. Valentini; Marcelo Z. Goldani; Denise R. Bandeira","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-06-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060916","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12193146","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12193146/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12193146-3bcffe2106f454ec.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3bcffe2106f454ec8f487e2104b22f32155f3d45b53fec49a0fa4c3f8a13b8a1","sourceTextSha256":"111524a82ebee69a242cd26040ad9b9e1ffa33febac48edbc85244307ab218ad","sourceXmlSha256":"c9ee70da691ecc9320f561a4ddf656ab3afd47be3ccee6f74f05205561b6fd14","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR977543","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":49356,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Research suggests that maternal stress is related to aspects of child development. Positive and stimulating interactions, such as shared reading, may act as protective factors, mitigating the negative effects of maternal stress on children’s development and behavior. This cohort study investigated the predictive relationship between maternal stress and children’s milestones and behavioral problems, with maternal interactive style during shared reading as a moderator. A total of 91 mother–child dyads participated. During the shared reading session, conducted in a private room at a research center, each mother and child interacted freely while reading a book, without specific instructions. The sessions were video-recorded and later analyzed by trained researchers using an established method. Children’s data were assessed using questionnaires completed by the mother on the same day. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to build regression models with moderation analysis. Results revealed that maternal stress significantly predicted children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Notably, more affectionate interactions during shared reading can moderate the effect of stress on children’s externalizing difficulties. These findings suggest that fostering positive and engaging interactions between mothers and children, such as shared reading, may have a beneficial impact on children’s behavioral development, even in the presence of maternal stress.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chrystian R. Kroeff","type":"Person"},{"name":"Juliana R. Bernardi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Clécio H. Da Silva","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nádia C. Valentini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marcelo Z. Goldani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Denise R. Bandeira","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":61},{"pmcid":"PMC12162739","doi":"10.1007/s00431-025-06241-2","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Program evaluation with follow-up","ageRange":"Pediatric sickle cell care","population":"Children with sickle cell disease, their parents and pediatric hematologists in a university outpatient clinic.","rationale":"The study evaluates involvement in decisions after clinicians received training and families were offered supporting tools. It differentiates the roles of child, parent and clinician.","parentQuestion":"How can a family recognize when a child has been invited into a treatment discussion?","readingPrompts":["What changed in the consultation process, and how was involvement scored?","How did the outcome measure change between baseline and follow-up?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Changes after a program can reflect ordinary development, other care or measurement effects. The comparison and duration of follow-up determine what can be attributed to participation.","id":"PMC12162739","title":"Improving shared decision‑making between paediatric haematologists, children with sickle cell disease, and their parents: an observational post-intervention study","authors":"Ricardo O Wijngaarde; Samantha C Gouw; Dirk T Ubbink","journal":"European Journal of Pediatrics","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-06-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06241-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12162739","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12162739/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12162739-c6c27e90828a697c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c6c27e90828a697c67b854c1b82b166341dae99d4d35c670e0a15ce8cb18b9d6","sourceTextSha256":"eef5cc9708173f70dcac2ca5241fac867b7430109302480511c2db5fe8c2474c","sourceXmlSha256":"1dec891d16385af14a6e6e294ba47078748637ef239f5c2ed8ea715f22311253","rightsEvidenceSha256":"19f5d0531ec906a2de2a3db50151d28e4aa926844e8212801e9574594eb830c0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR997039","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":22536,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from a chronic disease that can lead to serious co-morbidity and impacts their quality of life. During the course of their disease, a variety of health-related decisions need to be made for and by SCD-patients, depending on their age and health status, together with their parents and paediatric haematology clinicians. Shared decision-making (SDM) may improve health outcomes of chronically ill children but is still not commonly applied. We assessed the level of SDM among paediatric haematologists after the introduction of SDM interventions. An observational post-intervention study was conducted in a paediatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital. After an SDM consultation training of the three paediatric haematologists and introduction of SDM-supporting tools for both paediatricians and (parents of) patients with SCD, two evaluators independently and objectively analysed the level of patient involvement in decision-making from audio-recordings of the consultations using the OPTION-5 instrument. SDM-Q-9 and SDM-Q-Doc questionnaires were used to measure the level of SDM as perceived by patients/parents and paediatricians, respectively. Scores were expressed as a percentage, ranging from 0% (no SDM observed) to 100% (exemplary level of SDM). Participants were 9 female and 9 male patients between 4 months and 17 years old, with a median age of 7.5 years (Interquartile Range [IQR] 2.5–12). Eighteen consultations (six per paediatrician) in which a decision was to be made about SCD treatment options were analysed. Median OPTION-5 score was 50 (IQR 40–65%). Median SDM-Q-9 and SDM-Q-Doc scores were 73% (IQR 52.2–91) and 62.2% (IQR 55.6–71.1), respectively.Conclusion: After the introduction of SDM training and tools, paediatric haematologists reached a moderately good level of SDM. This level had doubled as compared to the baseline level, as assessed in a previous study. What is Known:• Children who suffer from sickle cell disease (SCD) are vulnerable to health inequities and suboptimal health outcomes. Hence, SDM seems an appropriate method of care for these children.• SDM tools and training may help paediatricians and children participate in a collaborative decision-making process about the children’s preferred treatment options and improve their health outcomes.What is New:• After SDM training and decision support aids for paediatricians and patients, the level of involvement in the decision-making process by (the parents of) patients suffering from SCD reached a moderately good level.• A difference persists between paediatricians’ perceived level of involving the child and parents in a shared decision-making process and the observed level of involvement.Keywords: Shared decision-making, Paediatrics, Sickle cell disease, Triadic, Chronic disease, OPTION-instrument, SDM-Q-9 questionnaire, SDM-Q-Doc questionnaire","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ricardo O Wijngaarde","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samantha C Gouw","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dirk T Ubbink","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00431-025-06241-2","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e27bc0e4d70c107710f3a460f73b78df5784324533a238b4d82953a4b472cded","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":62},{"pmcid":"PMC12259642","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2025.1544344","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Randomized intervention study","ageRange":"Children on the autism spectrum","population":"Forty children and their parents were randomly assigned to usual individual care or additional weekly parent–child sessions.","rationale":"The trial directly tests an added cooperative parent-mediated component and uses blinded assessment of parent–child interaction.","parentQuestion":"What does a collaborative therapy session ask a parent and child to do together?","readingPrompts":["Which outcome was evaluated by someone unaware of the assigned condition?","Which outcomes and follow-up periods were specified for the comparison?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Random assignment supports a comparison under the trial conditions. Sample selection, delivery, outcome choice and follow-up limit extension to other households.","id":"PMC12259642","title":"Cooperative parent mediated therapy for Italian children with autism spectrum disorder: a clinical experimental study in a community healthcare service in Italy","authors":"Alessandra Carta; Laura Casula; Salvatorica Manca; Mariangela Valentina Puci; Giuseppina Puseddu; Elisa Fucà; Giovanni Sotgiu; Stefano Vicari; Stefano Sotgiu; Giovanni Valeri","journal":"Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-07-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2025.1544344","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12259642","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12259642/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12259642-31af954c81c199b7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"31af954c81c199b75f1babb59869426a1fd0d66e1d886ab2f18a4621e9401d0b","sourceTextSha256":"07b9a52f764b8e03a4f57c667ee36a39e4f0253eb179bf4f50b5786571e983a5","sourceXmlSha256":"b9298ed6b12c79eee8348685f70331481dd5c467e7b34fdfef7b5519b53c99e4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5f9883a81869f438d2a458919a7c8edea3511782f0805c504bd9d899738f9ee8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41827,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionThis Clinical Experimental Study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Cooperative Parent Mediated therapy (CPMT), a targeted parent-coaching program for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in Community Healthcare Service in Italy.MethodsForty children with ASD and their parents were randomly assigned to treatment conditions: the Control group received Individual Treatment As Usual (TAU Control group); while CPMT group received weekly parent–child sessions in addition to Individual TAU. Primary blinded outcomes were 6-months post-intervention change in parent–child interaction scores. Secondary outcomes included ASD symptom severity, adaptive functioning and parental stress levels. Baseline and post-treatment evaluations, at 6 months of follow up, were performed by an independent team.ResultsCPMT group showed significant add-on benefits on parent-child interactions, severity of autism symptoms, adaptive skills and parental stress level.DiscussionThis study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the CPMT model also in community services, representing a further step forward in research on the implementation of therapy for ASD in community healthcare service.Keywords: neurodevelopmental disorders, parent-child interaction, community healthcare service, additional therapeutic effects, autism spectrum disorder","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alessandra Carta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Casula","type":"Person"},{"name":"Salvatorica Manca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mariangela Valentina Puci","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giuseppina Puseddu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisa Fucà","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giovanni Sotgiu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stefano Vicari","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stefano Sotgiu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giovanni Valeri","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":63},{"pmcid":"PMC12274104","doi":"10.1155/nrp/8036580","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Children under three","population":"312 parent–grandparent pairs in China who shared care for a child younger than three years.","rationale":"The paired design asks both generations about stress, coping and resilience rather than treating a grandparent as an unnamed source of help.","parentQuestion":"What does shared care feel like to each generation?","readingPrompts":["How do partners' own and one another's ratings contribute to the analysis?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12274104","title":"Dyadic Associations of Parenting Stress, Family Resilience, and Coping Styles Among Parents and Grandparents in Intergenerational Co-Parenting Families","authors":"Juanjuan Ma; Dan Chen; Kaiyue Wang; Chaonan Li; Lining Wang; Hui Zhang","journal":"Nursing Research and Practice","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-07-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/nrp/8036580","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12274104","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12274104/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12274104-accd50f94fcb19fa.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"accd50f94fcb19fa1be7271746a15094b76531c6d165739555ad1b43def2cbda","sourceTextSha256":"9815983575f4dde832850325be9ee6d1740aacf02f9fd404a91a2f373e4c4c71","sourceXmlSha256":"0f7d2a99fb559b191e4737ff24092d6c95474bea5cf17a53828a92aba5936c6d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c2e54103134c5c22d3bec7e58e21408ccb61b1270a6b40dab6b0caac5e2c5f1b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27374,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Aim: This study examined the dyadic relationships among parenting stress, family resilience, and coping styles within Chinese intergenerational co-parenting households. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in China from December 2022 to September 2023. The STROBE checklist was used to report the current study. Methods: A total of 312 parent-grandparent dyads caring for children under three years old participated. Both parents and grandparents completed the Parenting Stress Scale, Grandparenting Parenting Stress Scale, Family Hardiness Index, and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. Dyadic associations were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) to examine whether parenting stress was associated with family resilience and coping styles among parents and grandparents. Results: Family resilience was found to partially mediate the relationship between parenting stress and positive coping styles in both parents (β = −0.054, p < 0.001) and grandparents (β = −0.067, p < 0.001). Additionally, family resilience mediated partner effects, suggesting interdependence between parents' (β = −0.311, p < 0.001) and grandparents' stress and coping mechanisms (β = −0.231, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study enhances understanding of the interdependent relationships between parenting stress, family resilience, and coping strategies in Chinese intergenerational co-parenting households.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Juanjuan Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dan Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaiyue Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chaonan Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lining Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hui Zhang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":64},{"pmcid":"PMC12326312","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1635956","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Children younger than eighteen","population":"Qualitative studies of caregivers' and children's experiences of shared reading brought together in a meta-synthesis.","rationale":"The synthesis examines barriers and supports that shape whether reading together fits family life.","parentQuestion":"What makes shared reading feel inviting in one household and difficult in another?","readingPrompts":["Which barriers came from participants' accounts across more than one study?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC12326312","title":"Parent–child shared book reading challenges and facilitators: a systematic review and meta synthesis","authors":"Jiaopeng Nan; Yin Tian","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-07-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1635956","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12326312","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12326312/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12326312/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12326312-5452ac0c43693158.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5452ac0c43693158ab57973f43e6ad3f6613a69da2746a6e2b1886db98eda2c8","sourceTextSha256":"d7a9fa667d59204e60e6cc72f93c5e6e9843fbdc54981895df49421a62647f45","sourceXmlSha256":"af37e330e9797fdfd45b9d2408f38ecd0d865866a12745353c555a0e47299de9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"18f1bb2bbef001f0e8a1e9117bec6de789e076abf75a98002e8b46a11aa46456","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":76073,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParent–child shared book reading is a foundational activity that supports children’s literacy development, including language skills, cognitive growth, and social–emotional competencies. Despite its recognized benefits, various factors influence the consistency and quality of shared reading practices across different families and communities. This meta-synthesis aimed to comprehensively explore Parent–child shared book reading challenges and facilitators, drawing on qualitative research evidence.MethodsA systematic search of nine electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) was conducted in January 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on qualitative studies examining parent–child shared reading experiences among families with children under 18 years old. Studies were appraised for methodological quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist. Data from selected studies were extracted and analyzed using thematic synthesis, with an inductive coding process conducted through MAXQDA 24 software.ResultsThe analysis identified two main categories—facilitators and challenges—with ten first and 31 s categories. Facilitators included enhancing access to books and reading opportunities, providing parental support and education, creating positive and enjoyable reading experiences, ensuring high-quality book content, fostering child development through moral, social, and cognitive learning, and strengthening parental motivation. Challenges encompassed limited resources and access, sociocultural and parental barriers such as time constraints and mental health difficulties, gaps in parental knowledge and skills, and engagement challenges related to child readiness and the use of digital books. The synthesis highlighted the dynamic interplay between individual, family, and environmental factors influencing shared reading practices.ConclusionParent–child shared book reading is a complex, dynamic practice influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors. Strengthening access to books, supporting parents with targeted education, and fostering enjoyable reading experiences can significantly enhance shared reading practices. Future studies should broaden cultural representation, explore digital formats, and address parental mental health to develop effective, inclusive strategies that promote early literacy and strong parent–child bonds.Keywords: parents, child, shared reading, challenges, facilitators, barriers, qualitative, meta-synthesis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jiaopeng Nan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yin Tian","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":65},{"pmcid":"PMC12392103","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1615150","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Studies of family–school relationships and preschool classroom engagement included in a review.","rationale":"The review asks how connections between home and school relate to children's participation in the classroom and distinguishes several dimensions of engagement.","parentQuestion":"How can a family and a preschool teacher describe a child's engagement in concrete terms?","readingPrompts":["Which dimensions of engagement had direct supporting studies?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC12392103","title":"The role of family-school relationship in promoting preschoolers’ classroom engagement","authors":"Luyou Shen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-08-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1615150","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12392103","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12392103/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12392103/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12392103-5458097af9d8c965.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5458097af9d8c9654a16edf728a8daae45c67826d7f6a3555d00f6588845e6a6","sourceTextSha256":"02e7b0513eb02cd4ea9932f3f01a7a7f806c2d927964811e1f45c0027a89085a","sourceXmlSha256":"aaa069b7c7fb3f0a631e22dd14bbdd46856fe333149362bd700cb8acb7641368","rightsEvidenceSha256":"14c4e145706dca46ae0a219329fe5cc70b98323ff1f9cac09a692a0f67aeb163","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":22286,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn 1993, Finn proposed in his paper that classroom engagement can be described from three dimensions. Subsequently, research on children’s classroom engagement gradually gained attention. Although previous literature has explored the factors that affect classroom participation, most studies only focus on the influence of family or school, rarely considering the family-school relationship as a whole. This study aims to address this deficiency by systematically reviewing literature and using the PRISMA search strategy to exclude non-English literature, books, and conference papers. I have also developed three screening criteria: (1) research topic is not on home-school relationship; (2) research topic is not on students’ participation; (3) research participants are not preschool children. Finally, 17 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Research has founfd that good family-school relationship can enhance children’s classroom participation, manifested in parents accompanying their children more in learning, helping them improve social skills and develop good habits. Parents and teachers will trust each other, reduce information gaps, and enhance children’s psychological security. And they will cooperate to provide opportunities for children to exercise their cognitive abilities and enhance their cognitive participation. This study provides valuable reference for educators in the field of preschool education to understand the relationship between family-school relationship and children’s classroom participation. Therefore, educators are able to adjust their educational strategies and design courses that can fully mobilize children’s enthusiasm and help them grow.Keywords: student engagement, behavioral engagement, cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, family-school relationship, preschool children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Luyou Shen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":66},{"pmcid":"PMC12362379","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1639197","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Primary and secondary school","population":"Twenty teachers in China took part in semi-structured interviews about parent–teacher interactions.","rationale":"The study describes the emotional work behind contact between teachers and families. A conversation that looks simple from home can require considerable effort at school.","parentQuestion":"What makes a parent–teacher conversation easier to sustain when people disagree?","readingPrompts":["Whose emotional work is visible in the interviews?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC12362379","title":"Teachers’ emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions: key elements and theoretical logic from a grounded theory approach","authors":"Li Zhai; Chen Guo","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-08-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1639197","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12362379","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12362379/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12362379/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12362379-9194c4e8f91c4c09.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9194c4e8f91c4c097f5ad7601c36653fc75f1719d715581136718b373079bc9a","sourceTextSha256":"6fe467f255aaf5510c0a818c0493a0fd7841d54c43605120107f861511cb11b1","sourceXmlSha256":"56aede5279f2b06b2ec87c63ca32449a6b6f191afb34745729ed6e21c97a3833","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9bcccf7c9096add3916f043725beb3af642f0d51beb331507c3475c536bd65f3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51969,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn the context of home–school cooperation becoming an important part of global education reform, the burdens of teachers’ emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions has increased. Their emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions not only affects home–school cooperation but also influences teachers’ well-being both professionally and personally. In response to the challenge of growing emotional labor burdens on teachers, the research on the key elements and theoretical logic of teachers’ emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions is of great significance. Semi-structured interviews were held with 20 teachers in primary and secondary schools in China. Retrieved data were coded at three levels to explore the key elements of teachers’ emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions and construct a theoretical model of these elements. The model is structured around seven elements: emotional labor environment, personal characteristics, emotion competencies, emotional foundation, emotional interactions, emotional labor practices, and emotional labor consequences. The findings construct a theoretical framework for teachers’ emotional labor in parent–teacher interactions, enrich research on this topic from a relational dimension, and provide theoretical and practical insights.Keywords: teachers’ emotional labor, parent–teacher interactions, key elements, theoretical logic, grounded theory","authorEntries":[{"name":"Li Zhai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chen Guo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":67},{"pmcid":"PMC12468303","doi":"10.3390/children12091141","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"1,249 Korean adolescents born in 2008 in one wave of a national children's panel.","rationale":"Researchers examine academic pressure and family communication alongside smartphone use. They distinguish the quality of conversation from the expectation of high achievement.","parentQuestion":"When school expectations feel demanding, how does a teenager experience conversations at home?","readingPrompts":["Can a single panel wave establish which experience came first?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12468303","title":"The Mediating Role of Family Communication in the Relationship Between Academic Achievement Pressure and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Korean Early Adolescents","authors":"Hwa-Mi Yang","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-08-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091141","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12468303","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12468303/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12468303-b44f4b4071f2071a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b44f4b4071f2071a430c5df58c1f3f69f73371ab4eb0cc42a7cb753a7c476c84","sourceTextSha256":"aabff0e04774350b0642d57e1b384ecae240c967969f4a74d636d856862894cb","sourceXmlSha256":"08c7fe12ac3ae4c7d8d94ec3db6333dd6f9ece4a4d7938381de11c1cda50f124","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a29070a2cb775d019d377415f1a5c938faaa7788fc2844ee01b7012f65e31609","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30411,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Highlights What are the main findings? Higher perceived parental academic achievement pressure is associated with an increased risk of problematic smartphone use in early adolescence.Family communication significantly mediates the relationship between academic pressure and smartphone addiction risk. What is the implication of the main finding? Improving family communication may help buffer the negative effects of parental academic pressure on adolescent behavior.Family-focused interventions could be effective in preventing problematic smartphone use among adolescents under high academic stress. AbstractBackground/Objectives: Problematic smartphone use among early adolescents is a growing public health concern, often influenced by psychosocial stressors such as parental academic achievement pressure. Despite evidence linking academic pressure to adolescent stress and maladaptive coping behaviors, the mediating role of family communication in this relationship remains underexplored. This study investigates whether family communication mediates the association between perceived parental academic pressure and problematic smartphone use in early adolescents. Methods: Using a cross-sectional correlational design, data from the 15th wave (2022) of the nationally representative Public Korean Children’s Panel (PSKC) were analyzed, including 1249 adolescents born in 2008. Logistic regression and mediation analyses assessed direct and indirect relationships among variables. Results: Among participants, 16.2% were classified as potential or high-risk smartphone users. Higher perceived parental academic pressure significantly increased the odds of problematic smartphone use (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.20–1.72), whereas better family communication was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53–0.83). Mediation analysis showed that family communication partially mediated the effect of academic pressure on smartphone addiction. Conclusions: These findings highlight family communication as a key psychosocial mechanism buffering the negative impact of parental academic pressure on adolescent smartphone use. Enhancing family communication may be a critical focus for interventions to prevent problematic smartphone behaviors in adolescents facing high academic demands.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Hwa-Mi Yang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":68},{"pmcid":"PMC12461073","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1646124","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Birth to six years","population":"308 parents of preschool-aged children in Xi'an, China, responding to an online survey.","rationale":"Community support enters the analysis alongside family circumstances in a study of burnout. The relevant partnership extends beyond the adults inside a household.","parentQuestion":"What practical support can a community provide that our household struggles to provide alone?","readingPrompts":["How did the researchers distinguish community conditions from the family environment?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12461073","title":"Exploring the “family-community” co-parenting model to alleviate parental burnout: a case study of Xi’an, China","authors":"Siyu Li; Baoxin Zhai; Junjia Liu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-09-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1646124","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12461073","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12461073/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12461073/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12461073-29aab8961ce78fde.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"29aab8961ce78fde68b2cfa3740e08e07f7ce7d4c0bb58de212d822a64fd3da1","sourceTextSha256":"018038cb081a0d7ffe89af60781597c72f3ab9ce594bec287e7f87a9aa146d76","sourceXmlSha256":"3d7e9343d9d6ec9967c24a92ad9d96fa5324ab3006629e85cb3b5ef4ac77bfc1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0ae8d982509ee121d4c0ec8b47a451e75e8b0c9a206d86b634bd1e738e276331","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39411,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionThis study aims to investigate the influence mechanisms of community environments (CE) on parental burnout (PB) among parents of preschool-aged children (0–6 years) in Xi’an, China, while controlling for family environments (FE). A hypothetical framework is proposed to examine the relationships among FE, CE, outdoor parenting activities (outdoor PA), positive parenting emotions (positive PE), and PB.MethodsData were collected through an online survey using a professional questionnaire survey platform (Questionnaire Star) from November 2024 to February 2025, resulting in 308 valid responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships within the proposed framework.ResultsThe results indicate that CE indirectly alleviates PB by promoting outdoor PA. In contrast, FE plays a more central role in directly reducing PB. The study highlights the effectiveness of a “Family-Community” co-parenting model in mitigating PB.DiscussionThis study provides novel insights by integrating PB and positive PE within the same framework, revealing their multidimensional interactions. The findings offer empirical evidence for developing family policies and community services aimed at alleviating PB in urban settings, emphasizing the importance of considering both family and community factors in interventions.Keywords: parental burnout, community environment, family-community co-parenting, positive parenting emotions, outdoor parenting activities","authorEntries":[{"name":"Siyu Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Baoxin Zhai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junjia Liu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":69},{"pmcid":"PMC12882855","doi":"10.1007/s10903-025-01771-1","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"U.S. children receiving health care","population":"27,082 parent respondents in the 2021–2022 U.S. National Survey of Children's Health.","rationale":"Researchers compare parents' reported participation in care decisions across immigration backgrounds. The parent-reported experience is the outcome of interest.","parentQuestion":"Which barriers could affect a family's sense that its preferences were heard?","readingPrompts":["What aspects of a clinical conversation can a national survey capture?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC12882855","title":"Shared Decision-Making in Children’s Healthcare by Parents’ Immigrant Status: Findings from the 2021–2022 U.S. National Survey of Children’s Health","authors":"Sawsan Salah; Lori Anne Francis","journal":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-10-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-025-01771-1","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12882855","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12882855/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12882855-f70cf511a383d8d0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f70cf511a383d8d04c0d9ab6539076308adfbfb2f931526359ee73e478f2fc64","sourceTextSha256":"37f9b26838d2aabde9fa5d1db080ddfd39c77997ea0989675d8e987b15c19354","sourceXmlSha256":"aa3e167fe7a55a217db66aaab0fa446013ddaf5da27576bac7f881205ae80d48","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30510,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The increasing immigrant population in the U.S. faces unique challenges in navigating the healthcare system, including language and cultural barriers, and knowledge of services. Immigrant parents may face additional challenges as they attempt to navigate the healthcare system on behalf of their children. This study investigated associations between parents’ immigrant status and their perceptions of shared decision-making (SDM) in their child’s healthcare. Participants included 27,082 parent respondents from U.S. households in the 2021-22 National Survey of Children’s Health. Measures included parents’ immigrant status and reports of shared decision-making in their child’s healthcare. Potential moderators of the association between immigrant status and SDM included time spent providing or arranging children’s healthcare, household economic strain, parenting support, needing extra help to arrange care, and household language. Logistic regression analyses showed that compared to U.S.-born parents, immigrant parents were more likely to report lower levels of SDM. Immigrant parents who reported needing extra help coordinating or arranging healthcare services for their child had significantly higher odds of low SDM compared to their counterparts. To improve child health outcomes, immigrant families may benefit from increased SDM and support in coordinating their children’s healthcare services.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10903-025-01771-1.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sawsan Salah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lori Anne Francis","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10903-025-01771-1","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b9df2dd04ce0fb21d61418b27cef87f7cf1c6301905c3d9df39e2b46cb6ee7ce","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":70},{"pmcid":"PMC12638431","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71003","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Program evaluation with follow-up","ageRange":"Ages four to five","population":"Thirteen preschool children aged 48–60 months and their mothers in a storytelling study.","rationale":"The researchers measured joint attention and neural synchronization during literary Arabic storytelling after dialogic reading. Synchronization is a laboratory measure of a shared activity.","parentQuestion":"What kinds of participation are invited when an adult stops to discuss a story?","readingPrompts":["Does simultaneous brain activity directly measure understanding of a story?","How did the outcome measure change between baseline and follow-up?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Changes after a program can reflect ordinary development, other care or measurement effects. The comparison and duration of follow-up determine what can be attributed to participation.","id":"PMC12638431","title":"Increased Brain‐to‐Brain Synchronization During Literary Arabic Storytelling Following a Dialogic Reading Intervention: A Hyperscanning‐EEG Study","authors":"Georgina Abu Ghanima; Merna Haj; Azhar Badarne; Rola Farah; Areej Masarwa; Tzipi Horowitz‐Kraus","journal":"Brain and Behavior","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-11-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71003","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12638431","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12638431/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12638431-286ba12eabed604c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"286ba12eabed604c266aa1be502c5aeb6282821a96591fc2a58185c574477d91","sourceTextSha256":"67fb95d43b4104a6e321a3ab6c7aa37ebbbd4a7db3eb73dd32eb361c7c65a10b","sourceXmlSha256":"6ad9e1865b0f484275f85c481530d91a78629675af73b33342b8e7d41725e9be","rightsEvidenceSha256":"79eedc550cff0c2046c928e02792fbd58b63c0892087cff4637959d95d7b0923","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35688,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: Arabic is unique in having two forms—literary Arabic (LA) and spoken Arabic (SA)—which present challenges in maintaining children's attention during the reading acquisition stage. Dialogic reading (DR) is an intervention that encourages children to actively engage in storytelling, thereby fostering attention, early language development, literacy, and executive function skills. Methods: This study examined the impact of DR in LA on joint attention during storytelling among 13 preschoolers (aged 48–60 months) and their mothers, using a hyperscanning electroencephalogram (EEG) method. Behavioral and inhibition tasks were also employed to assess the intervention's effects. Finding: Paired t‐tests revealed a smaller difference between correlation coefficient matrices for LA versus SA synchronization after the intervention compared to before. Behaviorally, significant improvements were observed in listening comprehension, executive functions, and processing speed following DR. Furthermore, enhanced inhibition was associated with a smaller difference between SA and LA synchronization following the intervention. Conclusion: These findings suggest that DR not only promotes language development but also reduces the neural disparity between SA and LA, highlighting its potential to support early cognitive and linguistic development in Arabic‐speaking children.Keywords: brain‐synchronization, hyperscanning, intervention, literary Arabic, parent‐child reading\n\nA smaller difference between parent‐child brain synchronization for Literary Arabic (LA) versus Spoken Arabic (SA) after the intervention, compared to before. Following the DR intervention, greater scores in listening comprehension, executive functions, and processing speed tests were found. Enhanced inhibition was associated with a smaller difference between SA and LA synchronization following the intervention.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Georgina Abu Ghanima","type":"Person"},{"name":"Merna Haj","type":"Person"},{"name":"Azhar Badarne","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rola Farah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Areej Masarwa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tzipi Horowitz‐Kraus","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":71},{"pmcid":"PMC12649668","doi":"10.3390/bs15111561","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Program evaluation with follow-up","ageRange":"Families of autistic children","population":"Ten caregivers completed an eight-week hybrid telehealth adaptation of COMPASS for Hope.","rationale":"The paper reports on an adapted mode of caregiver support and change in one small group. Format and feasibility matter to families considering remote collaboration.","parentQuestion":"What parts of a caregiver coaching program can work remotely?","readingPrompts":["How many families completed the program, and what comparison is missing?","How did the outcome measure change between baseline and follow-up?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Changes after a program can reflect ordinary development, other care or measurement effects. The comparison and duration of follow-up determine what can be attributed to participation.","id":"PMC12649668","title":"Hybrid Telehealth Adaptation of COMPASS for Hope: Parent-Mediated Outcomes in Autism","authors":"Alexis D. Rodgers; Brittany A. Dale; Lisa A. Ruble","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-11-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111561","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12649668","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12649668/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12649668-e045040a3993c600.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e045040a3993c600ca265bfcdbb01a6aa0c1f2ac9068bb025f3daa331b90cb20","sourceTextSha256":"8711147a77a9d67a5542266ab33794f6db017af338ff07980cfea56020f76a0c","sourceXmlSha256":"55ad32bc75df78bfbd89b25d445c0212505675b42a972113e4e357a715e6aa94","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":67519,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"There are limited empirically supported interventions that target three outcomes—behavior of children with ASD (instead of using adjectives such as “disruptive,” “interfering,” “problem,” or “challenging” behavior, we use “behavior” to avoid ableist language), parent stress, and parenting sense of competence. To help address this need, we tested a hybrid telehealth adaptation of COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE), an 8-week parent-mediated program originally offered via face-to-face or synchronous telehealth delivery. The present study incorporated asynchronous group discussion board sessions hosted on a learning-management platform together with synchronous individual coaching sessions by telephone. Using a pre-post design, 10 caregivers completed the intervention. Effect sizes were calculated for three treatment outcomes of child behavior, parent stress, and parenting sense of competence. There was a statistically significant difference in the scores for child behavior, with a large effect size (d = 0.73) and a statistically significant difference in parent stress, with a medium effect size (d = 0.50). No difference was observed for parenting sense of competence. Treatment adherence and caregiver satisfaction for the intervention were acceptable. Findings support the feasibility and promise of combining asynchronous and synchronous telehealth elements to increase access to evidence-based parent-mediated interventions for ASD.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alexis D. Rodgers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Brittany A. Dale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa A. Ruble","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":72},{"pmcid":"PMC12672451","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1713106","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"School-age children","population":"Twelve physical education teachers and twelve parents interviewed about children's interest in sport.","rationale":"Parent and teacher interviews reveal how adults frame children's sporting interests. The question is how those expectations align when they plan activities.","parentQuestion":"Do families and teachers mean the same thing when they say a child is interested in sport?","readingPrompts":["Were children's own preferences obtained directly?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC12672451","title":"School-family cognitive discrepancies in the cultivation of children’s interest in sports: an exploratory study based on grounded theory","authors":"Haiou Zhong; Di Wang; Chunhua Qi","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-11-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1713106","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12672451","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12672451/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12672451-76b8a470e1eb0b5e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"76b8a470e1eb0b5ef0c2c74daaf9b9d6efdb50cde360c9affd160aeabaa7a55b","sourceTextSha256":"b26d7269a49d34052b64027e349208efa37f48767a26288b314cff2c78272a54","sourceXmlSha256":"5e2b1555b6592f4e2f5791a64d5cba16f6b17dac22475424ab012142cc787356","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d1343bff5d97d5650090cdaa6c9f6e1d4ca92df4a04b46f9fb7e1c50c0692eff","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57430,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectivePhysical activity is essential for children’s health, yet insufficient physical activity remains a global concern. Although interest in sports can enhance participation, cognitive discrepancies between School-Family in fostering that interest weaken its effectiveness, which is a significant issue. This study explores the manifestations and impacts of School-Family cognitive discrepancies in this process, aiming to identify intervention points for promoting children’s interest in sports, increasing physical activity, and preventing childhood overweight and obesity through School-Family collaboration.MethodsOne-on-one interviews were conducted with 12 physical education teachers and 12 parents. A theoretical model of School-Family cognitive discrepancies in the cultivation of children’s sports interests was constructed based on grounded theory.ResultsFive types of School-Family cognitive divergences are identified in the process of cultivating children’s interest in sports. Among these, Cognitive Biases in the Concept of Sports Education constitute the root cause, leading to Varying Strategies for Cultivating Children’s Interest in Sports, Inconsistent Perceptions of Physical Education Teaching Management, and Cognitive Differences in the Effectiveness of Sports Education. Cognitive Conflicts Regarding the Primary Responsibility for Sports Education functioned as an exacerbating factor that further intensified the disagreements regarding cultivation strategies, teaching management, and effectiveness evaluation.ConclusionThese studies preliminarily indicate that cognitive discrepancies can weaken the synergistic effects between schools and families in sports education practices, thereby reducing the effectiveness of fostering children’s interest in sports. This, in turn, leads to decreased physical activity among children and exacerbates childhood obesity and overweight. Interventions targeting key nodes within the model may provide a new evidence-based fulcrum for the prevention of overweight and obesity.Keywords: children’s interest in sports, grounded theory, school-family cognitive discrepancies, sport education, overweight and obesity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Haiou Zhong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Di Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chunhua Qi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":73},{"pmcid":"PMC12812999","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1714663","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Families learning English as a foreign language","population":"Eighteen Chinese parent–child dyads contributed recordings, journals and interviews across eight weeks.","rationale":"The study investigates the practical and linguistic challenges families faced in digital dialogic reading, using more than one source of evidence.","parentQuestion":"How might a parent keep a digital story interactive when reading in another language?","readingPrompts":["Where did recordings and parents' reflective accounts offer different perspectives?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC12812999","title":"Exploring Chinese middle-class parents’ challenges and coping strategies of dialogic reading in a digital EFL context","authors":"Lili Zhao; Xiangli Cai; Limin Qin","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-01-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1714663","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12812999","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12812999/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12812999-c0c22a3ee78df121.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c0c22a3ee78df121a2a096fcc97958cd48a5848140eea1fc07cbac88244bd0fa","sourceTextSha256":"7cf07942f21ace19da77e407e5cb0ce3a3b14eb0e2b82679173241e7f5eb6c8a","sourceXmlSha256":"89586760f5776dca06e18d8101083662ecb6b2b59478b647d43857a6f72cae84","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95a2a65cf686ff1e13640d9c46c4b5ed36dfb7f2522626f74ba18e33ffb2319d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55416,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionAgainst the backdrop of English learning enthusiasm in China, many Chinese parents are using digital storybooks to support their children’s early English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. While previous research has demonstrated the benefits of dialogic reading of digital storybooks, the challenges parents encounter in a non-native English speaking context are under-explored.MethodsEmploying parent–child reading videotaped recordings, reflective journals, and semi-structured interviews, this qualitative study collected data from 18 Chinese parent–child dyads over 8 weeks. Thematic analysis was used to explore parents’ challenges and coping strategies in dialogic reading.ResultsThe findings demonstrated that Chinese middle-class parents experienced two major challenges. Parent-related challenges were characterized by the self-limitation of the communicative MKO role, a conflict between high cognitive load and strategy mastery, and time constraints. Child-related challenges stemmed from a mismatch between the child’s ZPD and dialogic strategy demands, as well as attention competition in the digital environment. In response, parents utilized self-scaffolding to equip themselves as competent MKOs. Furthermore, the parents and the digital English storybooks jointly provided dual scaffolding for children’s reading and English language acquisition.DiscussionBy exploring these challenges and coping strategies, this study extends Sociocultural Theory by expanding the concepts of the MKO and Scaffolding in the digital EFL context. It also provides practical insights for parental training, dialogic reading implementation and the design of digital storybook Apps.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lili Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiangli Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Limin Qin","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":74},{"pmcid":"PMC12774402","doi":"10.2196/77782","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Children considering oral immunotherapy","population":"Nine parents of children eligible for oral immunotherapy tried a decision aid; four children supplied quality-of-life reports.","rationale":"A small feasibility study examines a tool intended to include children in discussions with parents about allergy care.","parentQuestion":"What would make treatment options understandable enough for a child to take part in the discussion?","readingPrompts":["Whose experience was measured a week after the aid was provided?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC12774402","title":"Developing a Parent-Focused Decision Aid to Promote Child-Inclusive Shared Decision-Making in Pediatric Oral Immunotherapy: Pragmatic Exploratory Feasibility Study","authors":"Junko Hayama; Kanako Yamamoto; Kota Hirai; Koichi Yamaguchi; Hiroyuki Mochizuki; Kazuhiro Nakayama","journal":"Journal of Participatory Medicine","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2026-01-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/77782","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12774402","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12774402/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12774402-071edd3447f121d5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"071edd3447f121d50b4c544b51ee9304f74706aee8f9e8d69a3e03f00cea8449","sourceTextSha256":"cee614b0cdf92b5521d9adaae8379d1d1c0425d1c237419147c01a8f482573de","sourceXmlSha256":"6ed44cde19f0501bd2e6aeec27708879f38e7049c90ef3733d9d26c626f226d2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d9ed93a9e662d90391d6fcdf3c85c763bfbf903d31528d274da56dc7207f5aba","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47335,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundShared decision-making is increasingly valued worldwide in pediatric care; nonetheless, its application in Japanese clinical practice remains in its early stages, particularly in areas with substantial medical uncertainty, such as food allergy (FA) management. Although oral immunotherapy is a promising option for children with FA, its long-term effectiveness and safety remain under evaluation, providing families with limited evidence to navigate emotionally complex decisions. Despite this clinical uncertainty, decision aids (DAs) are beneficial for organizing information and supporting patients and families in making value-congruent choices. Involving children in these decisions is increasingly recognized as ethically and developmentally appropriate. DAs clarify treatment options and promote informed collaborative decisions. However, most DAs target adult users and do not explicitly encourage engagement with children’s views.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a culturally adapted DA for Japanese parents by considering their children’s preferences and perspectives.MethodsA paper-based DA was developed through iterative alpha testing and finalized by a multidisciplinary team. In total, 9 parents of children eligible for oral immunotherapy participated in this study and received the DA. Although intended for parents, the DA was structured to prompt reflection on the children’s involvement in decision-making. Parents completed structured questionnaires before and 1 week after receiving the DA to assess uncertainty, anxiety, and the burden of FA management. A total of 4 children completed the quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaire. Subsequently, all 9 parents and 4 children participated in semistructured interviews. Parents discussed how they used the DA, their perceptions of its clarity, and their interest in involving their children in decision-making. The children shared their thoughts about participating in decision-making.ResultsAll 9 parents read the DA and completed the follow-up assessment (100% retention rate). Among them, 4 children participated in pediatric QoL assessments and interviews. Parents’ Decisional Conflict Scale scores significantly decreased from 58.3 (SD 29.9) at baseline to 26.7 (SD 24.1) postintervention (t8=2.65; P=.03). The values clarity subscale also significantly declined, from 73.1 (SD 30.6) to 25.9 (SD 26.2) (t8=4.50; P=.002). No significant changes were observed in parental anxiety and QoL. Overall, 7 of the 9 parents explained the treatment options to their child, and 6 reported actively seeking their child’s feelings. The interview results suggested that the DA was associated with a shift in the family dynamic “from protecting to partnering.”ConclusionsCulturally adapted DAs appear practical and acceptable to Japanese families when making pediatric FA treatment choices. Facilitating parent-child dialogue may promote more inclusive decision-making. Nevertheless, further research with larger samples and longer follow-up periods is warranted to confirm these findings and refine the tool.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Junko Hayama","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kanako Yamamoto","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kota Hirai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Koichi Yamaguchi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hiroyuki Mochizuki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kazuhiro Nakayama","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":75},{"pmcid":"PMC12982172","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1767961","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Quasi-experimental intervention study","ageRange":"Ages ten to eleven","population":"515 fifth-grade pupils at a public primary school in Guangdong, China.","rationale":"The intervention linked school, family and community settings over an academic year to encourage physical activity. Its components should be examined together when interpreting outcomes.","parentQuestion":"What opportunities to be active can home and school create together?","readingPrompts":["Which parts of the intervention could the study evaluate separately?","How were participants assigned, and what differed between the comparison conditions?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"Group comparisons can be affected by baseline differences or concurrent support. Effects of a multicomponent program may not identify a single active ingredient.","id":"PMC12982172","title":"Effectiveness of a family–school–community collaborative physical activity intervention","authors":"Lin Kong; Xinyu Chen; Binping Gong; Xiqian Zhang; Mingming Guo","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-02-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1767961","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12982172","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12982172/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12982172-b489600e27e2b781.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b489600e27e2b7818ff382a63865ce4630964b8c4a8fa59a3ee086e6007df8fd","sourceTextSha256":"9903f4e3272af57b6a9ade72b67ad763b6d4887a6b6b1f562c90b4212599efd2","sourceXmlSha256":"be644af89b77aef764fcf3ea496484605ab4906ffbcdf626f86010c9ef571b86","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3c4e007dd2e0a0c85753d980c23ded2a17e7f2ea8c04d37401524417f6c34c75","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32850,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundFamily–school–community collaboration is increasingly recognized as a strategy to promote physical activity (PA) in youth, yet evidence in primary school settings—particularly for exercise-related cognition—remains limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate a family–school–community collaborative PA intervention on PA and exercise cognition in primary school students, and to examine associations between PA and exercise cognition.MethodsIn this quasi-experimental, one-academic-year study, 515 fifth-grade students (10–11 years) from a public primary school in Guangdong, China, were allocated to an intervention group (n = 255) or a control group (n = 260). The intervention group received a structured family–school–community collaborative PA program, while controls received usual physical education. PA was assessed using PAQ-CN; exercise cognition (benefits/barriers) was measured using EBBS-CN. Intervention effects were estimated using class-clustered ANCOVA adjusting for baseline outcome values and sex; exploratory associations were examined using class-clustered regression models.ResultsPA increased from pre- to post-intervention in both groups. In adjusted class-clustered ANCOVA models, the intervention was associated with higher exercise cognition (β = 3.94, 95% CI: 1.29–6.60; p = 0.003; Hedges’ g = 0.26) and higher perceived exercise benefits (β = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.03–5.89; p = 0.008; Hedges’ g = 0.24). The adjusted between-group effect on PA was not statistically significant (β = 0.11, 95% CI: −0.15–0.36; p = 0.418; Hedges’ g = 0.18), nor was the effect on exercise barriers (β = 0.55, 95% CI: −0.60–1.70; p = 0.354; Hedges’ g = 0.08). In exploratory class-clustered regression models (with baseline PA adjustment), post-intervention PA was positively associated with exercise cognition and perceived exercise benefits (both p ≤ 0.001), but not with perceived exercise barriers (p = 0.453).ConclusionIn this quasi-experimental, single-school study, the intervention was associated with improvements in exercise cognition and perceived benefits, while incremental between-group gains in PA were modest and not statistically robust after accounting for class clustering. These findings support multi-contextual approaches and underscore the potential value of strengthening positive exercise perceptions within coordinated PA promotion efforts.Keywords: exercise benefits, exercise cognition, family–school–community collaboration, physical activity, primary school students, school-based intervention","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lin Kong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinyu Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Binping Gong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiqian Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mingming Guo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":76},{"pmcid":"PMC13024602","doi":"10.3390/bs16030350","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"Caregivers of autistic children in parent-mediated and staff-mediated behavioral service models.","rationale":"The paper compares how caregivers describe stress, coparenting and quality of life in two ways of organizing services.","parentQuestion":"How does dividing responsibilities with a service team shape the demands on caregivers at home?","readingPrompts":["What might explain differences between families already using different service models?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC13024602","title":"Parent-Mediated vs. Staff-Mediated Behavioral Models in Families of Autistic Children: A Comparative Study on Parental Stress, Co-Parenting, and Quality of Life","authors":"Marco Esposito; Monia Trasolini; Roberta Fadda; Loredana Lucarelli; Marcella Caputi; Dario Siniscalco","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030350","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13024602","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13024602/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13024602-6ade1d30e0acbad3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6ade1d30e0acbad38e7549c9ff810a09829a5d3e57b10746d16dd8cda1458716","sourceTextSha256":"e71cd431486057db463d3d7233c55dc90e80d3ddbee3320e5dc378d983ef54ee","sourceXmlSha256":"8156941aa32fc840a04a5d950576e9afe29c002053ec7775e68d3b6b00ae7b9b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":67342,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: Parental and caregiver stress represents a critical factor influencing family functioning and the quality of care in families of autistic children. Although previous research has identified multiple correlates of caregiver stress, the interplay between individual stress, co-parenting quality, and psychosocial contextual factors in families of autistic children remains insufficiently characterized within an integrated framework. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional exploratory design to examine stress levels, co-parenting quality, and associated psychosocial variables in caregivers. Standardized self-report measures were administered, and analyses included descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, and exploratory person-centered clustering procedures to identify patterns of co-occurring characteristics rather than discrete typologies. Results: Caregiver stress was significantly associated with indicators of co-parenting quality and psychosocial burden. Exploratory clustering analyses identified distinct patterns of caregiver experiences, characterized by differing levels of stress, perceived support, and co-parenting quality. These clusters should be interpreted as statistical profiles that reflect heterogeneous configurations of variables, rather than as stable or causal categories. Conclusions: Findings highlight the multidimensional nature of caregiver stress and underscore the importance of considering co-parenting quality and contextual factors within mental health promotion frameworks. The results are hypothesis-generating and support the need for future longitudinal and confirmatory studies to validate these patterns and clarify their implications for preventive and supportive interventions targeting families and care professionals.Keywords: parent-mediated intervention, staff-mediated intervention, autism spectrum disorder, applied behavior analysis, parental stress, co-parenting, quality of life, co-parenting quality, family functioning, cluster analysis, early intervention","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marco Esposito","type":"Person"},{"name":"Monia Trasolini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Roberta Fadda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Loredana Lucarelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marcella Caputi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Siniscalco","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":77},{"pmcid":"PMC13451329","doi":"10.1007/s10597-026-01593-x","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Children younger than eighteen","population":"Published interventions for shared decisions with parents of autistic children; two eligible studies were identified.","rationale":"The authors examine what shared decision interventions actually contain and document how few studies met their criteria.","parentQuestion":"When a service describes a decision as shared, which steps should we look for?","readingPrompts":["How does having only two included studies limit comparison?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC13451329","title":"Shared Decision Making Interventions for Parents of Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Systematic and Scoping Review","authors":"Shely Khaikin; Beth Pfeiffer; Amber Pomponio Davidson; Andrea Goldstein Shipper; Stephanie Roth; Joanne Nicholson; Bryan Mccormick; Alexander G Fiks; David S Mandell; Yaara Zisman-Ilani","journal":"Community Mental Health Journal","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-03-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-026-01593-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13451329","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13451329/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13451329-2b6a5cf70545beb0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2b6a5cf70545beb01b766144428f56e27b74c00c3a54f4fbb8bce9d01e72e956","sourceTextSha256":"3c1b14e9230e58262d0bdaeb1cdf6a0fa710add92ecba6acb18560b406fb1f6b","sourceXmlSha256":"c3c21cd623794f2dfbd5b10e4a8aa68bf1b614f0ae9ba577633cd6a841d43707","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35267,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParents of children on the autism spectrum face challenging treatment-related decisions, often with limited knowledge about available options. Shared Decision Making (SDM), a process where clinicians, patients, and families collaborate to make decisions based on evidence and preferences, can assist parents in navigating these choices. However, little is known about the use of SDM interventions for autism-related parental decisions. A systematic and scoping review was conducted across four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycInfo), and grey literature in two clinical trial registries. Study selection was conducted in two phases: title and abstract screening and full-text screening. From 7,610 records identified, two studies were included from Australia and Italy, describing multicomponent SDM interventions for parents of young children (< 18 years) on the autism spectrum. Both interventions demonstrated improvements in SDM-related outcomes, including parents’ knowledge of autism treatments (such as speech pathology services and Early Intensive Behavior Intervention) and parents’ involvement in treatment discussions. This review reveals a critical gap in SDM intervention research for autism parental decision-making. Despite the critical role parents play in autism treatment decisions, evidence-based SDM interventions remain scarce. This finding is significant given the well-established benefits of SDM in other healthcare populations and underscores the urgent need to develop and rigorously evaluate SDM interventions tailored to autism care contexts that support parents in making informed decisions about their children’s care.Systematic review registration: A protocol was registered on PROSPERO. Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10597-026-01593-x.Keywords: Autism, Shared decision making, Parent, Family","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shely Khaikin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Beth Pfeiffer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amber Pomponio Davidson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Goldstein Shipper","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie Roth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joanne Nicholson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Bryan Mccormick","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexander G Fiks","type":"Person"},{"name":"David S Mandell","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yaara Zisman-Ilani","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10597-026-01593-x","publisherEvidenceSha256":"45a62f152118954846ce7a77f6d420659db7f75d616ed6448e2a8789adafee73","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":78},{"pmcid":"PMC13024617","doi":"10.3390/bs16030387","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Ninety-seven caregiver–child pairs observed at home after participating in JASPER, in families facing socioeconomic disadvantage.","rationale":"Home observations document what play looked like outside the intervention sessions. Joint activity can be examined in the context of other daily routines.","parentQuestion":"How does a shared play routine fit into an ordinary day after coaching ends?","readingPrompts":["What home activities did researchers observe directly?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC13024617","title":"Predictors of Play Development at Home After Parent-Mediated Early Intervention for Autistic Preschool Children","authors":"Ya-Chih Chang; Wendy Shih; Connie Kasari; Dario Siniscalco","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030387","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13024617","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13024617/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13024617-1affbf3b92ffc98a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1affbf3b92ffc98a4039d5d0cb472da59c1c294df5ed83b68979662d1bcddf30","sourceTextSha256":"5e04ed79089ddf43019386e60c4ac23646a6529a9d958b636112beebc54d7ee6","sourceXmlSha256":"c40592b8cd19e83e387803ea03f8b5ae893f59b63fdaf4000b14e52a02314414","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27105,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPlay is a critical developmental domain linked to social communication, cognitive growth, and later peer relationships; however, young autistic children often demonstrate delays in their play skills, especially higher level play skills (i.e., symbolic play). Although play-based, parent-mediated interventions show promise in improving parent strategies for engaging their children in play, we know less about how these strategies translate to child play improvement outside of the therapeutic sessions. The current study examined the home activities of 97 caregiver–child dyads following their participation in parent-mediated Joint Attention Symbolic Play Engagement Regulation (JASPER), among families in low socioeconomic circumstances. Naturalistic home observations identified the types of daily activities in which the dyads engaged, including play. Within play contexts, children whose caregivers received JASPER demonstrated a greater change from functional to symbolic play compared to those in a parent education control condition. Additionally, child-level, but not family-level, characteristics predicted greater gains in symbolic play. The results provide insight into the ecological validity of parent-mediated, play-based interventions delivered in home settings and highlight factors associated with variability in play outcomes. These findings have implications for tailoring parent-mediated interventions to better support equitable and sustainable developmental gains for autistic children.Keywords: parent-mediated intervention, play skills, predictors, JASPER","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ya-Chih Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wendy Shih","type":"Person"},{"name":"Connie Kasari","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Siniscalco","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":79},{"pmcid":"PMC13024542","doi":"10.3390/bs16030448","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"1,389 adolescents and their fathers and mothers reporting on coparenting and adolescent well-being.","rationale":"Reports from both adults make it possible to examine agreement about coparenting alongside adolescents' own accounts of depression and self-esteem.","parentQuestion":"What might we miss if we ask just one adult how well the family works together?","readingPrompts":["How does the analysis separate agreement about supportive behavior from agreement about less supportive behavior?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC13024542","title":"The Effects of Congruence and Incongruence in Parental Co-Parenting on Adolescents’ Depression: Using Polynomial Regression with Response Surface Analysis","authors":"Xiaoqing Wang; Ruisen Chen; Panqin Ye; Furong Lu; Xiaochun Xie","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030448","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13024542","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13024542/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13024542-cb0aeaff47319b3e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cb0aeaff47319b3e48cef37d57734cc299aa7aaa254e40c1d38742880f7f9268","sourceTextSha256":"a5dd071ffa1f854110c2ecb98f93f4763957e6dd2fa0560ff6d5549a3046a41b","sourceXmlSha256":"0a331312671d05638c57e58a742277ff2f3eeb3d9bba893b794b4d869c8c8560","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51585,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study explores the influence of congruence and incongruence in father–mother co-parenting on adolescent depression, as well as the mediating effect of self-esteem. A total of 1389 adolescents completed questionnaires assessing their levels of depression and self-esteem, while their fathers and mothers correspondingly reported on their own co-parenting behaviors using the Parental Co-parenting Scale in this cross-sectional study. Dates were analyzed using LPA, RSA, and mediation consecutively. The results show that: (1) We identified three distinct co-parenting profiles: positive parental co-parenting, negative parental co-parenting, and mixed parental co-parenting. (2) In cases of congruent parental co-parenting, high positive parental co-parenting was associated with lower adolescent depression, whereas high negative parental co-parenting was linked to higher depression, and the difference manifests in different forms among boys and girls. Girls showed nonlinear changes in depression while boys exhibited linear trends. (3) In cases of incongruence in parental co-parenting, mothers’ co-parenting exerted a stronger influence on boys’ depression, while girls were not affected by mothers’ and fathers’ discrepancies. (4) Self-esteem mediated the relationship between parental co-parenting (in)congruence and depression across both genders. This study provides evidence for the mechanism through which parental coparenting influences adolescent depression and offers a basis for future interventions targeting adolescent depression.Keywords: co-parenting, depression, self-esteem, response surface analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaoqing Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruisen Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Panqin Ye","type":"Person"},{"name":"Furong Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaochun Xie","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":80},{"pmcid":"PMC10848273","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1294291","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Chinese early adolescents reporting on family experiences and rumination","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine adolescents’ concurrent perceptions of parental warmth and rejection.","parentQuestion":"How can I acknowledge a hard feeling without making my child feel rejected?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate adolescents’ concurrent perceptions of parental warmth and rejection?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Did the authors distinguish warmth and rejection as separate experiences in their models?"],"limitations":"Young people’s ratings of warmth, rejection and rumination can reflect overlapping perceptions. A moderation model cannot identify an intervention effect.","id":"PMC10848273","title":"Perceived parental warmth attenuates the link between perceived parental rejection and rumination in Chinese early adolescents: two conditional moderation models","authors":"Fanfei Meng; Cuiping Cheng; Yuntian Xie; Haihua Ying; Xinling Cui","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-01-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1294291","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10848273","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10848273/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10848273/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10848273-82846b79aa25c8f1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"82846b79aa25c8f1faeda5184d9f999c386654d4d90658a0a64a8e7abd139304","sourceTextSha256":"e09d3593e357f2b340684c303be9a79514eab14f461b7f50a20c6631a6114ed8","sourceXmlSha256":"91690d5b43f4fec76d1f90252b4cc90701f69c8e0d694d7a481fc1628c9a4e9e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"acec0c82de13fc6ae9dd66dfc899603232573d8fd9fa4353608f36130283198b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44898,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundPrior studies have explored the association between perceived parental rejection-warmth and adolescents’ rumination, but it is unclear whether the interaction between perceived parental rejection and warmth can predict adolescents’ rumination in a Chinese context and whether this interaction varies by children’s gender during the post-COVID-19 era.ObjectiveThis study aimed to address these issues in Chinese early adolescents from a family system perspective.MethodsA total of 910 adolescents (M age = 13.63, 48.50% female) from two middle schools in Chongqing and Changsha, China participated in the survey, answering measures for demographics, perceived parental rejection-warmth, and rumination.ResultsThe results show that adolescents’ rumination was positively related to perceived paternal rejection (r = 0.326, p <.001) and maternal rejection (r = 0.343, p <.001), and negatively related to perceived paternal warmth (r = -.184, p <.001) and maternal warmth (r = -0.125, p <.001). Moreover, perceived maternal warmth significantly moderated the link between perceived paternal rejection and adolescents’ rumination (boot effect = -0.066, 95CI% = [-0.124, -0.010]), but this moderating effect is only presented in boys not in girls (boot effect = -0.063, 95CI% = [-0.015, 0.140]). However, perceived paternal warmth moderated the link between perceived maternal rejection and rumination in adolescents (boot effect = -0.052, 95CI% = [-0.103, -0.001]), and this interaction varied by adolescents’ gender (boot effect = 0.103, 95CI% = [0.029, 0.177]).ConclusionsPerceived Parental rejection and parental warmth co-exist in the Chinese family system, and they exert an interactive effect on adolescents’ rumination depending on their gender. It implies that both parents should be more accepting, caring, considerate, and warm toward their daughters, and it is also in line with the tradition and status quo of parenting in Chinese families. These findings have implications for Chinese parental co-parenting practices in families with adolescents and adolescence mental health counseling work.Keywords: Chinese early adolescent, parental rejection, parental warmth, rumination, conditional moderation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Fanfei Meng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cuiping Cheng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuntian Xie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haihua Ying","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinling Cui","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":81},{"pmcid":"PMC10865624","doi":"10.1186/s12888-024-05584-8","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"7–17 years","population":"266 children with specific learning disabilities and their mothers","rationale":"This article addresses maternal acceptance and rejection in a family setting shaped by learning difficulties.","parentQuestion":"How do we make acceptance clear when a school task is difficult?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate maternal acceptance and rejection in a family setting shaped by learning difficulties?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Were mothers’ ratings of acceptance or rejection and their ratings of child difficulties collected independently?"],"limitations":"The sample included children diagnosed with specific learning disabilities. Reported associations cannot be assumed for children without that diagnosis.","id":"PMC10865624","title":"Which factors accompany maternal acceptance-rejection in children with specific learning disabilities?","authors":"Ganime Ayar; Sıddıka Songül Yalçın; Özge Tanıdır Artan; Ahmet Kahveci; Esra Çöp","journal":"BMC Psychiatry","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2024-02-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05584-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10865624","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10865624/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10865624-10b72c4d62c0258c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"10b72c4d62c0258c848b82581a81e55ac66d0e39ccdd7cc49b55913a345b885b","sourceTextSha256":"365bdae9a7b9f1f30911ef4eefb2ac0c629a90ffa74155404877b23261d71cc3","sourceXmlSha256":"d5829e2fa358cf29d27037f85f0fc1e583ca4a5aa072fdbeabd6fd11f5dd1d26","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a70caa550c2e2cf92e81aade623bc8f7d6e677de1043877b7c66b913bba22c5a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30349,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundChildren with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) and their parents experience many problems that may influence their interactions. The study aimed to evaluate the maternal acceptance/rejection status of children with SLDs and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics, and problem behaviors.MethodsThe Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire (PARQ/C) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were applied to the mothers with children aged 7–17 years with a diagnosis of SLD.ResultsAmong 266 children enrolled, the mean age was 10.2 years, and 61.7% were male, the mean score was 30.4 for warmth/affection, 25.8 for hostility/aggression, 22.9 for indifference/neglect, 16.3 for undifferentiated rejection, 95.4 for the total PARQ, and 40.8 for the control scales. Generalized linear models revealed that maternal depression, poor family income, parental smoking, and presence of dysgraphia, and poor total difficulties and prosocial scores of SDQ subscales were associated with the maternal acceptance-rejection. There was an interaction between the maternal control subscale and the school success of the child.ConclusionMothers of children with SLDs had high maternal rejection scores which were associated with unfavorable characteristics of child and family. Early detection and giving appropriate support of these cases could improve the mother’s relationship with her SLD child.Keywords: Specific learning disability, Maternal acceptance/rejection, Maternal control, Children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ganime Ayar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sıddıka Songül Yalçın","type":"Person"},{"name":"Özge Tanıdır Artan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ahmet Kahveci","type":"Person"},{"name":"Esra Çöp","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":82},{"pmcid":"PMC11564313","doi":"10.1007/s00787-024-02399-6","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Early childhood to adolescence","population":"9,193 participants in the UK Millennium Cohort Study, including children born preterm","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine early maternal warmth in a study of prematurity and subsequent peer relationships.","parentQuestion":"How can we support a child’s friendships while respecting their pace?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate early maternal warmth in a study of prematurity and subsequent peer relationships?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How did the cohort distinguish children born very preterm, moderately preterm and at term?"],"limitations":"The very-preterm group was relatively small within a much larger cohort, and early maternal warmth was only one aspect of later social experience.","id":"PMC11564313","title":"Problems in peer relationships and low engagement in romantic relationships in preterm born adolescents: effects of maternal warmth in early childhood","authors":"Ayten Bilgin; Dieter Wolke; Hayley Trower; Nicole Baumann; Katri Räikkönen; Kati Heinonen; Eero Kajantie; Daniel Schnitzlein; Sakari Lemola","journal":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-03-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02399-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11564313","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11564313/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11564313-44cfc09476f3a4f5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"44cfc09476f3a4f527a2d19a3b52583023bc86d1cd981ec53f88a20063db33b7","sourceTextSha256":"658757aca3f0d5f5b5638e56aa1c75ad2ac0d32ed829ece05c13fb5ebcc6d80b","sourceXmlSha256":"a71f6b9a3b2b721a413f48c7ebb326f28f75d721a87a5497607461438ca65162","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30009fc143eb058dc4afec4009acb7c296dbe64ab4285029aa2d151177215a8a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":26201,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study examined whether maternal warmth in early childhood moderates the association between preterm birth and problems in peer relationships and low engagement in romantic relationships in adolescence. We studied 9193 individuals from the Millennium Cohort Study in the United Kingdom, 99 (1.1%) of whom were born very preterm (VPT; < 32 weeks of gestation) and 629 (6.8%) moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT; 32–36 weeks gestation). Maternal warmth was reported by the mothers when their children were 3 years old. Peer relationship problems were reported by both the participants and their mothers at 14 and 17 years. Further, participants reported their engagement in romantic relationships at 14 and 17 years. All outcome variables were z-standardized, and the moderation effect was examined via hierarchical linear regressions. Compared to full-term birth, both MLPT and VPT birth were associated with lower engagement in romantic relationships at 17 years of age (b = .04, p = .02; b = .11, p = .02, respectively), and VPT birth was associated with increased peer relationship problems at 14 (b = .29, p = .01) and 17 years of age (b = .22, p = .046). Maternal warmth in early childhood was similarly associated with lower peer relationship problems in MLPT, VPT and full-term born adolescents. However, there was no influence of maternal warmth on engagement in romantic relationships at 17 years of age. There is no major modifying effect of maternal warmth in early childhood on the association between PT birth and peer relationship problems and low engagement in romantic relationships at 14 and 17 years of ages.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ayten Bilgin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dieter Wolke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hayley Trower","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicole Baumann","type":"Person"},{"name":"Katri Räikkönen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kati Heinonen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eero Kajantie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel Schnitzlein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sakari Lemola","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00787-024-02399-6","publisherEvidenceSha256":"a4ebec097f77b9e3ab909ad9e3f2384e8ad475a4c21583431d773ef30a3bd589","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":83},{"pmcid":"PMC10982347","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290141","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"5–6 years","population":"414 children in China plus their parents and teachers","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine warmth at home and children’s engagement with learning.","parentQuestion":"How do we respond when our child is curious but hesitant to try?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate warmth at home and children’s engagement with learning?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Which information came from teachers, parents and the five- to six-year-olds themselves?"],"limitations":"Ratings of learning behavior in a specific Chinese educational setting do not by themselves explain the effects of parental warmth.","id":"PMC10982347","title":"The correlations between parental warmth and children’s approaches to learning: a moderated mediation model of self-efficacy and teacher-child closeness","authors":"Yongli Liu; Wei Wang; Sumei Wei; Pengcheng Wang; Kun Chen; Jing Liu; Junjun Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290141","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10982347","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10982347/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10982347/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10982347-13f0556a722d04d1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"13f0556a722d04d126ed7fea14a364ea8b483bbdf8dbb154b5ab8bd738c9e6e6","sourceTextSha256":"5e73e8d9dea716ec69ea9707fa1ecca13050082f7f56b3d7f3521a456ac9fd08","sourceXmlSha256":"196f541ac1af1c18fd024470bd98f8fd3610042e7c0dd84b857f080dda397b16","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b8ce551e04ac564179454909ae98c449058a264b401e509ab00bfd4e350a3a17","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35473,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractResearchers have increasingly considered approaches to learning (ATL) a key indicator of school readiness. Our study purposed to examine the impacts of parental warmth on children’s approaches to learning, and the mediating role of self-efficacy, as well as the moderating role of teacher-child closeness in this relationship. Using a whole-group sampling method, 414 Chinese children aged 5–6 years participated this research together with their parents and teachers. Parents of those children were asked to fill out in person questionnaires on parental warmth, children’s approaches to learning, and self-efficacy. Children’s teachers completed the questionnaire regarding teacher-child closeness. Results indicated that children with high parental warmth were more likely to get high approaches to learning and their self-efficacy played a partial mediating role in this link. In addition, teacher-child closeness moderated the correlation between parental warmth and children’s self-efficacy. Specifically, the association between parental warmth and children’s self-efficacy was stronger for children with high teacher-child closeness than those with low teacher-child closeness. The results extend our understanding of how parental warmth affects children’s approaches to learning, revealing that strategies that could enhance self-efficacy would be effective in improving children’s approaches to learning.Keywords: parental warmth, approaches to learning, self-efficacy, teacher-child closeness, moderated mediation analyses","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yongli Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wei Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sumei Wei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pengcheng Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kun Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jing Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junjun Chen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":84},{"pmcid":"PMC10982369","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1338055","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Preschool","population":"3,834 parents recruited through 20 kindergartens in Zhuhai, China","rationale":"The focus here is caregivers’ phone distraction and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"When my child tries to get my attention, what do I do with my phone?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate caregivers’ phone distraction and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How differently might a parent and a preschooler experience the same phone interruption?"],"limitations":"Parents’ reports of their own phone behavior and the child’s behavior can share reporting bias across the 20 participating kindergartens.","id":"PMC10982369","title":"The association between parents phubbing and prosocial behavior among Chinese preschool children: a moderated mediation model","authors":"Dasheng Shi; Yongqi Xu; Lin Chu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1338055","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10982369","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10982369/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC10982369-705e9e279dae5a4d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"705e9e279dae5a4d82ccf828c735139514d4ce9bd06f726c4f15e64ae53c8c7d","sourceTextSha256":"f33c4292c45a1dc1c3c4a2f55cd59e165c8331e78384563f50db04dc5dad9de7","sourceXmlSha256":"0ce0264e1bf4cec275ce4c82f039eb6d5aac6bb359367eeb992b7d01f2b20222","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bc2b2cbf54c7311d6756dc2aa7590fccce1408739893721885f34f2b80f5ab46","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34816,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThe popularization and widespread use of smartphones and other electronic devices have led to the occurrence of “parents phubbing”, which may have a negative impact on child-parent relationship and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior.MethodsTo clarify this process, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 3,834 parents from 20 kindergartens in Zhuhai, China. This study examined the relationship between between parents phubbing, closeness child-parent relationship, authoritative parenting style and children’s prosocial behavior.ResultsAccording to the study, we found a significant negative correlation between parents phubbing and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior. Closeness child-parent relationship mediated between parents phubbing and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior through mediation effects analysis. In other words, parent phubbing was negatively associated with closeness child-parent relationship, which in turn predicted less child prosocial behavior. In addition, authoritative parenting styles have a moderating effect. As the level of authoritative parenting style increases, the negative impact of parent phubbing on the prosocial behavior of preschool children is attenuated.DiscussionThis study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between parents phubbing and prosocial behaviors of preschool children, as well as the internal mechanisms at work. Practically, the study suggests that parents should reduce the incidence of phubbing in their contact with their children and, at the same time, work to improve the child-parent relationship and promote the development of prosocial behaviors in children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Dasheng Shi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yongqi Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lin Chu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":85},{"pmcid":"PMC11473715","doi":"10.1017/S0954579424000762","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Sixth grade","population":"687 sixth-grade children and their mothers and fathers","rationale":"The authors examine whether children and their two parents agree about warmth at home.","parentQuestion":"Would each person in our family describe the same gesture as caring?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate whether children and their two parents agree about warmth at home?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Did mother, father and sixth grader have to agree for a family to enter a particular profile?"],"limitations":"The profiles are statistical groupings from three family members’ reports. They do not categorically describe every family member’s experience.","id":"PMC11473715","title":"Examining profiles of convergence and divergence in reports of parental warmth: Links to adolescent developmental problems","authors":"Carlie J Sloan; Emily Forrester; Stephanie Lanza; Mark E Feinberg; Gregory M Fosco","journal":"Development and psychopathology","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publishedDate":"2024-04-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579424000762","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11473715","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11473715/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11473715-a27ef478e28316bc.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a27ef478e28316bc0e2f56d9978a964f0c2f4815c773574777e5dd8635a1bd83","sourceTextSha256":"094593edf2e12b42f0d0b2c76bb99552363d61c5a949970f21c7f4576ee95063","sourceXmlSha256":"3e90a6e8ad7cbe4d48683ad2e0b76c1222d8e9124b456d3f290c020e918dfff6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4b96fa653a58cc8cdbcbc44601a152288ad309368eee8d7610488dc220b0820e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":77367,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParental warmth during the transition from childhood to adolescence is a key protective factor against a host of adolescent problems, including substance use, maladjustment, and diminished well-being. Moreover, adolescents and parents often disagree in their perceptions of parenting quality, and these discrepancies may confer risk for problem outcomes. The current study applies latent profile analysis to a sample of 687 mother–father–6th grade adolescent triads to identify patterns of adolescent–parent convergence and divergence in perceptions of parental warmth. Five profiles were identified, and associations with adolescent positive well-being, substance use, and maladjustment outcomes in 9th grade were assessed. Patterns of divergence in which adolescents had a pronounced negative perception of parental warmth compared to parents, as well as those wherein pronounced divergence was present in only one adolescent–parent dyad, were associated with diminished positive well-being compared to adolescents who had more positive perceptions of warmth than parents. Having more negative perceptions of warmth compared to parents was also associated with elevated risk for alcohol and marijuana initiation, but only when the divergence was pronounced rather than more moderate. These findings add nuance to findings from previous between-family investigations of informant discrepancies, calling for further family-centered methods for investigating multiple perspectives.Keywords: Adolescent, informant discrepancies, latent profiles, parent warmth","authorEntries":[{"name":"Carlie J Sloan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emily Forrester","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie Lanza","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mark E Feinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gregory M Fosco","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1017%2Fs0954579424000762","publisherEvidenceSha256":"c46cc1c56116556665299e84b8dee543add4d67e601735b793159694e57c5822","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":86},{"pmcid":"PMC11094289","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1341428","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"325 adolescents in economically disadvantaged single-mother families in Hong Kong","rationale":"This article addresses family duties, maternal warmth and adolescent wellbeing under financial constraint.","parentQuestion":"When my child helps the household, do they also feel appreciated?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate family duties, maternal warmth and adolescent wellbeing under financial constraint?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","Were responsibilities experienced as chosen contributions, material necessities or burdens?"],"limitations":"Responsibilities held by Hong Kong adolescents in economically disadvantaged single-mother households arise within a specific financial and cultural setting.","id":"PMC11094289","title":"Filial responsibilities and psychological wellbeing among Chinese adolescents in poor single-mother families: does parental warmth matter?","authors":"Janet T. Y. Leung; Daniel T. L. Shek","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-05-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1341428","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11094289","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11094289/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11094289-7181cfaa13cc1ce0.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7181cfaa13cc1ce0fe0dc32b35ea4e9ddf247d6922254aaebd98261f7a0bb09b","sourceTextSha256":"159bffc3abecc479ce88ab1bdf801f1e0631271716fe991f72e838b48e2257d0","sourceXmlSha256":"052b3ca13690f8b6a3382dfc832e4e94c89d2f116221da2ee0412c094534a96c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8218e589b9cb907a01afd741c6655746dfb3f417bc490f5e743b723ee82c59c8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":47365,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionAdolescent children raised in single-mother households, particularly those living in poverty, often need to assume more instrumental and emotional familial responsibilities to cope with family challenges.MethodThis study examined the relationships between these filial responsibilities and adolescent psychological wellbeing, as well as the moderating effect of maternal warmth on these relationships via survey. The sample comprised 325 Chinese adolescent children (43.3% girls; Mage = 13.5) from economically disadvantaged single-mother families in Hong Kong.ResultsThe results indicated that adolescents’ instrumental filial responsibilities were positively associated with their life satisfaction. Emotional filial responsibilities, on the other hand, were positively linked to life satisfaction and negatively associated with depression. Furthermore, maternal warmth was found to moderate the relationship between emotional filial responsibilities and life satisfaction. Adolescents who perceived higher levels of maternal warmth and performed more emotional filial responsibilities reported greater life satisfaction than those who performed fewer such responsibilities. Furthermore, the moderating effect of maternal warmth on the relationship between instrumental filial responsibilities and life satisfaction varied between boys and girls. Additionally, the age of the adolescent moderated the effect of maternal warmth on the relationship between emotional filial responsibilities and adolescent anxiety.DiscussionThese findings suggest that filial responsibilities do not necessarily impede adolescent wellbeing. Instead, maternal warmth appears to be a crucial family factor that influences the nature of the relationship between filial responsibilities and adolescent wellbeing. These insights are valuable for family scholars and practitioners, informing the design of supportive services to enhance the psychological wellbeing of Chinese adolescents from economically disadvantaged single-mother families.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Janet T. Y. Leung","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel T. L. Shek","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":87},{"pmcid":"PMC11758458","doi":"10.1111/jora.12949","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Around 10 years at baseline","population":"9,574 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine family warmth as a context for a brain-connectivity and academic-achievement association.","parentQuestion":"How can we show steady interest in learning when school is frustrating?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate family warmth as a context for a brain-connectivity and academic-achievement association?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How large was the brain-connectivity association compared with other predictors of academic achievement?"],"limitations":"A large neuroimaging cohort supports group-level comparisons. Neither an individual scan nor an individual warmth score predicts a child’s academic future.","id":"PMC11758458","title":"Parental warmth buffers the negative impact of weaker fronto‐striatal connectivity on early adolescents' academic achievement","authors":"Beiming Yang; Zexi Zhou; Ya‐Yun Chen; Varun Devakonda; Tianying Cai; Tae‐Ho Lee; Yang Qu","journal":"Journal of Research on Adolescence","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2024-05-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12949","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11758458","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11758458/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11758458-5ad8face45b0d6c9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5ad8face45b0d6c9ce1e3009065fcee20e8ff0a1f7fa46cbc63d107bc7b95040","sourceTextSha256":"6c725f7dc16baefeb9bbfe7dc5a79c13cfd475a80b3a0bcd2f044c8c651282eb","sourceXmlSha256":"6bb073d003351e613fd45872679f21a20022e0d9ea2d9e77435a79e9379eaf28","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c5a7701eb89af0cddb4d71b6fb78690c0844bd9c12f2315bf4250306e5cae1b6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":35854,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn past decades, the positive role of self‐control in students' academic success has attracted plenty of scholarly attention. However, fewer studies have examined the link between adolescents' neural development of the inhibitory control system and their academic achievement, especially using a longitudinal approach. Moreover, less is known about the role of parents in this link. Using large‐scale longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N = 9574; mean age = 9.94 years at baseline, SD = .63; 50% girls), the current study took an integrative biopsychosocial approach to explore the longitudinal link between early adolescents' fronto‐striatal connectivity and their academic achievement, with attention to the moderating role of parental warmth. Results showed that weaker intrinsic connectivity between the frontoparietal network and the striatum was associated with early adolescents' worse academic achievement over 2 years during early adolescence. Notably, parental warmth moderated the association between fronto‐striatal connectivity and academic achievement, such that weaker fronto‐striatal connectivity was only predictive of worse academic achievement among early adolescents who experienced low levels of parental warmth. Taken together, the findings demonstrate weaker fronto‐striatal connectivity as a risk factor for early adolescents' academic development and highlight parental warmth as a protective factor for academic development among those with weaker connectivity within the inhibitory control system.Keywords: academic achievement, adolescence, frontoparietal, inhibitory control, parental warmth, striatum","authorEntries":[{"name":"Beiming Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zexi Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ya‐Yun Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Varun Devakonda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tianying Cai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tae‐Ho Lee","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yang Qu","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjora.12949","publisherEvidenceSha256":"f274b3c6d504fd57b4f4af0c51ccb576e546e487bc9720eda72f4fd9c48f230e","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":88},{"pmcid":"PMC11119590","doi":"10.3390/children11050585","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"13–18 years","population":"2,122 Spanish adolescents reporting family interactions","rationale":"This article addresses parental warmth and moral disengagement in a study of aggression toward parents.","parentQuestion":"How does our family talk about the impact of harmful behavior?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parental warmth and moral disengagement in a study of aggression toward parents?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Did the authors measure earlier warmth at the time or ask teenagers to recall it?"],"limitations":"A question about a past parenting experience can introduce recall bias; the timing of the report matters when interpreting the proposed lag.","id":"PMC11119590","title":"Lagged Effect of Parental Warmth on Child-to-Parent Violence through Moral Disengagement Strategies","authors":"Nazaret Bautista-Aranda; Lourdes Contreras; M Carmen Cano-Lozano; Jane D Champion; Laura Lacomba-Trejo; Francisco González Sala; Paula Samper-Garcia","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-05-11","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050585","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11119590","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11119590/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11119590-2097808495cda90e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2097808495cda90e68108888d5f6b729600d97efdbe00770094e7baa7086829b","sourceTextSha256":"e8224ea70a2ffa9ffa016e5f0c6a66a43c098646c7330f5b36c9703998d70ef0","sourceXmlSha256":"8e4b3d598001df090a6491a4291ea04c91e85ac7053e5abacb1dff5aa5385e5f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41383,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEmpirical evidence supports the simultaneous relationship between parental warmth and child-to-parent violence (CPV). However, no studies analyze the lagged effects of perceived parental warmth and the potential impact of cognitive mechanisms legitimizing immoral behavior on this relationship. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of moral disengagement strategies (reconstruction of immoral behavior, obscuring personal responsibility, misrepresenting injurious consequences, and blaming the victim) in the relationship between the perceived paternal and maternal warmth dimensions (warmth-communication and criticism-rejection) during childhood and CPV towards the father and mother. The sample included 2122 Spanish adolescents (57.7% female) aged 13 to 18 years. The Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q), the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS-S), and the Warmth Scale were used as assessment instruments. The results indicate that paternal and maternal warmth-communication is negatively associated with CPV, whereas paternal and maternal criticism-rejection and moral disengagement strategies are positively related to CPV. The mediation models show that the reconstruction of immoral behavior plays a crucial mediation role in the relationship between paternal and maternal warmth-communication and CPV as well as in the relationship between maternal criticism-rejection and CPV. The results emphasize the necessity of early prevention programs for parents promoting positive parenting practices, including parental warmth, to foster children’s adaptive socio-cognitive development. In addition, addressing moral disengagement in adolescents could help prevent or stop a pattern of violent behavior toward parents.Keywords: child-to-parent violence, moral disengagement, parental warmth, adolescents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nazaret Bautista-Aranda","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lourdes Contreras","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Carmen Cano-Lozano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jane D Champion","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Lacomba-Trejo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francisco González Sala","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paula Samper-Garcia","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":89},{"pmcid":"PMC11200768","doi":"10.3390/bs14060436","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Childhood","population":"701 families surveyed about media use and children’s behavior","rationale":"The authors examine parent-child closeness and emotion regulation in research on media use and helping.","parentQuestion":"During screen time, when do we still notice and respond to each other?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parent-child closeness and emotion regulation in research on media use and helping?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the researchers define electronic media use and distinguish it from parent-child closeness?"],"limitations":"A family survey can link media use and helping but cannot isolate the influence of screen content, context or the direction of the association.","id":"PMC11200768","title":"Interplay between Children’s Electronic Media Use and Prosocial Behavior: The Chain Mediating Role of Parent–Child Closeness and Emotion Regulation","authors":"Xiaocen Liu; Shuliang Geng; Donghui Dou; Yuka Kotozaki","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2024-05-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060436","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11200768","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11200768/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11200768-1a488140ccab4e8b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1a488140ccab4e8b275cd8c40a353a5f2c3f46bf5371dfb3b0ede680c1e0d053","sourceTextSha256":"7433e4292fd7d755465a8d02c01b671eddc899f5a208b5e69e205f3ac75518a4","sourceXmlSha256":"904e904cab076346d0d9987bf2927785627999ac1c0e1141531bf86b0f544ea5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95e783cdb2b9b21ab9ce44f178c561773ca8bf98ef37c9bef90a5d14bebfc1a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55390,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn the contemporary digital milieu, children’s pervasive engagement with electronic media is ubiquitous in their daily lives, presenting complex implications for their socialization. Prosocial behavior, a cornerstone of social interaction and child development, is intricately intertwined with these digital experiences. This relation gains further depth, considering the significant roles of parent–child relationships and emotion regulation in shaping children’s social trajectories. This study surveyed 701 families to examine the association between children’s electronic media use and prosocial behavior, specifically exploring the mediating roles of parent–child closeness and emotion regulation. Structural equation modeling was employed for the analysis. Children’s electronic media use negatively correlated with prosocial behavior, parent–child closeness, and emotion regulation. In contrast, a positive association emerged between parent–child closeness, emotion regulation, and prosocial behavior. Emotion regulation also correlated positively with prosocial behavior. Statistical analyses revealed that parent–child closeness and emotion regulation function as both individual and sequential mediators in the relation between electronic media use and prosocial behavior. The study’s analyses reveal that fostering children’s prosocial behavior in the digital era requires strong family ties, effective emotional management, and balanced digital exposure, which are pivotal for their comprehensive development.Keywords: electronic media, parent–child relationship, emotion regulation, prosocial behavior, social interaction, children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaocen Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuliang Geng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Donghui Dou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuka Kotozaki","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":90},{"pmcid":"PMC11405316","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408396","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents recruited from a hospital, schools and community settings in Shenzhen","rationale":"This article addresses self-compassion and family relationships in adolescents reporting self-injury.","parentQuestion":"How can I invite a conversation about distress without adding shame?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate self-compassion and family relationships in adolescents reporting self-injury?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","How did recruitment through clinics, schools and the community shape group comparisons?"],"limitations":"A comparison of adolescents with different self-injury histories cannot determine whether parenting or self-compassion caused onset or recovery.","id":"PMC11405316","title":"Effect of Parenting Style, attachment to parents and self-compassion on the occurrence and recovery motivation for non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents","authors":"Pei Liu; Jianbo Liu; Yi Li; Jianping Lu","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-09-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408396","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11405316","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11405316/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11405316/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11405316-fc6257ed87c72906.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fc6257ed87c729066a1963988b8a7632ddab12229f1dea4062850db9e87505ea","sourceTextSha256":"68aac08c012a2f549479051ee8adaa7adaae38f01107daefc4ac994372325c5d","sourceXmlSha256":"35496a95e4e222be553788c89f873dc1b7dc3c5d21b06a50d7dc78f86cc36dc4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"927d5f8d8299e5dd6bc3faa19ca29eabf7f59959ab21763f84d9ffcfbb59fc4d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41776,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a worldwide mental health problem that deserves thorough investigation. This study aims to explore the effect of parenting styles, attachment to parents, and self-compassion on the occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior in adolescents and whether these factors influence their recovery motivation.MethodsA total of 132 adolescents who had engaged in NSSI within the last year and 72 adolescents who had never engaged in NSSI were recruited from the Shenzhen Kangning Hospital and from primary and secondary schools and communities. Differences in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Egma Minn av. Bardndosnauppforstran (EMBU), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) of participants were compared. A binary logistic model was established to measure the odds ratios of these variables on the occurrence of NSSI. In the NSSI adolescent sample, separate binary logistic models were created with NSSI impulse inhibition, NSSI resistance activity, and NSSI recovery motivation as dependent variables and with parenting styles, attachment to parents, and self-compassion as independent variables.ResultsCompared with adolescents with no NSSI behavior, those who had engaged in NSSI within the past year had higher scores on the HAMD, as well as higher EMBU-negative father parental behavior (punishment, excessive interference, rejection, and overprotection), EMBU-negative mother parental behavior (excessive interference, rejection, and punishment), and SCS negative self-compassion scores. Moreover, adolescents with NSSI had lower EMBU-father emotional warmth, EMBU-mother emotional warmth, IPPA-attachment to father, IPPA-attachment to mother, and SCS positive self-compassion scores. Current depressive symptoms and maternal punishment are risk factors for NSSI in adolescents, while positive self-compassion was a protective factor. Positive self-compassion can positively predict NSSI impulse inhibition, NSSI resistance activity, and NSSI recovery motivation. However, we unexpectedly found that the father’s emotional warmth negatively predicts NSSI resistance activity.ConclusionThis study found that positive self-compassion has a significant impact on the prevention of and recovery from NSSI behavior in adolescents.Keywords: non-suicidal self-injury, recovery motivation, self-compassion, adolescent, attachment to parents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Pei Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jianbo Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yi Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jianping Lu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":91},{"pmcid":"PMC11446764","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1417355","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Secondary school","population":"1,839 adolescents recruited from two schools in Guangdong, China","rationale":"The focus here is perceived parenting, self-compassion and depressive symptoms.","parentQuestion":"How might my teenager learn to respond to their own disappointment kindly?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate perceived parenting, self-compassion and depressive symptoms?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How much do the parenting, self-compassion and symptom questionnaires rely on the same student’s account?"],"limitations":"Students came from two schools in one Chinese city. Self-report associations cannot determine whether changing parenting will reduce symptoms.","id":"PMC11446764","title":"Perceived parental rearing styles and depression in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-compassion","authors":"Yanzhen Ren; Shining Zhang; Caiying Huang; Jie Zhang; Tingyun Jiang; Yuan Fang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2024-09-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1417355","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11446764","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11446764/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11446764/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11446764-33b96bd8c89849c9.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"33b96bd8c89849c9722d87f9dbd35624661c78684f3f502aaff3953fd0f54cfe","sourceTextSha256":"3ebce2393bd072728747075f4b374e9c1a111225c61397220a82e271ab4c485f","sourceXmlSha256":"c8be2e63efa5304aa41688b2eee542d0fa603c3da0d6dd82428ba8f479fd5854","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c4484fb2ece655a491335f3f7c7551fbccd6ce80a3224cc5fdf486ed60f138be","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34552,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundAdolescence is a period characterized by rapid biological and psychological change, and adolescents have a heightened risk of depression. Parental rearing is an important influencing factor for depression in adolescence. However, the mechanism of influence needs further exploration.MethodsA total of 1839 adolescents were recruited from a junior and a senior high school in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China. They were requested to completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21).ResultsAdolescents recalled their mothers as being more caring and controlling than their fathers. Parental care (maternal care, paternal care) and parental encouragement of autonomy (maternal encouragement of autonomy, paternal encouragement of autonomy) were both negative predictors of depression, while parental control (maternal control, paternal control) was positive predictor of depression. Self-compassion mediated all relationships between parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression but played different mediating roles (complete or incomplete mediating role) in different relationships.ConclusionSelf-compassion plays a mediator role in all relationships between perceived parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression. Adolescents who grown up with less parental care, less parental encouragement of autonomy, and high parental control deserve special attention. Educators and clinicians could help those adolescents reduce the occurrence of depression by increasing their level of self-compassion.Keywords: perceived parental rearing styles, depression, self-compassion, adolescents, parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, parental control","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yanzhen Ren","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shining Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caiying Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jie Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tingyun Jiang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Fang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":92},{"pmcid":"PMC13437600","doi":"10.1007/s10578-024-01762-7","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Colombian families followed across three assessments, starting with 235 families","rationale":"This article addresses trajectories of parental involvement and children’s prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"What small jobs at home give a child an opportunity to help another person?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate trajectories of parental involvement and children’s prosocial behavior?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How many Colombian families remained at the ages-three, five and seven assessments?"],"limitations":"The cohort declined from 235 families at enrollment to 145 at its third assessment. Loss to follow-up could affect the observed pattern.","id":"PMC13437600","title":"The Role of Parental Involvement in the Development of Prosocial Behavior in Young Children: An Evolutionary Model Among Colombian Families","authors":"M. Prada-Mateus; D. Obando; J. Sandoval-Reyes; M. A. Mejía-Lozano; J. Hill","journal":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2024-10-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-024-01762-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13437600","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13437600/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13437600-13197b628ad0856a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"13197b628ad0856a10ccf4a36d5edc00e673fc27bd7c341626f1e7be3947c288","sourceTextSha256":"ab345c34fe88604ef1429fe36cdaf46cdc6540060f07e057a14ab0e0ef7f313e","sourceXmlSha256":"eae62d98e4e66126368c70ef71d09c18d74eed182bd821513a1850dc14bc580f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30009fc143eb058dc4afec4009acb7c296dbe64ab4285029aa2d151177215a8a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR858949","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":23800,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Prosocial behavior is a relevant indicator of children’s socio-emotional development linked to decreased conduct and emotional problems. The present study aimed to identify cross-sectional direct effects of parental involvement on prosocial behavior in three-time assessments at ages 3, 5, and 7 years, to identify carryover effects of the study constructs, and to identify the evolution of these effects over time. A sample of 235 Colombian families participated at t0, 220 at t1, and 145 at t2 by completing self-reported questionnaires for prosocial behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire for parental involvement. Using PLS-SEM path modeling, we found that the contribution of parental involvement to prosocial behavior was significant in the three assessments. Carryover analyses indicated that initial levels of parental involvement and initial levels of prosocial behavior predict later levels. Using multigroup analysis, we tested significant changes in the path coefficients of direct effects, finding nonsignificant results. For carryover effects, we found changes in parental involvement between t0/t1 and t1/t2. Finally, t-test analyses were used to identify changes in the construct’s means over time, finding significant changes between parental involvement at t1 and t2. No mean differences were found for prosocial behavior. Results from this study highlight the relevance of parental involvement during childhood for maintaining children’s levels of prosocial behavior and reducing the risk of socio-emotional problems. Preventive approaches for these problems should include parents’ training on parental involvement from age 3.5 years or earlier.","authorEntries":[{"name":"M. Prada-Mateus","type":"Person"},{"name":"D. Obando","type":"Person"},{"name":"J. Sandoval-Reyes","type":"Person"},{"name":"M. A. Mejía-Lozano","type":"Person"},{"name":"J. Hill","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10578-024-01762-7","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b3a12161677bb8d09c7b6dbba73461091b30b1169bc0796858b65a564c18f120","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":93},{"pmcid":"PMC12322331","doi":"10.1177/13591053241295892","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Mothers caring for a child","population":"Mothers navigating care for a child with hip dysplasia","rationale":"The focus here is self-compassion and social support in mothers’ adjustment to a child’s care needs.","parentQuestion":"What kind of help would ease the emotional demands of our care routine?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate self-compassion and social support in mothers’ adjustment to a child’s care needs?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","How much of the reported adjustment was associated with social support rather than the self-compassion measure?"],"limitations":"Mothers facing their child’s hip dysplasia encounter specific care demands. The observed associations cannot be generalized to all diagnoses.","id":"PMC12322331","title":"The roles of self-compassion and social support on the maternal adjustment to a child’s hip dysplasia","authors":"Bruna Veloso; Lara Palmeira; Lénia Carvalhais; Joana Marta-Simões; Inês A Trindade","journal":"Journal of Health Psychology","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2024-11-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053241295892","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12322331","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12322331/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12322331-68e1781f373ae929.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"68e1781f373ae92945a411d47355d1bc96dd62ce5f18c65a1b557e664cd2ebed","sourceTextSha256":"5734f297e369bc49091fe32e310a84f27c811d90dc0e161137843e5c9f324f7e","sourceXmlSha256":"3d37c7dcb0835a8bc3916dd714012d291d5779b157fdd43abd5c17ce311bd965","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2f2ce58d0026738fd00e38ce65db3e596efdaca6e6b3c3c290df62c8eb298596","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27392,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parenthood can be challenging when facing a child’s chronic illness such as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Although social support is known as a protective factor for the caregiver’s mental health, the role of self-compassion is less explored. This study, conducted in Portugal, explored whether self-compassion and social support mediate the relationship between mothers’ psychological adjustment and perception of their child’s illness. Ninety-four mothers of children with DDH completed questionnaires on illness perception, self-compassion, perceived social support, and psychological distress. Results suggested that self-compassion and social support mediated the relationship between mothers’ overall negative perception of the children’s illness and psychological distress. The final model accounted for 50% of the variance of depressive symptoms, 40% of anxiety, and 63% of perceived stress. This study highlights the potential value of encouraging mothers to seek social support when facing their child’s DDH diagnosis. Promoting self-compassion may be important in clinical intervention.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Bruna Veloso","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lara Palmeira","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lénia Carvalhais","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joana Marta-Simões","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inês A Trindade","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F13591053241295892","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b87466b882a8d547c8c2b2dc6b136ea4713abfacfcbaa61d077bf5fd8023ef4b","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":94},{"pmcid":"PMC11764882","doi":"10.3390/healthcare13020147","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Parents and children","population":"310 Chinese parent-child pairs in a community sample","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine gratitude reported by parents and children alongside family functioning.","parentQuestion":"What do different people in our home feel grateful for this week?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate gratitude reported by parents and children alongside family functioning?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Were parents’ and children’s gratitude scores related in the same way to each person’s own distress?"],"limitations":"Gratitude and mood were rated by participants in a Chinese community sample. Shared family context may influence both.","id":"PMC11764882","title":"Intergenerational Transaction of Emotional Health in Collective Family Context: Family Functioning, Parental and Children’s Gratitude, and Their Depression","authors":"Jerf W. K. Yeung","journal":"Healthcare","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-01-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13020147","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11764882","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11764882/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11764882-b2581e588c6e1df3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b2581e588c6e1df3e83bd935691b2febaed829a5b42ded1b687678ad495f8ef2","sourceTextSha256":"87cd70bd909f91511762150e6f76023e41d1d5dac5d1eec3e8e0852b41f3db5f","sourceXmlSha256":"41a6f9ce54bc12f17a62861cb71d5cdf8fb7e1bd350633500050932f6038eb8c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a29070a2cb775d019d377415f1a5c938faaa7788fc2844ee01b7012f65e31609","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48092,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background: The current study is intended to examine how positive family functioning, collectively constructed by parents and children in the family context, may contribute to their gratitude and depression, two pivotal human emotions closely related to human health, in which the gratitude and depression of parents and children are assumed to affect each other bidirectionally and parental and children’s gratitude is expected to link the relations between positive family functioning and their depression. Methods: The data for analysis came from a community sample of 310 Chinese parent–child dyads, which were measured by the Family Functioning Style Scale (FFSS), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ), and depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) from both the parent and child participants. Results: The results indicated that positive family functioning contributed to higher parental and children’s gratitude and their less depression, and parental and children’s gratitude and depression affected each other positively. Furthermore, serial mediation analyses discovered the complex processes from positive family functioning to the actor’s depression in parents or children through their gratitude or the links from the partner effect to the actor effect of parental and children’s gratitude or from the partner effect of parental or children’s gratitude to their partner effect of depression. Conclusions: Findings of the current study prove the collective effects of family functioning on the emotional development of gratitude and depression among parents and children, in which parental and children’s gratitude and depression bidirectionally impact each other and lead to the actor’s depression in them through the complex serial mediated effects. For this, pro-family and health-related policies and services should be provided to promote family functioning and emotional management in a home context to enhance family and emotional health among parents and children.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jerf W. K. Yeung","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":95},{"pmcid":"PMC12351215","doi":"10.1111/bjdp.12551","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"6–13 years","population":"233 children assessed at baseline and one year later","rationale":"The authors examine parents’ understanding of mental states and children’s altruistic behavior.","parentQuestion":"How do I explore what my child thought someone else might need?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parents’ understanding of mental states and children’s altruistic behavior?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","How did the study operationalize altruistic behavior separately from the child’s internalizing symptoms?"],"limitations":"Two observations a year apart help establish sequence, but do not rule out changes in the family or child between observations.","id":"PMC12351215","title":"Parental reflective functioning and internalizing symptoms predict altruistic prosocial behaviour in children","authors":"Daniel McGlade; Helena Rutherford; Eamon McCrory; Nikolaus Steinbeis","journal":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-02-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12551","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12351215","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12351215/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12351215-f30a0c1ba89b919b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f30a0c1ba89b919b5bdfe98f1fb3c4a1e496c7323917b1dbd62b9ae338e0e4d5","sourceTextSha256":"698f6f2e28a3508be33c2a9bbdb843f635b76f3858ca29aacc2e347a81bcd9f3","sourceXmlSha256":"4ad23170ebf1ae5ee71a9da986c3d30a430a4656b0696e4412bbe8b9b47021d4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bccef65dc0320373668188e8796e45005ae2e229737375de6b2d0f1c98f1afd8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38818,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractMental health has a profound impact on how we interact with the world. How it shapes prosocial behaviour during middle childhood, a period crucial for establishing healthy relationships, remains poorly understood. Moreover, whilst child mental health and prosocial behaviour are influenced by caregiving experience more broadly, less is known about how they are shaped by parental reflective functioning (PRF), that is parents' capacity to represent their child's underlying mental states. A longitudinal design, with assessments at baseline and 1 year follow‐up, was used with 233 children (111 boys; 6–13 years old; 54.9% White, 17.2% Asian, 2.58% Black, 14.2% Multiple ethnic groups, 2.58% Other, 8.58% data unavailable). Using path modelling, we examined interrelations between baseline PRF, baseline child internalizing symptoms, and follow‐up child altruistic prosocial behaviour. At baseline, PRF was associated with child internalizing symptoms, whilst PRF and internalizing symptoms positively predicted altruistic behaviour 1 year later. These findings suggest that mental health and caregiving experience are key influences on altruistic behaviour in childhood.Keywords: altruism, depression, dictator game, internalizing symptoms, parental mentalising, parental reflective functioning, prosocial behaviour","authorEntries":[{"name":"Daniel McGlade","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helena Rutherford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eamon McCrory","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikolaus Steinbeis","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fbjdp.12551","publisherEvidenceSha256":"66f14d2e2ca0e4f8c5a299ef4792cfe1c4a87973450d21fec0b3bc34addf6115","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":96},{"pmcid":"PMC11854850","doi":"10.3390/children12020246","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"13–17 years","population":"2,124 adolescents attending schools in Spain","rationale":"The authors examine how parental warmth and moral disengagement relate to reported youth violence.","parentQuestion":"How can a family acknowledge harm while keeping the conversation open?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how parental warmth and moral disengagement relate to reported youth violence?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the authors separate descriptions of moral disengagement from reported violent behavior?"],"limitations":"Adolescents’ accounts of warmth and aggression provide one perspective. The model does not demonstrate how a particular interaction produced later behavior.","id":"PMC11854850","title":"Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in the Relationship Between Perceived Parental Warmth and Youth Violence","authors":"María J Navas-Martínez; Lourdes Contreras; M Carmen Cano-Lozano; Telma C Almeida; Ana Isabel Sani; Susana Monteiro; Jorge Cardoso","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-02-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020246","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11854850","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11854850/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11854850-54c795b3a839f4d5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"54c795b3a839f4d5b18ed32cdb344e93002daeed5adb72b13bdac2b6ea33d60e","sourceTextSha256":"457667d6c44e72255e7fdd3fbbf1c1b064e4060e58dc1d4cb5e23da398e7f599","sourceXmlSha256":"5a63ab5714dca998a612f9d53e1c68f6db57f3d5319bec4cd42f0db4726ac872","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49786,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground/Objectives: Although child-to-parent violence (CPV), peer violence (PV), and dating violence (DV) share risk factors and tend to co-occur, little is known about the common and differential mechanisms involved in the development of these types of youth violence. This study aims to (1) analyze the relationship between youth violence (CPV, PV, and DV) and perceived parental warmth and moral disengagement mechanisms and (2) explore the mediating role of moral disengagement mechanisms in the relationship between the lack of perceived parental warmth and youth violence. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based survey study was conducted. The sample consisted of 2124 Spanish adolescents (57.9% girls) aged between 13 and 17 years from educational centers. Results: The lack of perceived parental warmth (parental criticism-rejection in particular) is a common risk factor for all three types of violence and, more relevantly, is related to youth violence through moral disengagement mechanisms, highlighting a differential contribution of these mechanisms according to the type of violence. In particular, advantageous comparison and attribution of blame are specific mediators of CPV, and moral justification and distortion of consequences are specific to PV, whereas euphemistic language seems to be a common mediator of PV and DV. Conclusions: This study suggests that adolescents who perceive a lack of parental warmth are more likely to develop different dysfunctional cognitive mechanisms, which in turn are related to different types of youth violence. It would be important to promote warm parenting practices and address the cognitive mechanisms underlying youth violence.Keywords: child-to-parent violence, peer violence, dating violence, moral disengagement, parental warmth","authorEntries":[{"name":"María J Navas-Martínez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lourdes Contreras","type":"Person"},{"name":"M Carmen Cano-Lozano","type":"Person"},{"name":"Telma C Almeida","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ana Isabel Sani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Susana Monteiro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jorge Cardoso","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":97},{"pmcid":"PMC11918315","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0319675","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Parents of children","population":"818 working parents reporting on work and family demands","rationale":"The focus here is work-family strain, burnout and caregivers’ ability to show themselves compassion.","parentQuestion":"What would a less self-critical response to an overloaded evening sound like?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate work-family strain, burnout and caregivers’ ability to show themselves compassion?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How were demands outside the home separated from parents’ ratings of burnout and compassion?"],"limitations":"Working parents supplied the family and work reports. Shared perceptions can influence an estimated indirect pathway.","id":"PMC11918315","title":"Parents’ work–family conflict and parent‒child relationship: The mediating role of parenting burnout and the moderating role of self-compassion","authors":"Jing Liang; Zongping Chen; Fatma Refaat Ahmed,","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2025-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319675","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11918315","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11918315/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC11918315-c098b5e1593c1d78.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c098b5e1593c1d78d8b938ae5100574ae84658f32de5a0e4fab269e797d10471","sourceTextSha256":"c87d85b5d4b38ac00a868a16baddca4596a4cc3780d2f440de7d53db01d49459","sourceXmlSha256":"8b7eed9225c23feafd4d7dd9cf415714b89bd053f233ceb438c42a6ad2db44ab","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1b1578464a25618afb99e7267859079735b25e0e71e44f278c3621ee0a2d0f88","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27031,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIn today’s fast-paced society, balancing work and family has become a key challenge affecting individual well-being, particularly for working parents. The conflict between these roles not only impacts personal mental health but also strains family dynamics, especially the parent‒child relationship. The main objective of this study is to explore the impact of work‒family conflict on the parent‒child relationship, with a focus on the mediating role of parenting burnout and the moderating role of self-compassion. The findings of a sample of 818 working parents revealed that work–family conflict negatively affects parent–child relationships and increases parenting burnout, thus further damaging these relationships. However, self-compassion significantly mitigates these negative effects, reducing the risk of parenting burnout. This study highlights the importance of fostering self-compassion as a potential intervention to protect the parent‒child relationship in the context of the work‒family relationship.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jing Liang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zongping Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fatma Refaat Ahmed,","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":98},{"pmcid":"PMC13538213","doi":"10.1007/s10803-025-06841-9","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Meta-analysis","ageRange":"Parents of children with neurodevelopmental conditions","population":"Published studies of parents caring for children with neurodevelopmental conditions","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine research on caregiver self-compassion across different neurodevelopmental contexts.","parentQuestion":"Which experiences in the studies resemble the demands our family faces?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate research on caregiver self-compassion across different neurodevelopmental contexts?","How similar were the samples and measures that contributed to the pooled estimate?","Were effects estimated separately for parents facing different neurodevelopmental care demands?"],"limitations":"The pooled estimate depends on the included studies and diagnoses. It cannot specify which kind of support will benefit an individual parent.","id":"PMC13538213","title":"Self-Compassion and Psychological Health of Parents: A Meta-Analysis Focused on Some Neurodevelopmental Disorders","authors":"Cansu Ozturk; H Senay Guzel","journal":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-04-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-025-06841-9","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13538213","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13538213/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13538213-e511135f7f9ce9fd.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e511135f7f9ce9fd5a4b1b2a2cb5a19bfce6d21f706358bd6568f80b4426bb1b","sourceTextSha256":"f50268958eb6cc46e9ac9d4e57ee82ff476f504bc442d47378fc78115069be94","sourceXmlSha256":"61b035f3455cc8cf8c732693668e9ed6792efe23044dd4c154ca9df420ef5b2e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51534,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) may face various psychological problems and experience parenting stress because of the nature of these disorders. Parents’ psychological distress and high levels of parenting stress have a negative impact on their well-being. In addition, recent studies on the buffering effect of self-compassion related with psychological difficulties have also attracted attention. At this point, this study aims to carry out a meta-analytic review of studies examining the association between self-compassion and psychological distress, parenting stress, and well-being. Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and EBSCOHost (APA PsycArticles, MEDLINE, TR Index, ERIC) electronic databases were searched in November 2023. Studies were included if they were quantitative and included parents of children with NDDs as the study population. As a result, 131 studies were obtained. After the duplicate studies were removed and evaluated according to the inclusion criteria, n = 15 were included. The random effects model was used to obtain the pooled effect sizes. The results showed that there was a large, negative, and significant relationship between self-compassion and parental depression score and parenting stress; a moderate, negative, and significant relationship between self-compassion and parental anxiety score; and a large, positive, and significant relationship between self-compassion and parental well-being. According to these findings, it is important to observe and measure the level of self-compassion for the well-being of parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, increasing self-compassion in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders may be a protective factor for the psychological health of these parents.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-025-06841-9.Keywords: Psychological distress, Parental well-being, Parenting stress, Self-compassion, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Autism","authorEntries":[{"name":"Cansu Ozturk","type":"Person"},{"name":"H Senay Guzel","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10803-025-06841-9","publisherEvidenceSha256":"1ecdff5b5703e6d33ce2c55261a93efb78d130a1122c5d94e0b7bd7c91a80f1e","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":99},{"pmcid":"PMC12423222","doi":"10.1007/s10802-025-01338-6","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"126 young people with a conduct-disorder diagnosis, averaging almost 16 years","rationale":"The focus here is caregiver stress and warmth in families of young people with limited prosocial emotions.","parentQuestion":"How can we describe a hard interaction without turning it into a label for the child?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate caregiver stress and warmth in families of young people with limited prosocial emotions?","What other family or child characteristics could account for the observed pattern?","How did the multi-rater assessment of limited prosocial emotions differ from a parent’s report of stress?"],"limitations":"Participants had a conduct-disorder diagnosis. Their experiences do not define what limited emotional expression means in the wider adolescent population.","id":"PMC12423222","title":"Parenting Under Pressure: How Child Limited Prosocial Emotions Shape the Stress-Warmth Connection","authors":"Nicholas D. Thomson; Sophie L. Kjaervik; Silvana Kaouar; Eva R. Kimonis","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-06-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01338-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12423222","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12423222/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12423222-ec18558c43728ac5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ec18558c43728ac55ce2b0cb50ff2f56f62051875c95eda92ef2a67dc41767b1","sourceTextSha256":"231c8061aece82b7188f474f19d52168b586562429890a8bd32707bb8d15bc84","sourceXmlSha256":"2e4cbe7332e41f02a241114bf36b8e287687b347e22ac1d1e866e6d0d6ada54b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32683,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental warmth is a core intervention target for children with Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) whose conduct problems persist despite traditional psychosocial treatments. Research on factors uniquely influencing the capacity of parents of children with LPE to engage in warm parenting is limited but could advance treatment efforts for this persistently antisocial population. This study tested whether parents’ stress, a risk factor for disengaged, less nurturing, and sensitive parenting, uniquely influences parental warmth for youth with Conduct Disorder (CD) and LPE compared to CD alone. Participants included 126 youth (AgeMean = 15.7 years, SD = 1.3, 70% boys, 55% African American/Black) diagnosed with CD and assessed for LPE via a multi-rater clinical interview. Youth rated maternal warmth at baseline and 6 months, caregivers self-reported general stress levels. Results of hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that LPE scores significantly moderated the association between mothers’ stress and warm parenting 6 months later, after controlling for initial warmth levels. Findings suggest that the robustly established link between parents’ stress and unresponsive, insensitive parenting is most pronounced for the subset of youth with CD + LPE. These findings can inform etiological models of LPE and point to potential treatment targets for improving outcomes for this aggressive youth population.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nicholas D. Thomson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie L. Kjaervik","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvana Kaouar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eva R. Kimonis","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-025-01338-6","publisherEvidenceSha256":"d626ec0856b7f4c0888b8cb88ce4d87caf0c7ba16c61223d10bcd4eb70fae561","volume":2,"issue":3,"issueOrder":100},{"pmcid":"PMC12947846","doi":"10.18332/ejm/217879","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional study","ageRange":"Early postpartum","population":"Women in Lithuania who experienced low-risk deliveries","rationale":"This observational work considers birth experience together with early bonding and breastfeeding confidence, three distinct measures.","parentQuestion":"How are feelings about birth and perceived closeness to a baby related?","readingPrompts":["How are feelings about birth and perceived closeness to a baby related?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (women in Lithuania who experienced low-risk deliveries) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The Lithuanian data concern 218 women with low-risk deliveries. Associations from a cross-sectional questionnaire cannot establish that a birth experience caused a later bonding difficulty.","id":"PMC12947846","title":"Birth experience and early postpartum outcomes: A cross-sectional study of mother–infant bonding, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms","authors":"Milda Naginevičiūtė; Eglė Bartusevičienė; Aurelija Blaževičienė","journal":"European Journal of Midwifery","publisher":"EUEP European Publishing","publishedDate":"2026-02-27","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/217879","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12947846","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12947846/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12947846-efab58b2eb46025a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"efab58b2eb46025a906a785cee1dd415cd373118d7a5e07042a6f11335481904","sourceTextSha256":"81ced8afb9dec6bd6198290e540bad54561008eac1f95e5a56314c9a80deb1a2","sourceXmlSha256":"e6ca333c2ef3e84a0cd858ee1b1ec93484d74570c0fcccaa9e2829b3fefeb0a6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"536f818efe60bd8b824e63a11e38a3b0ea55aacba557f1a2e267eb2faa9d68d3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":23310,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractINTRODUCTIONChildbirth is a transformative experience with lasting psychological and emotional effects. Evidence shows that birth experience influences maternal outcomes such as breastfeeding self-efficacy, mother–infant bonding, and postpartum depression, yet these associations in low-risk births remain insufficiently explored. This study examined how birth satisfaction relates to early postpartum maternal well-being.METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted in Lithuania among 218 women who experienced low-risk deliveries. Data collection occurred between September 2022 and July 2024. The present analysis is based on data collected at 6–8 weeks postpartum. Standardized instruments were used to assess birth satisfaction (BSS-R), breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSES-SF), mother–infant bonding (MIBS), and postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS). Mann–Whitney U tests and linear regression models were applied, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.RESULTSA positive birth experience was associated with stronger mother–infant bonding (less resentment, disappointment, and aggression; all p≤0.003) and higher protective emotions (p=0.025). These women also reported higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, including confidence in milk intake, latch, and managing difficulties (all p≤0.012). Negative experiences were linked to higher postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS p=0.014), particularly anxiety and reduced enjoyment (both p≤0.008). Birth satisfaction predicted breastfeeding self-efficacy (R2=0.34; β=0.34, p<0.001, 95% CI: 0.63–1.39) and bonding (R2=0.30; β= -0.30, p<0.001, 95% CI: -0.16 – -0.07) but only weakly predicted postpartum depression (R2=0.09).CONCLUSIONSA positive birth experience is associated with stronger mother–infant bonding and higher breastfeeding self-efficacy. Although linked to fewer depressive symptoms, its predictive value for postpartum depression was limited, indicating the importance of additional psychosocial determinants.ABBREVIATIONSBSS-R: Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised, BSES-SF: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, MIBS: Mother-Infant Bonding Scale, EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression ScaleKEYWORDS: birth experience, breastfeeding self-efficacy, mother–infant bonding, postpartum depression, low-risk childbirth","authorEntries":[{"name":"Milda Naginevičiūtė","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eglė Bartusevičienė","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aurelija Blaževičienė","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":1},{"pmcid":"PMC13342224","doi":"10.1007/s11845-026-04281-7","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Descriptive survey","ageRange":"Infancy","population":"Fathers reporting on their involvement in infant care and their relationship with their babies","rationale":"The investigators measure involvement and paternal attachment separately, making it possible to examine how these experiences relate.","parentQuestion":"What is the difference between time spent caring and the bond a father reports?","readingPrompts":["What is the difference between time spent caring and the bond a father reports?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (fathers reporting on their involvement in infant care and their relationship with their babies) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The 255 fathers completed self-report measures of both involvement and attachment. A shared informant can make two ratings more similar without demonstrating change in the infant's behavior.","id":"PMC13342224","title":"The relationship between fathers’ involvement in infant care and infant attachment levels","authors":"Kamile Akça; Suat Tuncay","journal":"Irish Journal of Medical Science","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-02-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-026-04281-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13342224","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13342224/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13342224-9091ea339572b438.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9091ea339572b4380d91d12c2201b92b73ae5f7e40c8056cea0bcbea40709f91","sourceTextSha256":"d3bdcc8ea8e43a29bff82919abcb1c453ebacac2532f42a9fa719255eca1a9c2","sourceXmlSha256":"f708e5f06e5e1a5ac12807a780f736795d94c0c1a725f8fb8e273849aa66c8e6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33560,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundIncreasing recognition of the father’s role in early childhood development has led to growing interest in how father involvement in infant care influences the quality of paternal-infant attachment.AimsThis study aimed to determine the association between fathers’ involvement in infant care and paternal-infant attachment levels.MethodsThis descriptive study involved 255 fathers, utilizing the “Descriptive Information Form,” the “Paternal-Infant Attachment Scale,” and the “Fathers’ Involvement in Infant Care Questionnaire” for data collection. Data analysis included the use of number and percentage distributions, mean and standard deviation calculations, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc analysis. Additionally, Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were conducted for a comprehensive examination of the obtained data. Institutional permission and ethics committee approval were obtained to conduct the study.ResultsIn this study, elevated levels of father and mother education, a consistent income, shorter marital duration, excellent spousal relationship status, fewer children, and increased time spent with infants were associated with heightened father involvement in infant care and higher paternal-infant attachment scores. A positive correlation was observed between fathers’ involvement in infant care and paternal-infant attachment. Furthermore, regression analysis results show that as fathers’ involvement in infant care increases, their attachment with their infant also strengthens.ConclusionsThis study identified a positive correlation between fathers’ engagement in infant care and the level of attachment between fathers and infants. To strengthen the paternal-infant attachment, fathers should be encouraged to involvement in infant care.Keywords: Attachment, Fathers, Infant, Infant care, Paternal","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kamile Akça","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suat Tuncay","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs11845-026-04281-7","publisherEvidenceSha256":"e1cc238d0d48777c3e324430cdd898baafa746afd15d2a76830129bbf80b27c5","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":2},{"pmcid":"PMC12741509","doi":"10.1111/famp.70101","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Grade-school years","population":"Children and families studied across the transition through grade school","rationale":"The study examines family strain, parental responsiveness and negative affect together, rather than assigning symptoms to a single family behavior.","parentQuestion":"How does a child's temperament enter a study of responsive parenting and emotional difficulties?","readingPrompts":["How does a child's temperament enter a study of responsive parenting and emotional difficulties?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (children and families studied across the transition through grade school) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Temperament, family strains and responsive parenting may covary across grade school. The longitudinal associations do not isolate a parenting strategy that would change a particular child's symptoms.","id":"PMC12741509","title":"Navigating the Emotional Challenges of Grade School: The Influence of Early Family Strains and a Lack of Parental Responsiveness on Trajectories of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms","authors":"Marla Lopez; Rebecca L Brock; Tiffany D James; Jennifer Mize Nelson; Kimberly Andrews Espy; Timothy D Nelson","journal":"Family Process","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-03-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70101","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12741509","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12741509/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12741509-5ea2bf2c5fdde8af.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5ea2bf2c5fdde8af435395a207e8020a437830b6755096a999be39c98fed8461","sourceTextSha256":"543d7affa81faa881b694e0015c79de9c5087050d6436ce3eb4c4725147cdb95","sourceXmlSha256":"a05bce79a37ae3c17bf7a2dc0b56a73f08a09528a5c260375b709ed3ccd4211c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8127a1028807f17d0ed2eebd300071eea7a63030352473a36d6ef6e6e08ee4c8","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45162,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTAlthough parenting is critical to children's emotional development, broader family processes can also play an important role in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. The current study examined the influence of early family strains (i.e., chronic stressors and resource deficits) on children's trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms throughout grades 1–4 via (less) responsive parenting at preschool age. Further, we examined whether familial factors were differentially associated with child anxiety and depressive symptoms as a function of child temperamental negative affect, a prominent risk factor for internalizing problems. In a US longitudinal study including five waves of data spanning preschool to grade 4 (N = 496), analyses revealed that higher levels of family strains were associated with less responsive parenting during preschool, b = −0.16, p = 0.001. Less responsive parenting was associated with greater escalation in anxiety and depressive symptoms over grade school for children of average or higher negative affect, b = −0.11, 95% CI [−0.22, −0.01]. Examination of conditional indirect effects of family strains on symptom change via less responsive parenting showed statistical significance at average and higher levels of negative affect. Higher levels of family strains were also associated with higher levels of symptoms at grade 4, b = 0.45, p = 0.005, controlling for responsive parenting and child negative affect. Findings suggest that interventions for reducing risk for internalizing problems and promoting emotional health in children may show improved efficacy if modified to respond to family circumstances and stressors.Keywords: child negative emotionality, family strains, internalizing symptoms, responsive parenting","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marla Lopez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca L Brock","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiffany D James","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer Mize Nelson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kimberly Andrews Espy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Timothy D Nelson","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Ffamp.70101","publisherEvidenceSha256":"ce83bc66acfa67a4efbad16ef35da0bb1349049fedd6c2a7eddfacaff1fedb05","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":3},{"pmcid":"PMC13023964","doi":"10.3390/bs16030397","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Psychometric validation","ageRange":"Birth to 12 months","population":"Greek mothers who completed measures of bonding and depressive symptoms","rationale":"Testing a translated bonding instrument shows why the wording and structure of a scale matter before its scores are interpreted.","parentQuestion":"What can a brief rating of bonding capture during a baby's first year?","readingPrompts":["What can a brief rating of bonding capture during a baby's first year?","What evidence supports the reliability and validity of the measure for these particular respondents?","Which features of the study population (greek mothers who completed measures of bonding and depressive symptoms) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The Greek scale was evaluated in mothers with infants aged up to one year. Evidence for this translation does not establish that the same cutoffs or item meanings work for fathers or older children.","id":"PMC13023964","title":"Psychometric Validation of the Mother–Infant Bonding Scale in Greek Mothers up to 1 Year Postpartum","authors":"Chrysoula Ekizoglou; Antigoni Sarantaki; Nikos Makrygiorgos; Foivos Zaravinos-Tsakos; Dimitrios Anagnostopoulos; Charalampos Papageorgiou; Ioannis Zervas; Eleni Vousoura","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030397","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13023964","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13023964/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13023964-9d20239f784e7615.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9d20239f784e76150dcac86ec06979da11d4ac9158d738f1551c7b5dc0a0b4af","sourceTextSha256":"7ff18475a468bb1c3dec62b7ea9163eaf108a5e15c3193c1fa620635c19c9c55","sourceXmlSha256":"afafcf905cee124c1d7050e4f506f58c0c9bd586ebcbe613a1e5b11487ed2466","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46717,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Research suggests that the quality of mother–infant bonding (MIB) is a critical factor for long-term infant development. This study aimed to culturally adapt and psychometrically validate the Mother–to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) for use among Greek mothers. Methods: A total of 750 mothers (Mage = 33.6 ± 4.6) with infants aged 0–12 months completed the MIBS and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The sample was randomly split to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA). Results: Analyses supported a unidimensional structure after removal of the ‘protective’ item. The MIBS demonstrated good reliability and convergent validity against the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Discussion: MIBS is a reliable and valid tool to assess bonding in a general population of Greek mothers up to one year postpartum. Future studies should examine the structure of MIBS in different timepoints during the postpartum period. The MIBS appears to be a reliable screening instrument for early identification of bonding difficulties.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chrysoula Ekizoglou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antigoni Sarantaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nikos Makrygiorgos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Foivos Zaravinos-Tsakos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dimitrios Anagnostopoulos","type":"Person"},{"name":"Charalampos Papageorgiou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ioannis Zervas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eleni Vousoura","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":4},{"pmcid":"PMC13038439","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1790264","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Retrospective survey","ageRange":"Adolescence, reported retrospectively","population":"Israeli adolescents and young adults recalling their high-school experiences","rationale":"Disclosure to parents is measured in a specific digital context, giving readers a way to examine the limits of openness when topics feel sensitive.","parentQuestion":"What makes it easier for a teenager to speak about fraught online experiences?","readingPrompts":["What makes it easier for a teenager to speak about fraught online experiences?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (israeli adolescents and young adults recalling their high-school experiences) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Participants recalled their high-school experiences. Memories about disclosure and online behavior can shift over time, and the study cannot establish the sequence of individual conversations.","id":"PMC13038439","title":"The protective role of parent-child communication: how disclosure moderates the link between risk profiles and adolescent sexting behaviors","authors":"Michal Dolev-Cohen; Hila Shaul","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-03-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1790264","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13038439","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13038439/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13038439-8a09d8deb6604daf.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8a09d8deb6604dafbef12fab894cefa71b76a232f803b57d0de3f4523fe70c8b","sourceTextSha256":"9c427b431281ede736a0c28bd5c9a50099ae4ee34516c75deb3abcc20ea8c42c","sourceXmlSha256":"3f618bcb10a121c36a3c97ef4ed531d3f78cab48d1b39d4ddc80ac9a9e0607a1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"56e2d22700bce0e5b4dd796c801d3b4fbddd7cef90de168d977570150c3a152b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40042,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionAdolescent sexting is a developmentally embedded behavior reflecting adolescents’ negotiation of autonomy, intimacy, and social norms within digital contexts. While prior research has demonstrated heterogeneity in adolescents’ sexting involvement, less is known about how family relational processes influence the translation of risk related attitudes into behavior. Guided by social control theory and differential association theory, this study examined whether adolescents’ disclosure to parents moderates the relationship between attitudinal profiles and sexting behaviors.MethodsData were collected from 345 Israeli adolescents and young adults who retrospectively reported on their experiences during high school. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify groups of adolescents based on sexting norms, harm minimization, victim blaming, and social desirability. Subsequent moderation analyses examined whether adolescents’ disclosure to parents moderated the association between these profiles and engagement in active, passive, and coercive sexting behaviors.ResultsThree distinct profiles emerged: non sexters, advocates of sexting norms, and harmful sexters. Adolescents’ disclosure to parents demonstrated a consistent protective effect. When disclosure levels were high, differences between profiles in active, passive, and coercive sexting behaviors were not statistically significant. In contrast, among adolescents reporting low disclosure to parents, those in the harmful sexters profile reported significantly higher involvement in all forms of sexting compared to adolescents in the other profiles.DiscussionThe findings highlight adolescent disclosure to parents as a central developmental mechanism that regulates the behavioral expression of risk related norms and attitudes. By situating sexting within parent child communication dynamics, the study underscores the importance of relational processes in supporting adaptive development and identifies open disclosure as a key target for developmentally informed prevention and intervention efforts.Keywords: adolescents, disclosure to parents, harm minimization, sexters’ profiles, victim blaming","authorEntries":[{"name":"Michal Dolev-Cohen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hila Shaul","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":5},{"pmcid":"PMC13007396","doi":"10.1080/17482631.2026.2644584","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Qualitative scoping review","ageRange":"Varies across participating families","population":"Qualitative studies of parents' experiences in Circle of Security Parenting","rationale":"The synthesis brings parents' descriptions of participation into the interpretation of a program built around children's needs for closeness and exploration.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of an attachment-focused parent group do participating families find usable?","readingPrompts":["Which parts of an attachment-focused parent group do participating families find usable?","Which inclusion criteria and differences among the original studies matter for the authors’ conclusions?","Which features of the study population (qualitative studies of parents' experiences in Circle of Security Parenting) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Experiences reported by parents who took part in Circle of Security groups describe acceptability. They do not independently establish a change in observed attachment.","id":"PMC13007396","title":"Parents’ experiences with the Circle of Security Parenting (COSP) intervention – a scoping review of qualitative studies","authors":"Kirsten Gudbjørg Øen; Veronica Velde Wold; Hanne Cecilie Braarud; Ingvild Sundfør Rasmussen","journal":"International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publishedDate":"2026-03-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2026.2644584","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13007396","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13007396/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13007396-849d657c9d250b02.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"849d657c9d250b02ef1a25f66ead0787622b2753866f4c38477e0db1454e7ea1","sourceTextSha256":"b81ccd884f3c71ddc6afcf92657b516a281d51d9299ffb44ea3006bdafdaa9ab","sourceXmlSha256":"b02432cea97075cbce8b12ccd7d60c5e0c1cf0a61df9831103d9ba00cd18842c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c1d9aa68e2f574ad7bb3461114439f50e39b46acd93496e8072c42a4e06bdd6a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":65206,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackgroundResearch on the Circle of Security Parenting (COSP) program is limited.AimsThe current study was performed to map and synthesize the existing qualitative literature on parents’ experiences of participating in the COSP to address gaps in the current knowledge base.MethodsA scoping review was carried out. Sixteen qualitative studies with samples from well-baby clinics, community health care, child welfare services, specialist mental health care services for children, and specialist mental health care for adults were included in this review. The sample included 172 informants, mostly women.ResultsThematic content analysis found three main themes and eight sub-themes. Theme 1: Parents’ journey of self-reflection, self-development, learning and understanding of the parenting role. Sub-theme: (1a) COSP as a source of increased self-understanding and security in the parenting role, (1b) emotionally demanding processes for parents. Theme 2: COSP, a source of changes in the child and parent‒child relationship and interaction with others. Sub-theme: (2a) COSP assessed as having a positive impact on the child. (2b) COSP assessed as improving parent‒child interaction. (2c) COSP as a source of conflict resolution. Theme 3: COSP is assessed as positive, yet sometimes adaptations are needed. Sub-theme: (3a) Parents experience the COSP as useful for their everyday lives and recommend the program to other parents. (3b) Parents have comments and suggestions regarding the implementation of the COSP. (3c) The COSP is recommended by parents outside the target group, but adaptations are required.ConclusionsThe review shows that parents find the COSP intervention to have valuable potential as a health-promoting intervention, but the program should be used with careful consideration to non-target groups.KEYWORDS: Circle of Security Parenting, (COSP), scoping review, parents’ experiences, attachment theory","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kirsten Gudbjørg Øen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Velde Wold","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hanne Cecilie Braarud","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ingvild Sundfør Rasmussen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":6},{"pmcid":"PMC13063578","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1802417","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods implementation study nested in a trial","ageRange":"Perinatal services","population":"Birthing parents and practitioners participating in a Circle of Security Parenting trial in England","rationale":"The analysis examines access to structured parenting support, including experiences of families and the practitioners delivering it.","parentQuestion":"What helps a family reach an attachment-focused parenting group in the first place?","readingPrompts":["What helps a family reach an attachment-focused parenting group in the first place?","Which participants were heard and which questions remain outside this program or sample?","Which features of the study population (birthing parents and practitioners participating in a Circle of Security Parenting trial in England) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Families and practitioners came from English perinatal services in a trial delivering groups mostly online. Barriers to reaching a group may differ for families outside those services.","id":"PMC13063578","title":"Widening access to perinatal mental health group interventions: learning from a trial of the Circle of Security-Parenting programme in England","authors":"Zoë Darwin; Jude Field; Lani Richards; Sophia Nahz Rehman; Kavita Trevena; Amy Clarke; Basanti Aryal; Nina Morris; Innamana Pettyll; Ruth O’Shaughnessy; Nic Horley; Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk; Peter Fonagy; Camilla Rosan","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-03-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1802417","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13063578","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13063578/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13063578-8c4e7c536cdc4500.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8c4e7c536cdc4500d0f08584168adacd6270002138a243eb705cfbfca6c6c917","sourceTextSha256":"4b8c941a1504ced7abf1b3109466271e14cc2d76931d4944a4ed050b9175cad5","sourceXmlSha256":"f296002823890a35fe14edc57aa606b640e5914e29f75a68729926869d82276e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8874f8f660525f5412f88bcdfbf3608e518224e948c93043917275381146ea4e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":71280,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundPerinatal mental health (PMH) difficulties can adversely affect family relationships across generations. Timely treatment can prevent these impacts, yet inequalities in access persist. Service delivery has also changed rapidly in recent years, including increased provision of online mental health care, creating additional access considerations. This paper offers a framework for widening access to group-based interventions, informed by an analysis of barriers and facilitators to birthing parents accessing the Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) programme—an attachment-based group provided by community Perinatal Mental Health Services (PMHS) in England.MethodsCOS-P recipients (birthing parents, typically mothers) and COS-P providers (practitioners) were recruited from a randomised controlled trial involving 10 PMHS in England delivering 51 COS-P groups. The 10-session group intervention was delivered predominantly online, with babies present. Accessibility data were collected via surveys (165 parents), interviews (58 parents and 7 practitioners), and focus groups (6 practitioners). A research team, including co-researchers with lived experience, undertook qualitative content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to accessing COS-P and to explore how these operated across different aspects of the intervention format. Recommendations were co-produced with a lived-experience panel to inform how access might be widened.ResultsWe developed an access framework conceptualising access as a pathway involving four steps: attend, take part, understand, and apply. This enabled examination of how 13 barriers and facilitators manifested in relation to each aspect of the intervention format, and how they influenced pathway steps individually, cumulatively, or in opposing ways. Features that supported attendance sometimes constrained opportunities to take part, understand, or apply learning. The influence of barriers and facilitators also varied by individual and family context, and by location context—defined as where access happens (community venues, homes, online spaces) and when it happens (during or between sessions).ConclusionRecognising the complexity of accessibility may support efforts to widen access in ways that are more meaningful to individuals and families. These findings extend beyond COS-P, offering a framework to improve equitable access to group-based psychological interventions in the perinatal period and helping ensure that seemingly convenient ways of working do not inadvertently perpetuate inequalities.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zoë Darwin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jude Field","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lani Richards","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophia Nahz Rehman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kavita Trevena","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amy Clarke","type":"Person"},{"name":"Basanti Aryal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nina Morris","type":"Person"},{"name":"Innamana Pettyll","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruth O’Shaughnessy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nic Horley","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kim Alyousefi-van Dijk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter Fonagy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camilla Rosan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":7},{"pmcid":"PMC13119406","doi":"10.3390/pediatric18020052","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional caregiver questionnaire study","ageRange":"3–17 years","population":"Caregivers of children receiving pediatric cancer care","rationale":"The authors relate reported closeness and conflict to caregiver coping in a demanding and specific clinical setting.","parentQuestion":"What does a parent mean by a close relationship during a child's cancer treatment?","readingPrompts":["What does a parent mean by a close relationship during a child's cancer treatment?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (caregivers of children receiving pediatric cancer care) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Caregivers answered about coping and relationship quality while a child was receiving cancer care. Their responses provide a caregiver perspective in an unusually demanding clinical setting.","id":"PMC13119406","title":"The Secure Base in the Storm: How Parent–Child Bonds Shape Coping in Pediatric Cancer Caregiving","authors":"Damiano Rizzi; Lavinia Barone; Alessandra Balestra; Maria Montanaro; Francesca Nichelli; Emanuela Schivalocchi; Giulia Rampoldi; Marco Spinelli; Giulia Ciuffo; Letizia Pomponia Brescia; Valerio Cecinati; Marco Zecca; Claudia Greco; Francesca Lionetti; Jessica Rotella; Giulia Gambini; Catherine Klersy; Chiara Ionio","journal":"Pediatric Reports","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-04-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric18020052","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13119406","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13119406/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13119406-c4531d721d15e428.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c4531d721d15e428c27c6b653f00ff149053ade9318177fa1ad2e72d171e09f0","sourceTextSha256":"604a81b7e1bcd20fc91d5cecbe063c99e0fd73bcaaab94cea802c0a86b3a4acc","sourceXmlSha256":"f5979d1308f3ed313e1be356ad5f63de076f2211d83a5204dbb6c98edc2b9b0d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR1138743","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":43968,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: A paediatric cancer diagnosis is a profound stressor for the entire family system. Although coping strategies are well-studied, their link to the quality of the parent–child attachment relationship remains less explored. In this study, we investigated whether dyadic attachment dynamics—specifically closeness and conflict between parent and child—are associated with the use of adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies in caregivers of children undergoing active treatment for oncohaematological diseases. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional study across three Italian paediatric oncohaematology centres. A total of 165 caregivers of 91 paediatric patients aged 3–17 years completed self-report measures assessing parent–child relationship quality (Child–Parent Relationship Scale-CPRS), coping strategies (COPE-NVI), perceived social support (MSPSS), and resilience (RS-14). We tested whether the quality of the parent–child attachment relationship is associated with caregivers’ coping strategies. We hypothesised that Attachment Closeness would be associated with adaptive coping (Positive Attitude, Social Support, Problem Orientation), whereas Attachment Conflict would be associated with maladaptive coping (Avoidance). We conducted multiple linear regression models, adjusted for key covariates and with robust standard errors clustered at the family level, to test these hypotheses. Results: Higher levels of emotional closeness (CPRS) were significantly associated with greater use of adaptive coping strategies, specifically Positive Attitude (β = 0.20, p = 0.049) and Problem Orientation (β = 0.26, p = 0.002), even after controlling for sociodemographic factors, social support, and resilience. Conversely, higher levels of relational conflict were significantly associated with greater use of the maladaptive Avoidance strategy (β = 0.14, p = 0.015). The hypothesis linking closeness to Social Support seeking was not supported. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the parent–child attachment relationship is a significant correlate of caregiver coping strategies in caregivers of children with cancer. Interventions aimed at supporting the caregiver–child dyad by fostering emotional closeness and reducing conflict may promote more adaptive parental coping mechanisms, thereby enhancing family resilience and psychological adjustment throughout the treatment journey.Keywords: paediatric oncology, coping, attachment, caregivers, psychological adjustment, parent–child relationship, resilience","authorEntries":[{"name":"Damiano Rizzi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lavinia Barone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Balestra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Montanaro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francesca Nichelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emanuela Schivalocchi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Rampoldi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marco Spinelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Ciuffo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Letizia Pomponia Brescia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Valerio Cecinati","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marco Zecca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claudia Greco","type":"Person"},{"name":"Francesca Lionetti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica Rotella","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Gambini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catherine Klersy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chiara Ionio","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":8},{"pmcid":"PMC13180531","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1691655","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Latent profile analysis","ageRange":"School-age children","population":"Parents of school-aged children assessed on attachment styles and parenting behaviors","rationale":"A profile approach compares combinations of parental attachment characteristics instead of assuming every caregiver fits a single score.","parentQuestion":"How might different patterns of adult attachment relate to everyday parenting behavior?","readingPrompts":["How might different patterns of adult attachment relate to everyday parenting behavior?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (parents of school-aged children assessed on attachment styles and parenting behaviors) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Latent profiles are groupings inferred from the available measures. They should not be treated as fixed categories that a parent or child must belong to.","id":"PMC13180531","title":"Latent profiles of parental attachment styles and their associations with parenting behaviors among parents of school-aged children","authors":"Yali Wang; Xiaoshu Lin; Xinxin Zhang; Xiaoyun Ma; Ciqing Bao; Xiaofan Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-05-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1691655","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13180531","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13180531/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13180531-96c1d46cb4338b96.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"96c1d46cb4338b969147ad1b9b60a7e2376a5964ad0884701249b56cdb196c9f","sourceTextSha256":"c44d08db4ba01f6a5f8ef220b645113cc426aedda866d0e008a5f1fd15c128bf","sourceXmlSha256":"ecbd8831f69fd99f43f5da0b46f89415a3df449e50ef5e8c4658ab85ab41fa58","rightsEvidenceSha256":"449a43d651620751fd6882e8134577b4b3347ca56824c52245cdc2f7af51efe4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33851,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study utilized Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify attachment style latent profiles among parents of school-aged children and examine their association with parenting behaviors. Analysis of attachment anxiety and avoidance dimensions revealed four distinct parental profiles: low anxiety/avoidance, high anxiety/moderate avoidance, moderate anxiety/avoidance, and high anxiety/avoidance. Low anxiety/avoidance parents demonstrated significantly greater acceptance than all other latent profiles. Conversely, parents in high anxiety profiles exhibited significantly more rejecting behaviors than low anxiety latent profile. Notably, no sex differences emerged in profile distribution or parenting patterns. These findings reveal heterogeneous parental attachment configurations and establish attachment style as a robust correlate of parenting. This highlights the critical link between parental attachment representations and caregiving practices.Keywords: attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, interpersonal acceptance rejection theory, Latent Profile Analysis, parenting behavior","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yali Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoshu Lin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinxin Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoyun Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ciqing Bao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaofan Chen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":9},{"pmcid":"PMC13221017","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0347856","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Prospective observational study","ageRange":"Early infancy","population":"Mothers in a low-risk obstetric and neonatal sample followed after childbirth","rationale":"Repeated observations link the timing of mood assessments and bonding reports during the early caregiving period.","parentQuestion":"How is postpartum mood assessed separately from a mother's sense of bonding?","readingPrompts":["How is postpartum mood assessed separately from a mother's sense of bonding?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers in a low-risk obstetric and neonatal sample followed after childbirth) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Repeated postpartum observations were drawn from a low-risk obstetric and neonatal sample. They do not directly describe families facing intensive neonatal care or high-risk pregnancies.","id":"PMC13221017","title":"Postpartum depression as the main predictor of impaired mother- infant bonding: A prospective study in a low-risk obstetric and neonatal cohort","authors":"Marielle Ribeiro Feitosa; Saint Clair Gomes Júnior; Emanuella Carneiro Melo; Antonio Brazil Viana Júnior; Paulo César de Almeida; Fernanda Rebelo","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2026-05-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0347856","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13221017","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13221017/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13221017-5c2333759ae73eae.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5c2333759ae73eaeacd58b4c5b1e37aefc2a4a74cbdad1b90863e99123d76782","sourceTextSha256":"ec7523e706a9e2b3c9423bcd6f154bed14fae83eb65182e28274710c9c08906a","sourceXmlSha256":"3cb1959e438e81dc1b23f333bc97a7c83d5d16c976964e6fdd8c9d4902d6ee38","rightsEvidenceSha256":"aa0b19ec0b575a19f1fa1dc07bc5aad67de19d58c11ec0397b4edbc8e7b32c75","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38341,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionThe postpartum period imposes complex demands on women, making it essential to examine the mother-infant bond and its predictors to promote maternal and child health and inform public policy.ObjectivesTo identify the primary predictors of the mother-infant bond within the first six months postpartum, considering sociodemographic, obstetric, and neonatal factors, as well as symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD).MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted with postpartum women in a northeastern Brazilian capital city, assessed at three and six months postpartum. The affective bond was measured using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and PPD symptoms were evaluated with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Associations were analyzed using multiple linear regression models and reported as β coefficients (95% confidence intervals).ResultsPPD was the strongest predictor of impaired mother-infant bonding. At the third month postpartum, PPD was significantly associated with total PBQ scores (β = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.93–1.37), impaired bonding (ABF1: β = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.46–0.72), and anxiety about the infant (ABF3: β = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.23–0.33). These associations remained significant at the sixth month postpartum across the same measures: total PBQ (β = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61–1.08), ABF1 (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26–0.54), and ABF3 (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.19–0.30). In contrast, social support emerged as a protective factor, negatively correlating with total PBQ scores (β = −8.53, 95% CI: −13.03 to −4.04) and impaired bonding (ABF1: β = −3.59, 95% CI: −6.26 to −0.93).ConclusionThese findings identify PPD as a primary risk factor and social support as a crucial protective factor for mother-infant bonding. The results underscore the importance of routine PPD screening and the development of targeted interventions to enhance social support networks for women during the postpartum period.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Marielle Ribeiro Feitosa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saint Clair Gomes Júnior","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emanuella Carneiro Melo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antonio Brazil Viana Júnior","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paulo César de Almeida","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fernanda Rebelo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":10},{"pmcid":"PMC13175747","doi":"10.1111/famp.70155","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Family therapy process study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Families receiving attachment-based family therapy for adolescent depression or suicidality","rationale":"The authors study a specific therapeutic conversation and how it is used within a structured treatment.","parentQuestion":"What does it sound like when a family redefines a problem in relational terms?","readingPrompts":["What does it sound like when a family redefines a problem in relational terms?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (families receiving attachment-based family therapy for adolescent depression or suicidality) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The analysis follows a therapeutic process in 47 families receiving a specific treatment for adolescent depression or suicidality. Session patterns alone cannot establish which component improved outcomes.","id":"PMC13175747","title":"Anatomy of the Relational Reframe in Attachment‐Based Family Therapy","authors":"Tara Santens; Chen Chu‐Chun; Suzanne Levy; Guy Diamond; Guy Bosmans","journal":"Family Process","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-06-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70155","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13175747","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13175747/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13175747-f0d65aef41dd14ce.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f0d65aef41dd14ceaf6e5dffbb058e342b52a6371a9a96c637faeaa687401c8b","sourceTextSha256":"1d81c4cf389f40fb0610c04870754e6cb2aef136c3a3019f3371cdb49b5e8b61","sourceXmlSha256":"afa94b13a34552758da1e87c9480477c5f651d579b0aec5c6d0ae2486afef11f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"95f7b4ec9f0db0eb3c51faf9722f7c8740e644dcd2332c7e8eb1670575d10914","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40879,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTIn attachment‐based family therapy (ABFT), shifting the treatment goal from the adolescent as the problem to strengthening family relationships as the solution is the critical first task. No research has explored whether this “relational reframe” works, how it works, and for whom it works. We evaluated the relational reframe for 47 families receiving ABFT for depressed and suicidal adolescents. We coded markers to identify the reframing and contracting phases of the reframe intervention. We coded two key process elements: content and affect. We evaluated whether the degree to which family members discussed the themes of the reframe phase (relational ruptures and softer emotions) were associated with acceptance of the contracting goal. We explored if attachment style and self‐reported parental depression and adolescent‐reported family conflict were associated with accepting the contract for a relational focused therapy. Markers for the beginning of the reframe and contracting phase could be reliably identified. The degree to which adolescents and parents engaged in discussion about the reframe themes was associated with parents' acceptance of the contracting goal. Adolescents' dismissive attachment style was not associated with engagement in the reframe themes, but was associated with adolescents' reduced acceptance of the contract goal. Adolescents' preoccupied attachment style was associated with greater engagement in the reframing themes, but not associated with acceptance of the contract goals. Parental depression and adolescent‐ reported family conflict were not linked with acceptance of the relational reframe. This study should help therapist understand specific strategies for creating a relational repair frame for therapy and encourage researchers to study the subtle processes involved in effective therapy.Keywords: ABFT, attachment, family therapy, process research, relational reframing","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tara Santens","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chen Chu‐Chun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suzanne Levy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guy Diamond","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guy Bosmans","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Ffamp.70155","publisherEvidenceSha256":"2baed7513b403280e1ef341e860a3a87d75c4a7cebe549b55c13b631bee4d737","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":11},{"pmcid":"PMC13303796","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1781701","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional clinical study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents with depressive disorders in Ningxia, China","rationale":"This clinical study examines consistency in parent-child attachment and its association with shyness within a defined patient group.","parentQuestion":"What can different relationships with parents tell us about an adolescent who feels shy?","readingPrompts":["What can different relationships with parents tell us about an adolescent who feels shy?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (adolescents with depressive disorders in Ningxia, China) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"All participants had a diagnosed depressive disorder and were assessed at one time in Ningxia. The study cannot show whether attachment patterns preceded shyness or generalize to all teenagers.","id":"PMC13303796","title":"The relationship between parental-child attachment consistency and shyness in adolescents with depressive disorders","authors":"Mengyuan Zhang; Furong Gou; Xinrong Ma; Ling Dang; Yuelan Zhang; Liqi Gu; Xin Tian","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-06-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1781701","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13303796","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13303796/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13303796-832c445cb605c1af.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"832c445cb605c1af64c9f2ac2f2385aa5e8f58395ea29264c3718a4f58679508","sourceTextSha256":"a8bf78ec16e876ad400b2048c80a0a1b9684d1631a55ac14cd29928fdbe4cd94","sourceXmlSha256":"1472c61f76a68d47657a2029669d4f0024f88d2305d78eec702c8131751aacdd","rightsEvidenceSha256":"51ff37ba60dee5355a27f05cbdd28ae3d5b8ec14d789b7b6d133d6d89e4da0fb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40934,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundShyness is a common socio-emotional problem among adolescents with depressive disorders, and parent–child attachment may be associated with adolescents’ social functioning. However, the independent and combined effects of maternal and paternal attachment on shyness remain unclear.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 252 adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorders in Ningxia, China. Questionnaires were used to assess maternal and paternal attachment security and shyness. Polynomial regression combined with response surface analysis was applied to examine the associations between maternal and paternal attachment consistency and shyness, controlling for gender.ResultsBoth maternal and paternal attachment were significantly negatively correlated with shyness, indicating that higher attachment security was associated with lower shyness levels. Response surface analysis revealed that adolescents exhibited the lowest levels of shyness when both maternal and paternal attachment were high and consistent. Differences between parental attachment were not significantly associated with shyness.ConclusionThe findings suggest that secure maternal and paternal attachments are associated with lower levels of shyness in adolescents with depressive disorders. High and consistent parental attachment was associated with a more stable emotional context, which was associated with adolescents’ social confidence and emotion regulation. Interventions should focus on improving both the quality and consistency of parental attachment in relation to adolescent shyness and socio-emotional adaptation.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mengyuan Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Furong Gou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinrong Ma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ling Dang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuelan Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liqi Gu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Tian","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":12},{"pmcid":"PMC13426478","doi":"10.1155/nrp/2803636","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional mixed-methods study","ageRange":"First year after birth","population":"Ghanaian mothers surveyed within one year of giving birth","rationale":"The survey and interview perspectives put maternal well-being alongside the experience of bonding, two concerns that families may experience together.","parentQuestion":"How do new mothers describe feeling close to their baby while experiencing low mood?","readingPrompts":["How do new mothers describe feeling close to their baby while experiencing low mood?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (ghanaian mothers surveyed within one year of giving birth) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Mothers in Ghana reported their bonding and symptoms within the first postpartum year. A mother's report at that time does not establish how her infant would behave in an attachment assessment.","id":"PMC13426478","title":"Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Mother–Infant Bonding: A Mixed‐Methods Study Among Postpartum Women in Ghana","authors":"Leticia Tornyevah; Jens Henrichs; Anjali Sharma; Ank De Jonge; Samuel Bosomprah","journal":"Nursing Research and Practice","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-07-31","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/nrp/2803636","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13426478","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13426478/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13426478-656d1fa1e1334835.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"656d1fa1e1334835a06751fd9060313cd6e74430db8b60e28ee9a0dc23babdcd","sourceTextSha256":"ee94f3ec44ac54a5f3bb6880a6a1994a36f00e31d86ab787df58219949f25eb2","sourceXmlSha256":"78c8d69c2b78aef9453b65009bf1912d655d6215b20dcab7a65dae59653e96be","rightsEvidenceSha256":"2c24a83de51c05d668d6f8dc3fd869b7805cc8c4206bb7b85bfee3c8e04d30b3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36492,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Mother–infant bonding difficulties can impair the emotional connection between mother and child and affect child development. We examined the association between postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) and mother–infant bonding in the first year postpartum and explored sociocultural factors that may influence bonding. We employed a cross‐sectional mixed‐methods approach at three health facilities. Surveys included 399 mothers within 12 months postpartum. PPDS were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 with a cut‐off score > 9, and bonding was measured with the Pre‐ and Postnatal Bonding Scale. We used a log‐normal multivariable regression model to estimate the association between PPDS and mother–infant bonding, adjusting for potential confounders. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 31 mothers (19 with depressive symptoms and 12 without) and were analysed thematically. Overall, 29% of mothers screened positive for depressive symptoms. Screening positive was associated with a small, statistically significant reduction of 3% in bonding (adjusted mean ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.95–0.99; p = 0.01), among affected mothers compared to those not affected. However, the magnitude of this association was modest and should be interpreted with caution. Qualitative findings suggested that bonding appeared to be sustained through maternal instinct; caregiving; social support and religious, cultural and societal expectations in both groups, which may help explain the modest association observed. Culturally sensitive support and strengthened social networks may help mothers maintain strong bonds during the postpartum period.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Leticia Tornyevah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jens Henrichs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anjali Sharma","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ank De Jonge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samuel Bosomprah","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":13},{"pmcid":"PMC13548423","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2026.29453","element":"trust","evidenceType":"School survey","ageRange":"16–23 years","population":"Hungarian secondary students surveyed about parental bonds and coping","rationale":"Comparing profiles of parental attachment and stress management places adolescents' descriptions of their bonds at the center of the analysis.","parentQuestion":"How can a teenager feel connected to a parent while learning to manage stress?","readingPrompts":["How can a teenager feel connected to a parent while learning to manage stress?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (hungarian secondary students surveyed about parental bonds and coping) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The survey included secondary students up to age 23. Its attachment profiles and stress-management measures cannot automatically be extended to younger children.","id":"PMC13548423","title":"Parental Attachment Types and Stress Management in a PersonOriented Context Among Hungarian Adolescents","authors":"Karola Diósi; András Vargha","journal":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","publisher":"Scandinavian Society for Person-Oriented Research","publishedDate":"2026-08-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2026.29453","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13548423","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13548423/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13548423-619b0da05e8c34f8.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"619b0da05e8c34f880999808c2ad95ed98cc119b450a7e8a5a5c2789f03600ca","sourceTextSha256":"e92c653d3b02b925dbc5a8ce0c18d0de2b9ea6b1abd0506104c64a33a5352db8","sourceXmlSha256":"5d3ba3f52335ec3c92e71f7c595fdb5908eb74012241b28b3d4b3546cf648787","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3ea43b53cb34a770771f506e2a9939d048689ce40e99038bdc2817a5876e6768","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40868,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAdolescence is a period marked by increased stress, in which it is especially important how they manage stress. Previous research suggests that both relational contexts and individual characteristics influence coping strategies, highlighting the need to examine stress management in adolescence within a broader developmental framework. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between parental attachment and stress management strategies in adolescence in a person-oriented approach. The sample consisted of 1,485 Hungarian secondary school students (793 males, 687 females; five with unidentified gender), aged 16–23 years, drawn from a nationwide school-based survey. Data were analyzed using self-report measures of parental attachment (ECR-RS) and coping styles (CISS-21). Attachment profiles with four parental attachment scales were identified through k-means cluster analyses, and their associations with coping strategies and gender were examined. k-means cluster analysis based on POMS-transformed variables identified a 6-cluster solution with acceptable homogeneity and separation (EESS% > 70; HCmeanS < 1; Silhouette coefficient > 0.50). Cluster membership was significantly associated with gender (χ2 = 34.86, df = 5, p < .001, Cramér’s V = 0.153). Parental attachment patterns are associated with distinct coping configurations in adolescence, with attachment security supporting more adaptive integration of coping strategies under stress. These findings highlight the importance of attachment-informed perspectives for understanding individual and gender-related differences in adolescent stress management.Keywords: parental attachment, stress management, ECR-RS, CISS-21","authorEntries":[{"name":"Karola Diósi","type":"Person"},{"name":"András Vargha","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":14},{"pmcid":"PMC13522656","doi":"10.1002/dev.70193","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Naturalistic observation","ageRange":"1–10 months","population":"Infants and mothers studied with home audio recordings and physiological monitoring","rationale":"Synchronizing everyday recordings with physiological measures lets readers examine the timing of caregiver responses, a feature often lost in retrospective questionnaires.","parentQuestion":"What happens in the moments after an infant begins to fuss?","readingPrompts":["What happens in the moments after an infant begins to fuss?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (infants and mothers studied with home audio recordings and physiological monitoring) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Home recordings and heart-rate data capture responses around episodes of distress in 23 infants. Physiological change around a cry is narrower than a direct assessment of lasting attachment.","id":"PMC13522656","title":"Variation in Everyday Maternal Sensitivity Predicts Infants’ Real‐Time Physiological Regulation","authors":"Anna Madden‐Rusnak; Megan Micheletti; Taylor Wilds; Kaya de Barbaro","journal":"Developmental Psychobiology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-09-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.70193","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13522656","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13522656/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13522656-d60fb84dfc5842ea.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d60fb84dfc5842eaaec47e6c85a92181ea2c0c41d582f4023add071e18f870f1","sourceTextSha256":"8a7e86766f82783b38515fe694a48b38eb91a9b7292d72b52af4aba4ecfe14a4","sourceXmlSha256":"37ac8397fba8e3b573f6fbf265b918a343cf7ae1479b340181de82b8db0dcc52","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0913881a5cf1db56c03893a9a3379f6b6bd287aef4e6ffde330b8c3486a1fc44","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":61162,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTWhile maternal sensitivity is generally considered a stable trait, recent work has found that caregiver sensitivity varies substantially across the day as caregivers respond to their infants amid everyday demands and distractions. It remains unknown how variation in everyday caregiver sensitivity influences infants’ real‐time physiological regulation during naturally occurring distress. In a sample of 23 infants (1–10 months old, 48% female), we synchronized infant‐worn full‐day home audio recordings and heart rate monitors to examine changes in infants’ respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) following the onset of spontaneous distress, that is, episodes of fussing or crying, occurring across the day (N = 332 episodes, M = 14.34 per dyad). Caregiver sensitivity was coded individually for each episode of infant distress on a 1–7 scale, and RSA was time‐locked to distress onset. Between‐person analyses found that infants of caregivers with above‐average sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity greater than the sample mean) showed adaptive decreases in RSA following distress onset. Additionally, within‐person analyses found that infants also displayed significant decreases in RSA only on occasions when caregivers responded more sensitively relative to their own average. These findings demonstrate that both stable differences in caregiving quality and moment‐to‐moment variation in sensitivity shape infant's physiological regulation during everyday distress interactions.Keywords: infant regulation, maternal sensitivity, naturalistic paradigms, RSA, wearable studies","authorEntries":[{"name":"Anna Madden‐Rusnak","type":"Person"},{"name":"Megan Micheletti","type":"Person"},{"name":"Taylor Wilds","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaya de Barbaro","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fdev.70193","publisherEvidenceSha256":"799478761c794f179217694e81fb2ea4b02c516a1549e8d18f0442a64bbee286","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":15},{"pmcid":"PMC13542345","doi":"10.1111/cch.70338","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Pooled prospective cohort analysis","ageRange":"Childhood after preterm or term birth","population":"Children born preterm or at term in Australian and Israeli cohorts and their fathers","rationale":"Combining two cohorts lets the authors examine father sensitivity alongside developmental outcomes in families with different birth histories.","parentQuestion":"What do researchers notice when they observe a father responding to his child?","readingPrompts":["What do researchers notice when they observe a father responding to his child?","What was measured at each observation, and what other influences might account for the link?","Which features of the study population (children born preterm or at term in Australian and Israeli cohorts and their fathers) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Pooling Australian and Israeli cohorts increased coverage, but comparisons of paternal behavior with later development still depend on which families were followed and which measures the cohorts shared.","id":"PMC13542345","title":"Associations Between Paternal Sensitivity and Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes in Preterm Children: An Individual Participant Data Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Noa Gueron‐Sela; Karli Treyvaud; Naama Atzaba‐Poria; Jeanie Cheong; Alicia Spittle; Tal Yatziv; Peter J Anderson; Julia Jaekel","journal":"Child","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-09-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.70338","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13542345","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13542345/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13542345-4c01eeda29851734.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4c01eeda2985173424cc35e9c69cd97897a3fbf51edb6774c4d3182388db0f69","sourceTextSha256":"04e95fe22e645be13c69ad48b86a5334013ee57f16198768d75013ce4e6c1fda","sourceXmlSha256":"4a0253a6efe06124319aea95ca12e000500ff7247192fd2c7f347bdb6d25db62","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e447383a819f4e9a793bb736df13888b9b0153cba0fe9ffbf6f1b29ce37d42c2","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":29459,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackgroundChildren born preterm (PT) face elevated neurodevelopmental risk, yet the role of fathers' sensitive caregiving in this process remains understudied.ObjectiveTo test whether observed paternal sensitivity predicts cognitive and behavioural outcomes in PT children and moderates prematurity‐related risk.MethodsIndividual participant data (IPD) from two prospective cohorts in Australia and Israel (2009–2014) were pooled (N = 207; 151 PT, 56 term). Father‐child and mother–child dyadic interactions at 6–12 months corrected age were observed and coded with the emotional availability (EA) sensitivity scale. Child cognition and behaviour were assessed at 5 years of age. Mixed‐effects regressions controlled for sex, age, multiple birth, small‐for‐gestational‐age status and maternal education.ResultsHigher paternal sensitivity predicted higher cognitive scores (β = 0.25 per SD, 95% confidence interval = [0.09, 0.41], p < 0.003). Paternal sensitivity was not related to children's later behavioural problems (−0.003 [−0.21, 0.20], p = 0.981). No gestational age × paternal sensitivity interaction emerged.ConclusionsSensitive fathering confers an additive, clinically meaningful benefit for cognitive function in both PT and term children, over and above social and medical risk. Early‐intervention programs that actively engage fathers and support sensitive responsive interactions may enhance developmental trajectories in this vulnerable population.Keywords: behaviour problems, cognition, fathers, individual participant data (IPD) meta‐analysis, preterm birth, sensitive parenting\n\nSummary Sensitive father–child interactions in infancy are associated with better cognitive outcomes at preschool age.Paternal sensitivity appears to exert additive rather than buffering effects, suggesting that supportive caregiving benefits children across the full gestational range.Early parenting programs and NICU follow‐up services should move beyond mother‐only models and intentionally engage fathers as active caregivers.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Noa Gueron‐Sela","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karli Treyvaud","type":"Person"},{"name":"Naama Atzaba‐Poria","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeanie Cheong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alicia Spittle","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tal Yatziv","type":"Person"},{"name":"Peter J Anderson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia Jaekel","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fcch.70338","publisherEvidenceSha256":"d1c0d955a07815dfc969268a93eae8676a9f0a3236268747bf5382500d78cd53","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":16},{"pmcid":"PMC13685339","doi":"10.1186/s12884-026-09958-6","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional observational study","ageRange":"Early postpartum","population":"Mothers who experienced emergency or planned cesarean birth","rationale":"The authors compare reported perceptions of childbirth and bonding rather than treating the mode of birth alone as a measure of the relationship.","parentQuestion":"How can birth experiences shape the way a mother describes early closeness?","readingPrompts":["How can birth experiences shape the way a mother describes early closeness?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers who experienced emergency or planned cesarean birth) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Mothers rated perceived trauma and bonding after planned or emergency cesarean birth. Other differences between those medical experiences complicate any attribution to mode of birth.","id":"PMC13685339","title":"The relationship between traumatic birth perception and mother-infant bonding of women who had emergency and planned caesarean sections","authors":"Ayşe Çataloluk; Rumeysa Şener; Hümeyra Sağlam","journal":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-09-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09958-6","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685339","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13685339/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13685339-82542e18e271937e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"82542e18e271937e4226c78fb3515192879b7eb207327a3c103d4f85fc4b4190","sourceTextSha256":"a2033d8fb395579d193de16e5f0342926dda6addad8e208f21217435d5506912","sourceXmlSha256":"3dfe49ea1e1e479f2d7dba93b3513d025a4e51fa7a31d6d6db30843a64b9fe41","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36917,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study aimed to determine the relationship between traumatic birth perception and mother-infant bonding in women who had emergency and planned caesarean. This was a descriptive, single-centre cross-sectional study conducted between January 20 and May 15, 2024, among puerperal women within the first month after birth at a university hospital. The study was completed with 182 women, 86 in the emergency caesarean group and 96 in the planned caesarean group. Approval from the ethics committee and the relevant institution was obtained before starting the study. Data were collected using a personal information form to determine the socio-demographic and descriptive characteristics of women, the “Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale (TCPS)” and the “Mother to Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS)”. Of the women who had emergency caesarean section, 37.2% had a university degree or higher, 74.4% were unemployed, 51.2% had an unplanned pregnancy and 73.3% perceived their last birth experience as negative. Of those who had planned caesarean, 32.3% had primary school degrees, 67.7% were unemployed, 60.4% had an unplanned pregnancy and 70.8% evaluated their last birth experience as positive. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean TCPS scores of women who had emergency (X̄ = 71.74 ± 23.70) and planned (X̄ = 64.34 ± 18.63) caesarean sections (mean difference = 7.31, 95% CI: 1.10–13.51; p = 0.021). No statistically significant difference was found between the emergency and planned caesarean status of women and the median MIBS scores (p = 0.204). A negative moderately significant correlation was found between the total TCPS score and the total MIBS score of women who had planned caesarean (rₛ = − 0.417, 95% CI: − 0.585 to − 0.221; p < 0.001). The perception of traumatic birth in women who had emergency caesarean was higher than that of women who had planned caesarean. Among women who underwent planned caesarean sections, higher traumatic childbirth perception was associated with lower MIBS scores, corresponding to fewer reported mother–infant bonding difficulties.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09958-6.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ayşe Çataloluk","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rumeysa Şener","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hümeyra Sağlam","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":17},{"pmcid":"PMC13683079","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1948330","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods study","ageRange":"14–17 years","population":"Turkish Cypriot adolescents who described listening to music and communicating with parents","rationale":"Listening together offers a specific setting in which adolescents describe openness and connection with a parent.","parentQuestion":"Can sharing music give a teenager a starting point for conversation?","readingPrompts":["Can sharing music give a teenager a starting point for conversation?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (turkish Cypriot adolescents who described listening to music and communicating with parents) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Adolescents described their own music habits and communication. The data cannot determine whether sharing music opened communication or already-close families chose to listen together.","id":"PMC13683079","title":"Shared digital music streaming and parent–adolescent communication: evidence from Turkish Cypriot adolescents","authors":"Ozgur Tosun","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-10-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1948330","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683079","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13683079/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13683079-31dd1a678c71a33e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"31dd1a678c71a33e50760a86a87c7f311f9cc3895c936b1802304dba8dd48822","sourceTextSha256":"b9139e40723f95c49cc7beef65b9e7bdf75ba1c2a13b548e18efa9f7ee20050c","sourceXmlSha256":"1bc1a904796bc0b121d69478546e7acf241666ca161256b3d0f35666c8cd406b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a1a6266ff348fe911e053b30c5b3e0f15b83963dcde421910f420fb1869710b0","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":99596,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundThe rapid expansion of online music streaming platforms has transformed adolescents’ everyday media practices, making music consumption increasingly individualized, algorithmically curated, and socially networked. While existing scholarship has established the importance of music in adolescent identity formation and emotional regulation, considerably less attention has been devoted to understanding how digitally mediated music listening influences communication within families. As digital-native adolescents increasingly consume music through platforms such as Spotify and YouTube, parents—many of whom remain digital immigrants—face new opportunities and challenges in maintaining meaningful communication with their children. This study investigates whether shared digital music listening constitutes a communicative practice capable of strengthening parent–adolescent relationships. Rather than examining music consumption solely as an individual behavior, the study conceptualizes shared streaming experiences as an interactional process through which emotional exchange, cultural identity, and intergenerational understanding are negotiated.MethodsDrawing upon a mixed-methods dataset comprising 500 Turkish Cypriot adolescents aged 14–17 (400 quantitative; 100 qualitative), the study integrates responses from a 22-item Music Listening Habits Questionnaire, the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), and qualitative relational content analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine associations between shared music listening practices and communication quality, while qualitative coding explored participants’ perceptions of family music experiences.ResultsQuantitative findings demonstrate a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between the frequency of shared music listening with parents and parent–adolescent communication quality (r = 0.455, p < 0.01). Qualitative evidence further indicates that shared listening to culturally meaningful Turkish Cypriot music facilitates emotional openness, mutual understanding, and constructive family conversations. Although adolescents predominantly accessed music through Spotify and YouTube, the communicative value of music depended less on platform choice than on opportunities for shared engagement and discussion.ConclusionThe study advances Uses and Gratifications Theory by extending its application from individual media gratification toward shared family media practices. It proposes that digital music streaming can function as an intergenerational communication resource capable of narrowing the communicative divide between digital-native adolescents and digital-immigrant parents. By integrating media studies, communication research, and music psychology, the article offers a culturally grounded framework for understanding how shared digital listening contributes to healthier family relationships in contemporary media environments.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ozgur Tosun","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":18},{"pmcid":"PMC13696446","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986177","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods study","ageRange":"Middle childhood","population":"Foster mothers and children in eight Turkish provinces","rationale":"The study brings children's accounts of security into conversation with foster mothers' own attachment styles.","parentQuestion":"How does a foster child describe security with a caregiver?","readingPrompts":["How does a foster child describe security with a caregiver?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (foster mothers and children in eight Turkish provinces) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"Most evidence came from foster mother-child dyads in eight Turkish provinces. Relationships in kinship care or in another care system may have different histories and supports.","id":"PMC13696446","title":"Foster mothers’ attachment styles and children’s attachment security in middle childhood: a mixed-methods study of the Turkish foster family service model","authors":"Cezmi Ervüz; Özlem Karakuş","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-10-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986177","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696446","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13696446/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13696446-d79131e7784352f2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d79131e7784352f224c605174e2406ec75ab46caef0a8695fd391d0b0cbf8ee3","sourceTextSha256":"01cdf651869e52cf31c8738ceed14c875b9a03574c65d5811dbb7111843ed7a1","sourceXmlSha256":"75aa721c66343be8eb9ac520baf5fa9774a4240085852710a1767023d6b182a8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"90526205e1e45d9db1804e967c3ebcdf8d4e5922c3a3188d2362e0256f4b5860","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":73753,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Attachment theory predicts that a caregiver’s own attachment organization shapes the security of the child in their care, but the evidence comes almost entirely from biological parent–infant dyads. Whether it extends to a caregiving relationship with no shared genetic history, no shared infancy, and a competing attachment figure still present is largely untested, particularly in middle childhood, when children can report on the relationship themselves. This study examined whether the attachment security of children aged 9–12 in foster care is associated with their foster mother’s attachment style, with the age at which they entered protection, and with the frequency of contact with their birth family, and explored how foster mothers and children describe those relationships. In this explanatory sequential mixed-methods study, 314 foster mother–child dyads across eight Turkish provinces, 13.2% of the eligible national population, completed the Relationship Scales Questionnaire and the Kerns Security Scale. In-depth interviews with 10 foster mothers sampled across all four attachment classifications, and their 10 children, were analysed thematically. Children’s security differed by foster mother attachment style, F(3, 310) = 13.16, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.113, 90% CI [0.058, 0.164]; children of securely attached foster mothers scored higher than children of fearful (d = 0.83), preoccupied (d = 0.76) and dismissing (d = 0.78) foster mothers. Security was also higher among children placed at or before age three, F(2, 311) = 4.34, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.027, and differed by contact frequency, F(4, 309) = 2.56, p = 0.039, η2 = 0.032, although this effect did not survive Bonferroni correction and the pattern was non-monotonic rather than linear: children with no contact scored as high as those with monthly contact. No exploratory comparison survived correction. Four foster mother themes and three child themes converged with this pattern, and the children’s metaphors, safe harbour, guide and light, protective shield, and loving from the heart, described a functioning secure base. The caregiver’s own attachment organization was associated with several times more variance in children’s security than either placement history or contact frequency, which supports attachment-informed assessment and support of foster carers.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Cezmi Ervüz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Özlem Karakuş","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":19},{"pmcid":"PMC13652318","doi":"10.1002/imhj.70121","element":"trust","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Toddlerhood","population":"Mothers and toddlers studied in Switzerland","rationale":"The authors examine contextual shifts in sensitive responding alongside mothers' trauma-related symptoms.","parentQuestion":"How might a caregiver adapt to a toddler's signals when the situation changes?","readingPrompts":["How might a caregiver adapt to a toddler's signals when the situation changes?","Whose observations or reports were used, and what competing explanations are compatible with them?","Which features of the study population (mothers and toddlers studied in Switzerland) would matter when applying the findings in another setting?"],"limitations":"The Swiss sample included 31 mother-toddler pairs. A brief observation of responding when context changes provides a limited view of caregiving following trauma.","id":"PMC13652318","title":"Context processing as a moderator of the association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and the adaptation of maternal sensitivity following stress related to separation","authors":"Shannen Graf; Lara Detoledo; Sophie Wood; Dominik A Moser; Sébastien Urben; Daniel S Schechter","journal":"Infant Mental Health Journal","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-11-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.70121","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13652318","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13652318/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13652318-7eacb8f59bf46b21.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7eacb8f59bf46b21eae10458c70f19d5ea5dac692402f384be7cb4e0d8b59488","sourceTextSha256":"57fe071a244ec7379b437203c57ea2d7621368670aa9580ed00d87a598f2436b","sourceXmlSha256":"4ad3914ce7c6e1585a19a5a69ae8a3791f453464a8409ceddcea33164a6b7afa","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a45075a11c16cb57faa01e7de75cf1ff73ac7d7ca3a4c1a2a3cce3e8c6e44e38","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Trust"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40783,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWe aimed to assess the moderating role of context processing (i.e., context‐encoding and ‐memory) in the association between maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and the changes in maternal sensitivity in reaction to a separation from their toddler. Thirty‐one mothers and their toddlers participated in the study in Switzerland. Mothers reported their current PTSS and performed a context processing task where they had to recognize contexts that they had previously seen paired with emotional faces. Maternal sensitivity was assessed during free play with their child and following a 3‐min separation and was coded using the CARE‐Index. A ratio score was calculated to assess the change in maternal sensitivity. Although the recognition of contexts previously associated with angry faces did not significantly moderate the relationship between maternal PTSS and the changes in maternal sensitivity, the recognition of contexts previously associated with neutral faces did. More PTSS led to a greater improvement of maternal sensitivity for mothers who had a better recognition of such contexts. This may be due to the ambiguity of neutral faces, which individuals with PTSS tend to focus on more closely, potentially due to their hypervigilance. Enhancing context processing may therefore help mothers use vigilance to improve sensitive caregiving.Keywords: context processing, hypervigilance, maternal sensitivity, posttraumatic stress","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shannen Graf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lara Detoledo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sophie Wood","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dominik A Moser","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sébastien Urben","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniel S Schechter","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fimhj.70121","publisherEvidenceSha256":"9408cb229a8cebbf9596caf25bfd95555c2688107cebf4bfcc8536d36fec0b0b","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":20},{"pmcid":"PMC13130489","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779353","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 15–18","population":"Four hundred and eight adolescents and parents in central China.","rationale":"Parenting is considered alongside classroom climate when examining bullying. Both settings matter when adults ask a teenager about conflict.","parentQuestion":"How can I hear what happened at school before deciding how to respond at home?","readingPrompts":["Which reports of bullying came from adolescents, parents or the school?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How can I hear what happened at school before deciding how to respond at home?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13130489","title":"The influence of harsh parenting on adolescents' bullying: the moderating role of perceived class climate and gender","authors":"Zanxin Chen; Tongsheng Xi; Xiangrui Leng; Huiling Fan; Kun Cheng","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779353","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13130489","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13130489/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13130489-28505ded4abe4327.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"28505ded4abe43278385e1895b2785ac910e2c9d35d4b5a175f5bbb01204117d","sourceTextSha256":"ba09832cea3eab2790ff04bef81d836a8b278610ca7664f7b39c4b3070a66e09","sourceXmlSha256":"aa3d7fbdb19b54c4eb9424f70d635f136b934806821ab38bcf51b7b69b6e846e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"fd475fd4e138ea77f57cb34657cf371ce594028a14dc04f46b3b861083584427","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":27732,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study examined the moderating role of perceived class climate at school in the relationship between harsh parenting and adolescents' bullying and being bullied, as well as potential gender differences in this moderating mechanism. The sample included 408 adolescents aged 15–18 and their parents from a middle school in central China who completed self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that harsh parenting significantly predicted both bullying and being bullied among adolescents. Class climate played a significant moderating role: the associations between harsh parenting and bullying/being bullied were stronger under low class climate and weaker under high class climate, the moderating effect of gender was not significant.Keywords: harsh parenting, adolescents' bullying, perceived class climate, gender, the moderating role","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zanxin Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tongsheng Xi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiangrui Leng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huiling Fan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kun Cheng","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":21},{"pmcid":"PMC13149158","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1772882","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Families from Chinese, Indian and European American groups in two cross-cultural studies.","rationale":"The authors compare what mothers hope children will learn from emotions across culturally situated family settings.","parentQuestion":"What am I trying to teach when I ask my child to express a feeling differently?","readingPrompts":["Which goals did families describe, and how did the authors distinguish cultural context from individual variation?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What am I trying to teach when I ask my child to express a feeling differently?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC13149158","title":"Maternal emotion socialization in Chinese, Indian, and European American families: socialization goals as a culturally embedded factor","authors":"Meingold Hiu-ming Chan; Tripti Kathuria; Wolfgang Friedlmeier; Xin Feng; Shagufa Kapadia","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1772882","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13149158","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13149158/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13149158-d2e92eec51b414ad.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d2e92eec51b414ad294f529154f4eb2eac6453cd647d7fb7b8e59ad7fbb60d9a","sourceTextSha256":"56dfc07b5c94a3bfafe8955511f8a68d870a986e2a621abc890563cdb4494c7a","sourceXmlSha256":"9715f3fa5704b45a27b0a67219acb48d3ab0ebcdbc22b05270e59abc4e5f5755","rightsEvidenceSha256":"865b7b1b9e981c5f36e40dd12b5be8dd9ed37428aa3df37fffdbfc9d5736d79c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":74222,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionA growing body of research has documented cultural variations in family emotion socialization (ES) that teach children about their experience and expression of emotions. Theoretical models have been proposed to elucidate the origins of these differences, suggesting that emotion-related socialization goals could be a key culturally embedded factor that shape ES across cultures.MethodsThe current study integrated two cross-cultural studies (n = 193, mean age = 3.37 years, range = 1.5–5.96 years) involving four cultural groups—Hong Kong Chinese, Beijing Chinese, Indian, and European American—to address the universal and cultural-specific process involved in the emergence of cultural variations in maternal ES across and within-culture.ResultsFirst, we demonstrated that not only there were cross-cultural differences between European American and Asian mothers, but also similarities and differences in ES practices across Asian groups (Indian vs. Chinese) as well as within Chinese cultures. For example, Chinese mothers reported higher endorsement of training responses than European American mothers, and Beijing Chinese and Indian mothers endorsed higher levels of problem-focused responses. Second, we showed that emotion-related socialization goals served as a culturally embedded factor that contributed to ES practices. Specifically, relational emotion competence goals were linked to more distress responses, minimization, and training, while individualistic emotion competence goals were related to less distress and more emotion-focused responses. However, importantly, multi-group SEM models revealed that these associations were culturally specific.DiscussionThe strength and challenges of harmonizing independently conducted cross-cultural studies were discussed.Keywords: cultural variations, culturally embedded factors, emotion socialization, socialization goals, within-culture differences, multi-group structural equation modeling","authorEntries":[{"name":"Meingold Hiu-ming Chan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tripti Kathuria","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wolfgang Friedlmeier","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Feng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shagufa Kapadia","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":22},{"pmcid":"PMC13149088","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1803173","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 18–25","population":"One thousand and four young adults in the United Kingdom.","rationale":"The survey asks young adults how they experienced parental behaviors around family conflict, rather than treating an adult’s account as definitive.","parentQuestion":"How could my words about another caregiver affect the child who hears them?","readingPrompts":["Which experiences were assessed as retrospective accounts rather than independently observed events?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How could my words about another caregiver affect the child who hears them?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13149088","title":"Prevalence and impact of parental alienating behaviors (PABs) in adults aged 18–25 in the United Kingdom","authors":"Benjamin A. Hine; Jennifer J. Harman; Sadie Leder-Elder; Elizabeth A. Bates","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-23","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1803173","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13149088","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13149088/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13149088-cfba444d93c24cc3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cfba444d93c24cc39a197e6fd4c31a2c1794253baab7243bee612143f88526ac","sourceTextSha256":"51670473a7ecc1b2939fcaf22e576d46a9b70764c010a2edaab1f9bbe616da6d","sourceXmlSha256":"024dfa18b47d69827de15d05f92de6ed90bbb0951a199e848fe672106e628717","rightsEvidenceSha256":"009b6c2a6f2a4eedf665d17e1a91870a0245387e419f1d380c6f68b53ad05926","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36760,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionFollowing recent research in the United Kingdom (UK) on the prevalence of parental alienating behaviors (PABs) as reported by separated parents, this study presents the first nationally representative investigation of the prevalence and impacts of PABs as reported by young adults in the United Kingdom.MethodsA sample of 1,004 participants aged 18–25 completed an online survey assessing exposure to 30 established PABs, parental acceptance and rejection, and mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress, depression, and suicidality.ResultsResults revealed that 98.3% of participants reported experiencing at least one PAB from a parent during childhood, with over half reporting exposure to ten or more behaviors. Approximately one-quarter experienced twenty or more behaviors. Males reported significantly higher exposure to PABs than females, though no other demographic differences were found. Exposure to PABs was significantly correlated with increased parental rejection and decreased parental acceptance, as well as elevated symptoms of PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation.DiscussionThese findings provide robust evidence that PABs are both widespread and psychologically harmful, underscoring their recognition as a form of family violence with long-term consequences. Implications include the need for comprehensive legal frameworks, enhanced clinical training, and public awareness initiatives to address and mitigate the effects of PABs on children and families. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand trajectories of resilience and vulnerability among affected individuals.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Benjamin A. Hine","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer J. Harman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sadie Leder-Elder","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth A. Bates","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":23},{"pmcid":"PMC13124812","doi":"10.1007/s10802-026-01462-x","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Repeated-measures study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Forty mother-child pairs, with children averaging just over five years of age.","rationale":"Repeated weekend check-ins capture how the same mother may respond differently depending on the intensity of the moment.","parentQuestion":"Does my response change when my child’s distress becomes harder to sit with?","readingPrompts":["How often did mothers report on a situation, and how much of the weekend was observed?","Which experiences might the timing of the repeated assessments have missed?","Does my response change when my child’s distress becomes harder to sit with?"],"limitations":"Repeated observations capture a limited window. Respondents may miss or select moments, and associations within that period do not establish lasting effects.","id":"PMC13124812","title":"Mother-Child Dyadic Emotional Responses in Everyday Life: Moderation by Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Negative Emotionality","authors":"Xin Feng; Qingqing Yang; Yihui Gong","journal":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-04-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-026-01462-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13124812","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13124812/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13124812-8b57efdd821a30e4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8b57efdd821a30e440400cb6e0449f3bda61d492a158d46d484935a88bf2c505","sourceTextSha256":"d5e897afe5e7c6d48d6f5d4f0955142bb04cecf20768a1ebe26ad696b1deb5f0","sourceXmlSha256":"c4412570b9786d0f573c6550f8f6c7587a27128ccf1ea48ee4a24f3ce9719094","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46056,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Although emotion socialization during preschool years is well studied, how mother-child mutual emotional responses unfold in naturalistic contexts remains largely unknown. This pilot study examined within-dyad associations between children’s emotion expressions and maternal socialization behaviors, and the moderating effects of maternal depressive symptoms and child negative emotionality. Forty mother-child dyads participated (42.5% girls; Mage = 5.16 years). Across two consecutive weekend days, mothers completed ecological momentary assessments 12 times, reporting children’s positive and negative emotion expressions, the intensity of child peak negative expressions, and their own emotion coaching (EC) and emotion dismissing (ED) behaviors. Children’s peak negative emotion was associated with mothers’ use of EC and ED, and the peak negative emotion and EC link was moderated by child negative emotionality. Maternal EC/ED also predicted children’s subsequent positive and/or negative emotion expressions, and the association between maternal ED and child negative expressions was further moderated by maternal depressive symptoms or child negative emotionality. Using an ecologically valid, real-time assessment approach, this study explored how the mother-child emotion socialization process unfolds in everyday life. Findings highlight the negative impact of maternal ED on children’s emotional experiences and highlight the potential value of early interventions targeting parental ED behaviors.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-026-01462-x.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xin Feng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qingqing Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yihui Gong","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10802-026-01462-x","publisherEvidenceSha256":"242432c5032314b403501147679d46903e9e3a7c27374d7e4bfbf6cf10b9c001","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":24},{"pmcid":"PMC13134545","doi":"10.7717/peerj.21130","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"One thousand six hundred and fifty parents of preschool children in Beijing’s Tongzhou District.","rationale":"Caregivers reported childhood adversity, current depressive symptoms and discipline. The measures distinguish family history from present conduct.","parentQuestion":"Which experiences from my own upbringing surface when I need to set a limit?","readingPrompts":["Which childhood experiences were recalled retrospectively by the adult respondents?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which experiences from my own upbringing surface when I need to set a limit?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13134545","title":"The mediating role of depression between adverse childhood experiences and violent discipline among Chinese parents of preschool children","authors":"Fei Yang; Li Yin; Xinxuan Li; Mo Zhou; Ziyuan Fu; Zhaoxue Meng; Hong Zhou","journal":"PeerJ","publisher":"PeerJ, Inc","publishedDate":"2026-04-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21130","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13134545","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13134545/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13134545-5383830f3b2774e4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"5383830f3b2774e44140af93fc9c0255a03c7e8098d6d47ebd5153657abec51e","sourceTextSha256":"dfbf015b2409f29f31c3b4f6b21ee52e9ebfdd9cc6967b164dfb6aa5af38e6fc","sourceXmlSha256":"3f63468278ebefb9190217d2082539a02ed1430a3640e77aa09cf63a33094282","rightsEvidenceSha256":"58cc6954c96ea95280976879fd91c7fc353c359d2fcac5b7e8cc848217238ffe","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":30517,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundViolent discipline toward children remains common worldwide and has been linked to parents’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), suggesting intergenerational transmission. Parental depression may play an important role in this pathway. This study examined whether parental depression mediates the association between ACEs and violent discipline among Chinese parents of preschool children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 1,650 parents of preschool children in Tongzhou District, Beijing. Parents reported their ACEs, depressive symptoms, and use of violent discipline. Logistic regression and generalized structural equation modeling were employed to explore the relationships among ACEs, violent discipline, and depression.ResultsOverall, 71.9% reported using violent discipline, and 38.4% reported at least one type of ACE. Higher ACE exposure was associated with greater use of violent discipline. Parental depression was positively associated with both ACEs and violent discipline and partially mediated the association between ACEs and violent discipline, including psychological aggression, physical punishment, and severe physical punishment.ConclusionsParental ACEs were associated with violent discipline among Chinese parents of preschool children, and depression partially explained this association. These findings highlight the importance of addressing parental depression in interventions aimed at reducing violent discipline and interrupting intergenerational cycles of adversity.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Fei Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Li Yin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xinxuan Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mo Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ziyuan Fu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhaoxue Meng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hong Zhou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":25},{"pmcid":"PMC13203291","doi":"10.3390/bs16050796","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Late childhood to adolescence","population":"Seven hundred and thirty students recruited from four schools in Hunan, China.","rationale":"The study distinguishes feeling rejected from feeling overprotected in discussions of security and smartphone use.","parentQuestion":"Does a limit on phone use leave my child feeling protected, rejected or both?","readingPrompts":["How were overprotection and rejection distinguished in the questionnaire?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Does a limit on phone use leave my child feeling protected, rejected or both?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13203291","title":"Parental Rejection, Overprotection and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction: Mediating Role of Sense of Security and Moderating Role of Forgiveness","authors":"Wuyu Wang; Kairu Xue; Lu Zhou; Fanchang Kong","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-05-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16050796","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13203291","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13203291/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13203291-580cea88b6553250.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"580cea88b6553250ecf720672208642cf4f3e84f24698aab39eb608f7a4a56d5","sourceTextSha256":"377a592573658dff8212e49ae472656c6cb3555b724e1eee791c9eff34ce54ef","sourceXmlSha256":"7ad0e8081e03408b7635c16f02aba15ee6fc59809e75ca8face45072526eafa7","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":40924,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study examined a moderated mediation model linking parental rejection and overprotection to smartphone addiction, with sense of security as a mediator and forgiveness as a moderator. A total of 730 students (mean age = 12.15 ± 1.13 years; 50.7% female) were recruited from two primary and two secondary schools in Hunan, China, using cluster sampling by class, and all participants completed a set of self-report questionnaires. Results showed that, after controlling for gender and age, both parental rejection and overprotection were positively associated with smartphone addiction and negatively associated with sense of security and forgiveness. Sense of security partially mediated the links between negative parenting and smartphone addiction. Interpersonal forgiveness moderates the direct associations between parental rejection, overprotection and adolescent smartphone addiction, and self-forgiveness moderates the relationships between sense of security and smartphone addiction. The present study clarifies the associations between negative parenting behaviors (i.e., parental rejection and overprotection) and problematic smartphone use in early and middle adolescence, highlights the vital protective roles of security and forgiveness, and provides empirical evidence to inform the prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent smartphone addiction.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Wuyu Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kairu Xue","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lu Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fanchang Kong","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":26},{"pmcid":"PMC13490034","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00403-3","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adults recalling parenting","population":"Seven hundred and fifty adults recruited online for an acceptance-rejection study.","rationale":"The authors connect adults’ recollections of acceptance with emotional coping and family satisfaction. Retrospective accounts matter in their own right.","parentQuestion":"What signals of acceptance might a child remember into adulthood?","readingPrompts":["How did the researchers record memories of acceptance and current satisfaction separately?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What signals of acceptance might a child remember into adulthood?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13490034","title":"The relationship between parental acceptance-rejection perception and individuals’ levels of emotional intelligence, emotional coping, and family life satisfaction","authors":"Şükriye Yeniçeri; Tülay Yılmaz Bingöl","journal":"Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS","publisher":"Springer","publishedDate":"2026-06-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-026-00403-3","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13490034","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13490034/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13490034-0400e055b8149e63.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0400e055b8149e63ab43b60a979b2bd6efd2eb38956d518fb7bb45ac837cf47e","sourceTextSha256":"1b13d9b04e275e68addb58aeb026e2e0aa78c9fc62866af4400139d456926256","sourceXmlSha256":"38855654d66b6ba23b3a7ff82e8301532020d0eadff1bf68e4e2d53d255cef8c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38989,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAimThis study was conducted to determine the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection theory and emotional intelligence, emotional coping, and family life satisfaction levels in individuals.MethodThis descriptive and correlational study was conducted between 01.11.2021 and 01.04.2022 using the online snowball sampling method via the Google platform with 750 individuals aged 18 and over who agreed to participate. The data were collected using the Personal Data Form, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Scale (PARS), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), Emotional Approach Coping Scale (EACS), and Family Life Satisfaction Scale (FLSS).FindingsAccording to the results of the study, the mean PARS score was 39.17 ± 12.06, the mean EIS score was 71.12 ± 15.76, the mean EACS score was 56.97 ± 14.26 and the mean FLSS score was 45.45 ± 22.14. A significant and negative correlation was found between the PARS and the EIS and EACS, while a significant and positive correlation was observed with the FLSS. A significant and positive correlation was found between the EIS and the EACS, while a significant and negative correlation was found between the EACS and the FLSS. Furthermore, a significant and negative correlation was also found between the EACS and the FLSS. Regression analyses revealed that the PARS score was significantly predicted by gender, having children, income level, consultation with a psychological professional, and a history of psychological treatment within the family. Having children and consultation with a psychological professional increased the score, while male gender and high income had a decreasing effect. The EIS score was significantly predicted only by the mother’s living situation, the EACS score by the father’s living situation, and the FLSS score by marital status and consultation with a psychological professional. These findings summarize the explanatory power of the relationships between the psychosocial variables central to the study and parental perception, emotional intelligence, and family life satisfaction.ConclusionIn our study, it was observed that those who experienced parental rejection had lower emotional intelligence and emotional coping scores and higher family life scores. The results confirmed our assumption and supported Rohner’s parental acceptance-rejection theory.Keywords: Parental Acceptance-Rejection, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Coping, Family Life Satisfaction","authorEntries":[{"name":"Şükriye Yeniçeri","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tülay Yılmaz Bingöl","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":27},{"pmcid":"PMC13637403","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27414-0","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 12–59 months","population":"Caregivers of young children in Malaysia’s 2022 National Health and Morbidity Survey.","rationale":"Separating psychological aggression from physical punishment draws attention to how adult speech is measured as part of discipline.","parentQuestion":"What words do I use to enforce a limit with a child who is still learning to speak?","readingPrompts":["How did the survey distinguish psychological aggression from physical punishment?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","What words do I use to enforce a limit with a child who is still learning to speak?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13637403","title":"Prevalence and factors associated with psychological aggression and physical punishment among children aged 12 to 59 months in Malaysia: findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022","authors":"Nurul Haniyah Rosslan; Shubash Shander Ganapathy; Muhammad Hanafi Bakri; Norzawati Yoep","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-06-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27414-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13637403","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13637403/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13637403-dbe5108e719b35b7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"dbe5108e719b35b79eb1a4dd27c3b3bb17fdf6180fa091d8334cc3343a57066a","sourceTextSha256":"1376012c5bbf72c4ba50bbd9309cf1775f8ea16d2ba39c33af0a043e33ec5f5a","sourceXmlSha256":"a8bf937f84da19b878d625e05a676d3a90b1b67d642ae0873af209b9ab3cab95","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":21376,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionPsychological aggression and physical punishment remain common disciplinary practices globally, despite evidence of their adverse effects on child development. This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of these practices among children aged 12 to 59 months in Malaysia.MethodData were obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022, a nationally representative cross-sectional study employing a two-stage stratified random sampling design. The primary respondents were caregivers of children aged 12–59 months. Psychological aggression was defined as being scolded in a harsh tone or using hurtful names, while physical punishment was defined as actions intended to cause pain, such as shaking the child, spanking, or hitting them with a hand or object like a cane. These actions were measured based on occurrences within the past month intended to correct behaviour. Disciplinary practice data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a validated questionnaire adapted from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated, and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% CI were obtained using design-adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance.ResultsAmong the 13,288 respondents, the prevalence of psychological aggression was 58.3% (95% CI: 55.9–60.6) and of physical punishment was 40.7% (95% CI: 38.4–43.0). Older children were significantly more likely to experience both forms of discipline. In adjusted models, compared with children aged 12–23 months, children aged 48–59 months had higher prevalence of psychological aggression (aPR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.33–1.56) and physical punishment (aPR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.31–1.69). Boys had higher adjusted prevalence of physical punishment than girls (aPR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05–1.21).ConclusionHarsh disciplinary practices remain common. Integration of evidence-based positive parenting programmes into maternal and child health services and community-based support platforms is recommended.Keywords: Psychological aggression, Physical punishment, Disciplinary practices, NHMS, Malaysia","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nurul Haniyah Rosslan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shubash Shander Ganapathy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Muhammad Hanafi Bakri","type":"Person"},{"name":"Norzawati Yoep","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":28},{"pmcid":"PMC13292445","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05008-0","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 2–12½","population":"Four hundred and ninety Egyptian parents comparing their own and earlier generations’ discipline practices.","rationale":"Locally developed measures distinguish physical, verbal, psychological and positive discipline across generations.","parentQuestion":"Which family tradition would I keep, and which response would I choose to change?","readingPrompts":["Whose memories supplied the comparison between generations?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","Which family tradition would I keep, and which response would I choose to change?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13292445","title":"The changing landscape of discipline in Egypt: a descriptive and predictive study across two generations","authors":"Nour M Zaki; Maya A Shehata; Jana A Nasr","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-06-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05008-0","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13292445","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13292445/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13292445-ed04fd74c596eb6d.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ed04fd74c596eb6ddfa129ea24bb41f70511ddbd761fa8970126cf24acd3cff5","sourceTextSha256":"c0f6a9a77cea675c1198ce81e4c32a2bd6e974edaf1664c90950880c5951fd4c","sourceXmlSha256":"130d30096256db7989a9f878cf2a7bf3d26983d212db73d298831ce7d89b7e5a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":74545,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParent–child discipline is often embedded within cultural and social narratives that shape how it is perceived and practiced in different cultures. This study therefore takes an emic approach to understanding discipline in Egypt, with a particular focus on harsh discipline. Specifically, it (1) examines intergenerational continuity and change across discipline domains, (2) explores child, family, and cultural correlates of current discipline practices, and (3) identifies predictors of harsh discipline practices. The sample consisted of 490 Egyptian parents, each of whom had a child between the ages of 2 and 12.5 years.MethodsEmically-developed scales assessing physical, verbal, psychological, deprivation-based, and positive discipline were administered via an online questionnaire. Harsh discipline was operationalized as the composite of the physical, verbal, and psychological discipline domains.ResultsFindings supported the intergenerational continuity in discipline practices, and identified generational shifts across domains, including lower levels of harsh disciplinary strategies in the second generation. Regression analyses further showed that perceived cultural norms of discipline, recollection of harsh discipline from one’s parents, number of children in a household, and family income significantly predicted harsh discipline.ConclusionsThe findings of this study therefore highlight culturally embedded risk factors for harsh discipline in Egypt. Implications for social, legal, and cultural considerations are further discussed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-026-05008-0.Keywords: Harsh discipline, Parenting practices, Cultural norms, Intergenerational trends, Egypt","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nour M Zaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maya A Shehata","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jana A Nasr","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":29},{"pmcid":"PMC13381799","doi":"10.3389/fgwh.2026.1759345","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods evaluation","ageRange":"Adolescence and caregivers","population":"Fifty families in rural Manicaland, Zimbabwe, taking part in the Sinovuyo pilot.","rationale":"Families and facilitators described a parenting program that considered violence toward women and children in the same household context.","parentQuestion":"What would a family call meaningful progress toward safety during a disagreement?","readingPrompts":["What did interviews with families and facilitators add to the before-and-after measures?","Where did interviews clarify an issue the numerical ratings could not explain?","What would a family call meaningful progress toward safety during a disagreement?"],"limitations":"Reported experiences can explain implementation, while the sample, comparison conditions and follow-up limit inferences about effects in other families.","id":"PMC13381799","title":"Can a programme to support parents reduce both violence against women and violence against children? A pre-post pilot test in Zimbabwe","authors":"Natalie Davidson; Catherine L. Ward","journal":"Frontiers in Global Women's Health","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-07-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2026.1759345","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13381799","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13381799/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13381799-4785ca888f8d782c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4785ca888f8d782c6acb83f852591fe1e4edda03533d4f21f796026a955f6dfe","sourceTextSha256":"4da2529339f65965b2ee256236fc4f2e10de9d9d59c6cced3843bc209d822c03","sourceXmlSha256":"aeafbea7ddf22ac0f008b030ef1f930681284ec760b813ac9b82be1c3e18210a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"1de430f36421cf3f3ea2753d90cac99a5d3f7dde44ae4a387b759b25455b5dbb","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49775,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Introduction:Violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) interconnect in a variety of important ways. Parenting programmes may offer promise for preventing both forms of violence, through supporting co-parenting as an avenue for reducing inter-parental conflict, and for engaging men without stigma.Method: This paper presents results from a pilot study with 50 families of the new Co-parenting Sinovuyo Caring Families Programme for Parents and Teens, which took place in rural Manicaland, Zimbabwe. It is a version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) Teen programme, adapted to include a more explicit focus on preventing VAW and the engagement of fathers for the Zimbabwean context. A mixed methods embedded intervention design was used to assess changes in VAW and VAC from baseline to endline. Qualitative data included discussions with participant advisory boards before the pilot, individual interviews with participants at the endline, and a focus group discussion with all parenting group facilitators at the endline. Quantitative data included assessments at the endline and baseline with the primary outcome of intimate partner violence (IPV).Results: This programme led to significant reductions in reported physical IPV, co-parenting struggles, harsh parenting, parenting stress, and teen behaviour problems, but not in emotional IPV, teen-reported IPV, or attitudes to harsh punishment of children. There were significant increases in positive parenting and equitable gender attitudes. These quantitative findings are supported by the qualitative findings with participants and facilitators highlighting improved relationships between themselves and their community, families doing things together and less conflict in the home.Conclusion: This programme is promising for the prevention of VAW and VAC simultaneously.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Natalie Davidson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catherine L. Ward","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":30},{"pmcid":"PMC13390166","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2693362","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Qualitative interview study","ageRange":"Children in resettled families","population":"Thirty refugee parents interviewed in economically deprived communities in Iran.","rationale":"Parents describe how they interpret distress after resettlement and what practical limits they face when trying to help a child.","parentQuestion":"Which experiences might shape how a parent interprets a child’s fear after relocation?","readingPrompts":["Which responses did parents attribute to resources and conditions after resettlement?","Which perspectives or family circumstances might the recruitment approach have missed?","Which experiences might shape how a parent interprets a child’s fear after relocation?"],"limitations":"Interviews document the accounts and contexts of participants rather than the frequency of an experience across all families. Interpretation depends on recruitment and analysis.","id":"PMC13390166","title":"Post-resettlement context matters: a qualitative study of refugee parents’ responses to child trauma in low-resource settings","authors":"Mohsen Rajabi; Rachel Calam; Fatemeh Bagherifard; Victoria Williamson; Fatemeh Ashrafi; Anke Karl; Sarah L Halligan","journal":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publishedDate":"2026-07-21","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2693362","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13390166","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13390166/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13390166-4118fe7c23327f6e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4118fe7c23327f6eb293c69ba4cc0ec9510ece5b6fa6fe1fd2e38046c060d6f0","sourceTextSha256":"5a12fcb42103e581d6f1eb49eb10d28053cef8e50fbd54bbd8899c213b289577","sourceXmlSha256":"c602017da27899b19a40b548c65a2c2ec886756f3be6c410c0b74f285754fdc8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ec9dfe5c88dce40fab0e781ead1b4de0e3ff59e3dd1904b24d0bc07c5e9855fa","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":69997,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTBackground: Despite evidence that post-resettlement socio-environmental factors affect parenting, refugee parents’ experiences of meeting children’s posttrauma needs in resource-poor settings remain severely underexplored in LMICs.Objective: This study aimed to explore parental understanding of child posttrauma distress and caregiving responses in the context of displacement and resource limitations in Iran, one of the world’s largest refugee-hosting countries.Methods: Thirty refugee parents were recruited from deprived communities in Iran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Parents were mainly from Afghanistan, most were illiterate, and all reported at least moderate PTSD symptoms. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: Four themes were generated regarding: (1) parents’ understanding and interpretation of children’s distress; (2) parenting under displacement; (3) intra-family dynamics; and (4) support needs, help-seeking, and care pathways. Parents lacked a basic understanding of their child’s trauma-related difficulties, describing extreme uncertainty about how to respond to their child’s emotional needs, as well as limited insight into those needs, coupled with a severely limited capacity to support their children and a lack of access to wider resources. Ongoing post-resettlement stressors appeared to deplete parents’ coping capacity and trigger harsh, reactive parenting, in contrast to more supportive parenting practices described before displacement. Material deprivation also influenced parent–child interactions: many children withheld trauma-related mental or physical consequences to avoid healthcare costs, and some adopted parenting-like roles, including income generation, sibling care, and emotional support for their distressed parents. Finally, parents’ priorities were wholly focused on material needs essential for their children’s basic survival, rather than psychosocial support.Conclusion: Our findings provide novel insight into the profound influence that markedly low mental health literacy, material deprivation, and limited internal and external support resources have on how refugee parents understand and respond to their child’s posttrauma needs in deprived, low-resource post-resettlement settings.KEYWORDS: PTSD, refugee parents, post-resettlement context, child trauma, parenting, mental health, Iran\n\nHighlights We captured perspectives from a historically under-represented refugee population in Iran.Lack of informational, material and internal resources significantly impacted parenting under post-resettlement adversity.Markedly low mental health literacy left parents uncertain about when and how to respond to their child’s posttrauma distress.Post-resettlement stressors were a key contributor to harsher and more reactive parenting.In resettlement communities, relatives and schoolteachers are key actors in helping refugee parents overcome acculturation stress.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mohsen Rajabi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachel Calam","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fatemeh Bagherifard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Victoria Williamson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fatemeh Ashrafi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anke Karl","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah L Halligan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":31},{"pmcid":"PMC13495079","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100733","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Ages 15–20","population":"Eight hundred and twenty-four Japanese high school students and their biological parents.","rationale":"Parallel questionnaires allow the researchers to compare adults’ ratings of communication with adolescents’ own ratings.","parentQuestion":"How would my teenager rate our conversations about internet use compared with my own rating?","readingPrompts":["How often did parent and student perceptions agree about an internet conversation?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How would my teenager rate our conversations about internet use compared with my own rating?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13495079","title":"Parent–child communication and adolescent problematic internet use: A cross-sectional dyadic study of protective effects and the primacy of adolescents' own perceptions","authors":"Nobuaki Morita","journal":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2026-08-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100733","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13495079","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13495079/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13495079-0cc5fa6c11f0a6dd.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"0cc5fa6c11f0a6dd88eb411d94eafc3e65d08374f03be15806b94a3cde05ccc1","sourceTextSha256":"e8f81a81b09e5a90bf55bedfa246928678a9d712248b69279f8c64ee7f5c7fee","sourceXmlSha256":"f03e8de89b2fe4568e9fe875769f70477f947e50a39efcee42d03ed9a8b57383","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39f7f459a956b5166dfa9bd09a7907fe4afb336ac2db2feba58f9532eb4bfc0d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32125,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundAdolescent problematic internet use (PIU) has been linked to family processes, including intergenerational patterns. Although parent–child communication is often considered protective, whether it buffers intergenerational risk or functions independently remains unclear.MethodsIn this cross-sectional dyadic study, 824 Japanese high school students (aged 15–20, M = 16.7, SD = 0.8) and their biological parents completed parallel online questionnaires assessing PIU and communication via a commercial research panel (Macromill). Hierarchical regressions examined direct, moderating, and discrepancy effects, controlling for parent demographics.ResultsParental PIU was positively associated with adolescent PIU (β = 0.53, p < .001). Higher mean-level communication—the average of parent and adolescent reports—was associated with lower adolescent PIU (parental acceptance: β = −0.08, p < .05; low perceived barriers to consultation: β = −0.13, p < .001), but did not moderate the parent–adolescent PIU association (both p > .20). Adolescents' own reports of low perceived barriers to consultation (β = −0.51) were far more strongly associated with adolescent PIU than parents' reports (β = 0.10, ns); response surface analysis indicated asymmetric informant weighting (a3 = 0.61, p < .001) rather than a non-linear discrepancy effect (a4 = −0.01, ns). Discrepancies in parental acceptance were unrelated to adolescent PIU. Findings were unchanged after controlling for parent sex and age.ConclusionsParent–child communication is an independent protective factor rather than a buffering mechanism. Adolescents' own perceptions of help-seeking barriers, more than discrepancies per se, were associated with risk, meriting attention in future research pending longitudinal, multi-method replication.Keywords: Parent–child communication, Problematic internet use, Discrepancy, Behavioral addiction, Family processes, Adolescence\n\nHighlights•Parent-child communication predicted lower adolescent problematic internet use.•Communication did not buffer the parent-adolescent PIU link, for either dimension.•Adolescents' own reports of low barriers to consultation predicted their PIU.•Parents' reports of barriers were largely unrelated to adolescent PIU.•Discrepancies reflected asymmetric informant weighting, not a nonlinear pattern.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nobuaki Morita","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":32},{"pmcid":"PMC13495092","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100734","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Measurement validation study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Parents and adolescents involved in developing a measure of internet-related communication.","rationale":"A paired rating scale makes both sides of online-safety conversations visible, including whether concerns can be shared openly.","parentQuestion":"Could my teenager tell me about an online mistake without expecting an immediate lecture?","readingPrompts":["Which paired questions were designed to elicit a parent's and a teenager’s different views?","Which aspects of the instrument were tested, and where would further validation be needed?","Could my teenager tell me about an online mistake without expecting an immediate lecture?"],"limitations":"Reliability and validity evidence concern the instrument in the tested sample. These findings do not establish that changing the measured behavior improves outcomes.","id":"PMC13495092","title":"Bidirectional perspectives on internet-related family communication: Development and validation of the parent–child internet communication scale (PCICS) and associations with problematic internet use","authors":"Nobuaki Morita","journal":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2026-08-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100734","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13495092","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13495092/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13495092-8c4e47037a86baee.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8c4e47037a86baeee5f873590b18a2d69f78b1d861320418517ea3bab36531dc","sourceTextSha256":"5ab322004f3c585f6aecfff536f872f160038df4e6cdb8ea13c6593c97a171ed","sourceXmlSha256":"0924d04ffe2c754df53e9965bacd31daabfd7256b37dc3679bb593edbf4ca8d2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"5484be5eaec14e2761cc693d208e24f9deeaaeacbcfa540aa9c874c0bc413eca","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41624,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study developed and validated the Parent–Child Internet Communication Scale (PCICS), a dyadic measure assessing internet-related communication between parents and adolescents. Drawing on parental mediation theory (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008) and Schaefer's (1965) two-dimensional model of parent–child relationships (acceptance–rejection; psychological autonomy–control), items were generated to capture whether internet-related concerns can be openly shared and constructively discussed within the family. Existing measures have focused mainly on mediation behaviors or general communication quality without capturing bidirectional dyadic perceptions.Data were collected from 824 parent–adolescent pairs via a web-based survey in Japan. Factor analyses supported a multidimensional structure: the child version (PCICS-C) yielded two factors (Parental Acceptance, Low Perceived Barriers to Consultation), and the parent version (PCICS-P) yielded three, adding Dialogic Parental Involvement. Metric invariance was confirmed across informants for the two shared subscales, and reliability was satisfactory throughout.Concurrent validity was supported by associations with problematic internet use (PIU) and attachment security. Child-reported low perceived barriers to consultation were negatively associated with PIU, suggesting that adolescents' sense of being able to discuss internet concerns openly may lower PIU risk. Parental acceptance, however, showed weaker associations with adolescent PIU than child reports, suggesting parents' subjective sense of acceptance does not always translate into adolescent-perceived support.These findings underscore the value of assessing internet-related family communication from both perspectives. The PCICS was designed to measure open, bidirectional communication and facilitate constructive family dialogue in intervention contexts; the observed perception gaps illustrate one clinically meaningful application of this dyadic approach.\n\nHighlights•The Parent–Child Internet Communication Scale (PCICS) assesses open, bidirectional communication about internet use.•Parallel parent and child forms enable comparison of communication perceptions within dyads.•Child-reported low perceived barriers to consultation were linked to lower problematic internet use.•Parental acceptance showed weaker links to adolescent PIU than child-reported measures, suggesting perception gaps.•The PCICS offers a structured basis for facilitating constructive family dialogue in clinical settings.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nobuaki Morita","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":33},{"pmcid":"PMC13516391","doi":"10.3390/nu18162717","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Mothers and daughters","population":"One hundred and sixty-eight Hispanic mother-daughter pairs completing independent surveys.","rationale":"Daughters’ perceptions of weight-related teasing are examined alongside maternal strategies, preserving a distinction between a parent’s intent and what the child hears.","parentQuestion":"How does my daughter describe the comments about appearance she hears at home?","readingPrompts":["How did the researchers distinguish a mother's strategy from a daughter’s experience of teasing?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","How does my daughter describe the comments about appearance she hears at home?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC13516391","title":"Maternal Parenting Strategies and Daughters’ Perceived Weight Teasing as Predictors of Restrictive Eating Behaviors","authors":"Norma Olvera; Molly R Matthews-Ewald; Tamal J Roy; Rhonda Scherer; Weihua Fan; Consuelo Arbona; Hubertus Himmerich","journal":"Nutrients","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-08-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18162717","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13516391","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13516391/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13516391-4360d9721e463327.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4360d9721e463327f0fb8f5e08cd7bd44e367bbb06b066b2eb71ced22738a169","sourceTextSha256":"1e7428687e56253fadd45c5b90fa3ff331368005c279ce096af215f9d8ae0cf4","sourceXmlSha256":"dae4eb9f7594476348148f176c52206de49fdb6e97ac240c274baa43c1b322db","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44351,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground/Objective: Restrictive eating behaviors during early adolescence may increase the risk of disordered eating, yet little is known about modifiable family and social factors influencing these behaviors. This study investigated associations between maternal parenting strategies, weight teasing, and restrictive eating behaviors among 168 Hispanic mother–daughter dyads. Methods: Mothers and daughters independently completed surveys assessing demographic and acculturation characteristics, and their height and weight were objectively measured. Mothers also completed the parenting strategies measures, while daughters completed the weight teasing and restrictive eating behaviors measures. Results: Descriptive analyses indicated that 66.1% of mothers and 98.9% of daughters were classified in either the overweight or obese categories. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that greater use of maternal limit-setting strategies was associated with lower levels of restrictive eating behaviors in daughters (β = −0.213, p = 0.017), whereas more frequently perceived weight teasing was associated with greater restrictive eating behaviors (β = 0.404, p < 0.001). The final model was statistically significant, F(8, 126) = 5.139, p < 0.001, explaining 19.8% of the variance in daughters’ restrictive eating behaviors. Conclusions: These findings suggest that interventions that strengthen supportive parenting strategies and reduce weight stigma may help prevent restrictive eating behavior in this population.Keywords: Hispanic, mothers, pre-adolescent girls, restrictive behaviors, weight teasing, obesity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Norma Olvera","type":"Person"},{"name":"Molly R Matthews-Ewald","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tamal J Roy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rhonda Scherer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weihua Fan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Consuelo Arbona","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hubertus Himmerich","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":34},{"pmcid":"PMC13593734","doi":"10.1007/s10826-026-03360-8","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Ages 4–6","population":"One hundred and eight primary caregivers living with their young children in emergency housing.","rationale":"Caregivers’ emotion expression is examined under the pressures of homelessness. This keeps material constraints in view when discussing emotional availability.","parentQuestion":"What practical support would make it easier to respond patiently in a stressful setting?","readingPrompts":["Which features of life in emergency housing could affect the meaning of parents’ answers?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","What practical support would make it easier to respond patiently in a stressful setting?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC13593734","title":"Emotion Regulation and Expression Among Parents of Children Residing in Emergency Housing","authors":"Daniel Valerio Montero; Alyssa R. Palmer; Ann S. Masten; Madelyn H. Labella","journal":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-08-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-026-03360-8","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13593734","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13593734/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13593734-2c614d800b556259.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2c614d800b55625905f251cea8db94445e3482d4d113d6efa7439317f587e236","sourceTextSha256":"449aba2781c027f5ac2471df3c0aaa38bd2444d5eecbfc3ca73a1e5d0fc5b566","sourceXmlSha256":"7ac79699a8713533a2899d4e885f2301f5c1c1acdef7a2fe352ed0a3531c2f3a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3e1c95b2f3ef338facdcc265f540a696db3ff19e70cf2defa6402681dfd80e65","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54395,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Effective emotion socialization – including parental modeling of healthy emotional expression and adaptive regulation – may support resilience for children experiencing adversity. Unfortunately, parental modeling of emotion may be negatively altered in the context of stress. The current study examined associations among parents’ emotional experience, expression, and regulation in families with young children experiencing homelessness. Participants were 108 primary caregivers (89.8% female) of 4- to 6-year-old children (58.2% male) in emergency housing. Parents reported on their own recent emotional experiences, habitual emotion expressiveness in the family environment, and emotion regulation strategy use (e.g., rumination, positive reappraisal). Parents’ emotional expressions were also coded observationally from video-recorded parent-child interaction tasks. We hypothesized that parental emotional experience and regulation would each predict emotion expressions in the parent-child context, and that parental emotion regulation would moderate the links between the experience and expression of negative emotion. Hypotheses were partially supported. Self-reported subjective emotional experiences predicted self-reported but not observed emotion expressiveness, and associations linking regulation with emotional experience and expressiveness were largely valence-specific (i.e., adaptive regulation predicting positive emotions, maladaptive regulation predicting negative emotions). Adaptive (but not maladaptive) regulation uniquely predicted more positive emotion expressiveness (observed and self-reported) and less self-reported negative expressiveness. Sociodemographic risk was not related to parental emotion variables, and regulation did not moderate links between emotional experience and expression. Results suggest that adaptive regulatory strategies may help parents experience and express more positive and less negative emotions in the context of poverty and homelessness, with potential downstream benefits for children’s social-emotional development.\n\nHighlightsThis study assesses links among self-reported and observed emotion processes among parents of young children in emergency housing.Self-reported emotion experience predicted self-reported (but not observed) expressiveness in valence-specific ways.Self-reported emotion regulation strategy use was associated with multiple measures of emotion experience and expressiveness.Adaptive regulatory strategies predicted more positive and less negative expressiveness, controlling for emotion experience.Regulatory strategy use did not moderate links between emotion experience and expression.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Daniel Valerio Montero","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alyssa R. Palmer","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann S. Masten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Madelyn H. Labella","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10826-026-03360-8","publisherEvidenceSha256":"b557fd190bf21c92fe0eac1030b4375bd322177464e0cf207836b5872fb170da","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":35},{"pmcid":"PMC13562260","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1927040","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational survey","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Two thousand four hundred and thirteen adolescents in a cross-sectional analysis.","rationale":"Students’ reports of rejection were studied alongside distress. Associations in the group cannot determine an individual teenager's level of risk.","parentQuestion":"How can I take a young person’s account of rejection seriously without jumping to conclusions?","readingPrompts":["Which aspects of rejection were measured, and which conclusions would require clinical assessment?","Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?","How can I take a young person’s account of rejection seriously without jumping to conclusions?"],"limitations":"Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.","id":"PMC13562260","title":"Associations of a perceived parental-rejection experience with self-harm or death thoughts in adolescents: evidence from symptom network analysis and structural equation modeling","authors":"Jiajun Yin; Mengmeng Fan; Xia Sun; Yingying Ji; Xiaoyan He","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-08-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1927040","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13562260","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13562260/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13562260-7db04e8acb621636.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7db04e8acb621636ad5de573ff6780c70272fa5062ca6fcc3a94eccd2ef2dabe","sourceTextSha256":"83edb52c6fd5f1bfe056ad4c8930e94a04468e185bc5c8abd7f6643e846bc146","sourceXmlSha256":"d795cdff538685ad4be714cca3ba5839887fedb9593acd4bf501ebd43dc925e0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"30ef0767e3057966b97a515256f2ae8123b0060398f384aa112e882dd4bb9f03","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":26522,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundChildhood trauma (CT) is associated with depression, anxiety, and suicide-related thoughts in adolescents. However, the item-level associations linking trauma-related experiences with internalizing symptoms and thoughts of self-harm or death remain unclear.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2,413 adolescents who completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Symptom-level associations were examined using a Spearman-EBICglasso network, with a polychoric network as a sensitivity analysis. CTQ-SF item 8 was interpreted descriptively as a perceived parental-rejection experience. PHQ-9 items 1–8 indicated latent depressive symptoms, GAD-7 items 1–7 indicated latent generalized anxiety symptoms, and PHQ-9 item 9 represented thoughts of being better off dead or self-harm. Four cross-sectional structural equation model (SEM) specifications were compared using maximum likelihood (ML), with MLR and WLSMV sensitivity analyses.ResultsChildhood trauma, depressive symptoms, and generalized anxiety symptoms formed distinct but interconnected network communities. CTQ-SF item 8 ranked seventh in bridge strength in the primary network and remained among the leading bridge items in the polychoric network. The correlated-factors SEM showed the best primary fit. Under ML, item 8 was associated with depressive symptoms (standardized β = 0.439, p < 0.001), generalized anxiety symptoms (standardized β = 0.377, p < 0.001), and item 9 directly (standardized β = 0.077, p = 0.012). The depressive-symptom association with item 9 was larger (standardized β = 0.562, p < 0.001) than the generalized-anxiety association (standardized β = 0.111, p = 0.073). MLR reproduced this pattern, whereas WLSMV identified a smaller but statistically significant generalized-anxiety association (standardized β = 0.166, p = 0.001).ConclusionsA perceived parental-rejection experience emerged as a salient bridge item linking childhood trauma with internalizing symptoms and thoughts of self-harm or death. Depressive symptoms showed the larger and more consistent conditional association with item 9, whereas the generalized-anxiety association was smaller and varied by estimator. These findings support further investigation of family relational experiences in adolescent mental-health assessment and prevention research.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jiajun Yin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mengmeng Fan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xia Sun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yingying Ji","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaoyan He","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":36},{"pmcid":"PMC13585731","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1883060","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Meta-analysis","ageRange":"Childhood and adolescence","population":"Chinese samples included in a meta-analysis on parental phone distraction.","rationale":"The synthesis examines parental attention during interactions, a concrete behavior relevant to whether children feel listened to.","parentQuestion":"How often does my phone interrupt a conversation my child is trying to start?","readingPrompts":["How did the included studies define or measure a parent diverting attention to a phone?","How much variation across studies remains after the results are combined?","How often does my phone interrupt a conversation my child is trying to start?"],"limitations":"The estimate combines studies with different measures and samples. A pooled finding does not identify the result to expect for a particular family.","id":"PMC13585731","title":"The association between parental phubbing and pathological digital use among children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of Chinese samples","authors":"Li Feng; Shuanglong Li","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-09-04","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1883060","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13585731","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13585731/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13585731-02a969e8b32cb01b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"02a969e8b32cb01bd145546974efa8a1f7bf49c1c0a3683db306dfcc46324129","sourceTextSha256":"5f2a4aff93573888fde0ecd54e48c94580bdc4f4f850627f0b5a40c0fbfaa8f4","sourceXmlSha256":"13cb1028e6701da1159dbe12c3483021eb6a372eaf42b0bc3ef473070f1d7bd3","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ed798dcf87d5e2931ae884f6effe14872d60f9be65a4ab1c9227f17f1ad366dc","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54063,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"As a typical manifestation of parental emotional neglect, parental phubbing shows associations with pathological digital use among children and adolescents and is also adversely associated with their physical and mental wellbeing. Nevertheless, existing empirical studies have reached inconsistent conclusions regarding the association between them. Grounded in parental acceptance-rejection theory and compensatory Internet use theory, this study retrieved 50 eligible empirical studies from authoritative databases and adopted a random-effects model to perform a meta-analysis, accompanied by publication bias tests, heterogeneity tests, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression analyses. This study aimed to clarify the magnitude of the correlation between parental phubbing and pathological digital use among children and adolescents and to explore the sources of inconsistent research conclusions and the moderating mechanism of related variables. The results demonstrated a moderate, statistically significant positive association between parental phubbing and pathological digital use among children and adolescents (r = 0.308, 95% CI [0.280, 0.336]). The correlation between the two variables was significantly moderated by parental phubbing measures, pathological digital use measures, and behavioral subtypes of pathological digital use. In contrast, no significant moderating effects were detected for only-child status, the proportion of male children and adolescents, age groups, and residential settings [rural versus (vs.) urban].","authorEntries":[{"name":"Li Feng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuanglong Li","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":37},{"pmcid":"PMC13601322","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1837821","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Ages 6–8","population":"Two hundred and eighty-nine child-parent pairs in six public elementary schools in eastern China.","rationale":"The study follows beliefs about emotions at home alongside children’s classroom regulation and teacher interactions.","parentQuestion":"How might what my child hears about feelings differ at home and at school?","readingPrompts":["Which observations came from home and which from the child’s classroom?","What changed within families over time, and which differences were already present?","How might what my child hears about feelings differ at home and at school?"],"limitations":"Following participants over time helps examine sequence, but does not eliminate selection, reporting differences or unmeasured family circumstances.","id":"PMC13601322","title":"Parental meta-emotion philosophy and children’s classroom emotional regulation: the moderating role of teacher–student interaction quality","authors":"Na Zhao; Zhiyu Yao","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-09-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1837821","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13601322","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13601322/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13601322-570783c159805106.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"570783c15980510650e466444968f57eaf0f286f9fd0df33df2d9b90d6ef8a34","sourceTextSha256":"bd9067f5c1b4cc48a1451063bf9618aad032a761e9559f7c127d68ef118bb5e5","sourceXmlSha256":"269b5c2006a27b4f0bda996e97a0a1fdac0ec9de716e917eac970ff7f16e306b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"921b244aab75b3fedc2f16fd65cada98ed3ed045d464ac8f3ccbe9dfb4486a4a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58229,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractWhether children can manage affect inside the classroom now sits at the center of debates about school readiness, yet the family belief systems that shape this capacity are rarely examined within instructional settings. We asked how parental meta-emotion philosophy relates to change in two facets of children’s classroom emotional regulation—adaptive regulation and lability/negativity—across one academic year, and whether teacher–student interaction quality conditions those associations. A two-wave panel design with a 12-month interval followed 289 child–parent dyads (children aged 6–8 years) drawn from six public elementary schools in an eastern-Chinese metropolitan area. Parents completed the Chinese adaptation of the Maternal Emotional Style Questionnaire at baseline; trained observers coded children’s classroom emotional regulation at both waves; and teacher–student interaction quality was rated with the Classroom Assessment Scoring System, concurrently with the second wave of the outcome. Multilevel regression—children nested in classrooms—showed that emotion coaching at T1 forecast higher T2 adaptive regulation ( β = 0.17, p = 0.002) and, more modestly, lower lability/negativity ( β = − 0.11, p = 0.041), whereas emotion dismissing forecast lower adaptive regulation ( β = − 0.13, p = 0.018) and higher lability/negativity ( β = 0.15, p = 0.009), with baseline regulation, demographics, and classroom clustering controlled throughout. Teacher emotional support conditioned the family-level pathways on both facets: coaching effects were amplified where emotional support was high, whereas dismissing effects were partially buffered under the same condition. Classroom organization and instructional support moderated neither pathway. These findings extend meta-emotion theory into the instructional domain and offer evidence, in a Chinese context where coaching and dismissing beliefs may co-exist, for bioecological mesosystem interdependence between family and school microsystems.Keywords: bioecological model, classroom emotional regulation, emotion coaching, emotion dismissing, multilevel analysis, parental meta-emotion philosophy, teacher–student interaction","authorEntries":[{"name":"Na Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhiyu Yao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":38},{"pmcid":"PMC13574310","doi":"10.2196/87917","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Pilot randomized trial","ageRange":"Ages 2–4","population":"One hundred and eighty-nine Australian parents assigned to a prototype or active comparison condition.","rationale":"The prototype tested whether brief, situation-based coaching or play content was feasible for parents of young children.","parentQuestion":"Would support tied to a recent parenting moment feel more usable to me?","readingPrompts":["Did the trial test how easy the prototype was to use or how well it worked over the long term?","Which results concern feasibility and which would require a larger outcome trial?","Would support tied to a recent parenting moment feel more usable to me?"],"limitations":"The prototype was tested for feasibility and acceptability. Early observations cannot establish lasting effects or effectiveness at wider scale.","id":"PMC13574310","title":"“Daily Growth” Parenting Program Delivered via Ecological Momentary Intervention: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Prototype","authors":"Stefanie Ewald; Tomer Savariego Berkowitz; Storm Hiskens-Ravest; Kelsie Bufton; Maria Bates; Eric O; Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz; Gabriella Louise King; Elizabeth Mary Westrupp","journal":"JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2026-09-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/87917","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13574310","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13574310/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13574310-b201ab727bf59cdc.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b201ab727bf59cdc1cc12c2cb5e8d32e3b68e9eef7eff2afb216da472161cad8","sourceTextSha256":"0aa30e34dd0bfe1ced4192554388a4c03a07f01c55a116d8e36d8a7304578922","sourceXmlSha256":"110a3a81e2e29f6375560ff7908a72e73e78ea0d4c8d8e50459ac0ceedbc6283","rightsEvidenceSha256":"764a2c676345c878d81913549048b33f469d3cea7151f0a483e96e23cc377e7f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR1121857","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":44567,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundDespite evidence showing that parenting interventions reduce rates of child mental health problems, their reach and engagement remain low. Daily Growth is a digital parenting program designed to improve parent and child emotion regulation using an ecological momentary intervention (EMI) approach. Daily Growth sends twice-daily prompts and delivers 3-minute videos tailored to a recent parenting situation, offering 2 program types (Emotion Coaching and Active Play) to meet different parent preferences. EMI has rarely been tested with parenting programs.ObjectiveThis pilot aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the EMI design and a prototype of Daily Growth, offering the 2 programs via 10 of 60 planned videos.MethodsA pilot randomized controlled trial recruited 189 Australian parents of children aged 2‐4 years, randomized to either intervention (n=94) or active control (n=95). Participants completed a 25-minute online survey at baseline and at conclusion of the program period. In the intervening 2 weeks, participants received twice-daily 1-minute pre-EMI surveys via email. Participants who reported any parent or child negative affect or emotion dysregulation received a resource. Participants in the intervention condition were randomized in the moment to receive a 3-minute Emotion Coaching or Active Play video, while participants in the control condition received a link to a parenting website. Participants were sent a 1-minute post-EMI survey. For both conditions, parenting support was tailored to 1 of 5 predefined parenting situations.ResultsOverall, 71% (135/189) of participants completed the 2-week post survey, and over two-thirds completed at least half of the daily pre-EMI surveys. Despite technical issues, most participants would recommend Daily Growth to other parents (53/67, 79%), use the skills learned (46/67, 69%), reported it as easy to use (45/67, 67%), and were satisfied with Daily Growth (40/67, 60%).ConclusionsThis pilot evaluated whether brief EMI resources could engage parents in real time. Findings suggest that the Daily Growth prototype was feasible and well received, supporting further implementation in a larger trial.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Stefanie Ewald","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tomer Savariego Berkowitz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Storm Hiskens-Ravest","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kelsie Bufton","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Bates","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eric O","type":"Person"},{"name":"Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gabriella Louise King","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth Mary Westrupp","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":39},{"pmcid":"PMC13619371","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1899552","element":"respect","evidenceType":"Observational study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Two hundred and eighty-two junior high school students in China.","rationale":"The study combines student-reported experiences at home with hair hormone measures. Its outcome measures cannot characterize any individual parent-child exchange.","parentQuestion":"Which details about what happened at home would a stress measure leave out?","readingPrompts":["What did the hair sample measure, and what had to be learned from student reports?","Which parts of the interaction were directly observed and which were inferred or reported?","Which details about what happened at home would a stress measure leave out?"],"limitations":"The study measures behaviors or experiences in a particular sample and setting. It cannot establish the effect of changing a response in an individual family.","id":"PMC13619371","title":"Associations among hair cortisol-to-DHEA ratio, psychological capital, harsh parenting, and internalizing problems in adolescence","authors":"Yapeng Liu; Xingliang Qi; Dan Tao; Yan Wu; Jin Yang; Huihua Deng","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-09-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1899552","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13619371","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13619371/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13619371-cf67709fb3c99136.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cf67709fb3c991364a620c30c7d154e760bd3a008cf90628743ff8b94c1e360a","sourceTextSha256":"768b25d669cc32435ee8d577a83721ec51db8f204260964c636dfde6cb60df06","sourceXmlSha256":"c1aea45b36aa5195656486313754772f048f653ff46ce84865aaea7f9a833a56","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bbd7d7e6366900a1177280e966fc1169b6d666ec50974f42692bcfcdb0878e90","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Respect"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39573,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionInternalizing problems are increasingly prevalent among Chinese students in junior high school, and posing significant risks for long-term maladjustment. However, the mechanisms underlying these problems are unclear. The present study aimed to test the moderating effects of psychological capital and harsh parenting in the association between the hair cortisol-to-DHEA (C/D) ratio and internalizing problems in adolescence.Methods282 junior high school students in China participated in this study (114 boys, 166 girls, and 2 with missing sex data; Mage = 12.82 years). They provided hair samples and completed questionnaires on psychological capital, internalizing problems, harsh parenting of their parents, and control variables including sex, age, family socioeconomic status, negative life events, and body mass index. Hair concentrations of cortisol and DHEA were determined via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsThe main effect of the hair C/D ratio on internalizing problems was not significant. The interaction between the C/D ratio and psychological capital was significant. Simple slope analysis revealed that a higher C/D ratio predicted fewer internalizing problems among adolescents with high psychological capital, but not among those with mean or low psychological capital. The three-way interaction involving harsh parenting was marginal after correction for multiple testing.ConclusionPsychological capital moderates the association between the hair C/D ratio and adolescent internalizing problems. These findings highlight psychological capital as a potential intervention target for promoting adaptive stress responses in adolescents.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yapeng Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xingliang Qi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dan Tao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Wu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jin Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huihua Deng","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":40},{"pmcid":"PMC12823887","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1646811","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Senior high school","population":"Students from three senior high schools in Jinan, China, completing standardized measures.","rationale":"This article examines how parental autonomy support relates to high-school students’ education planning. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"How much of my teenager’s education plan reflects their own goals?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental autonomy support relates to high-school students’ education planning?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is students from three senior high schools in Jinan, China, completing standardized measures."],"limitations":"The students came from three senior high schools in one city. Statistical mediation of survey measures does not establish the direction of causation.","id":"PMC12823887","title":"Parental autonomy support and future education planning among Chinese senior high school students: a chain mediation model integrating self-determination theory and social cognitive theory","authors":"Guirong Liu; Mengyun Zhang; Xiaomei Zhang; Guizhou Yang; Feng Wang; Jinghuan Zhang; Xiuqin Teng; Yan Wang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-01-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1646811","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12823887","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12823887/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12823887-25ddaf1c52302d88.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"25ddaf1c52302d884509c433dfacd972ded51c344b16597d359b66634acd9765","sourceTextSha256":"baa04841a033af4384f677481e115581a7cb327a594468a49335018a8c2ec599","sourceXmlSha256":"4175d23da4123a30525017add5709064029fbc0a61e14fb85951c6b0674ed88f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"3eb7736e03bd2ac32fc4ff40389322514aff27b0239b76beefb4a8af65e1e15c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48281,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionParental autonomy support (PAS) has been identified as a key factor in shaping adolescents’ educational development, yet little research has examined how PAS predicts students’ future educational planning (FEP) and whether this relationship is mediated by specific motivational mechanisms.MethodsDrawing on an integrative framework combining Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), the present study investigated whether senior high school students’ basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) and academic self-efficacy (ASE) sequentially mediate the relationship between PAS and FEP. A total of 1,591 Chinese senior high school students from three schools in Jinan, Shandong Province completed standardized measures of PAS, BPNS, ASE, and FEP.ResultsResults showed that PAS significantly predicted students’ FEP. BPNS alone mediated the relationship between PAS and FEP, and BPNS and ASE jointly served as significant chain mediators.DiscussionThese findings underscore the role of supportive parenting and internal motivational resources—namely, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and efficacy beliefs—in facilitating adolescents’ engagement in future-oriented educational planning during high school. The study also advances theoretical understanding by integrating SDT and SCT to illuminate a hierarchical motivational pathway linking parenting practices to future planning outcomes.Keywords: academic self-efficacy, basic psychological needs satisfaction, future education planning, parental autonomy support, self-determination theory, social cognitive theory","authorEntries":[{"name":"Guirong Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mengyun Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaomei Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Guizhou Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Feng Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jinghuan Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiuqin Teng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":41},{"pmcid":"PMC12882702","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101672","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Infancy through preschool","population":"Children followed from infancy through preschool, with observations of maternal sensory signals.","rationale":"This article examines how predictable signals from a parent relate to young children’s executive development. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"Which familiar signals help my child anticipate my next response?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how predictable signals from a parent relate to young children’s executive development?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children followed from infancy through preschool, with observations of maternal sensory signals."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC12882702","title":"Unpredictable maternal signals and developmental profiles of child executive function from infancy to early childhood","authors":"Fiia Takio; Pilvi Peura; Akie Yada; Anniina Karonen; Pauliina Juntunen; Eeva Holmberg; Eeva Eskola; Elisabeth Nordenswan; Kirby Deater-Deckard; Eeva-Leena Kataja; Asko Tolvanen; Laura Perasto; Elina Mainela-Arnold; Elysia Poggi Davis; Hasse Karlsson; Linnea Karlsson; Saara Nolvi; Riikka Korja","journal":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","publisher":"Elsevier","publishedDate":"2026-01-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101672","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12882702","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12882702/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12882702-cfea16740bafb9c7.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"cfea16740bafb9c708d0ca1f06f57b08bfe23900f2c6b8127a1b00575e2819db","sourceTextSha256":"0934a842f46fce84b4beca54b3e56b1d762db734bfd38219494e19c1875f0521","sourceXmlSha256":"d381b629966ed7b8ee2a68278be8102e882812386db5855064824274cd4c3be2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c8f6dc1a66eb5f83ea3cb4bfaf907b4798470a6b1431cd139623e70143de5cbc","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57192,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Early executive function (EF) development is crucial for later cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, yet the role of environmental unpredictability, particularly in patterns of maternal sensory signals, remains underexplored. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the associations between unpredictability in maternal sensory signals and children’s early EF profiles from infancy through the preschool years. Using a population-based birth cohort, we observed a small but significant decrease in the unpredictability of maternal sensory signals over time. This suggests that caregiving predictability may increase as children develop. Nonetheless, within-individual unpredictability showed some stability across time. Importantly, lower unpredictability of maternal sensory signals was associated with membership in more favorable EF profiles, characterized by stronger working memory performance at age five. In contrast, children exposed to more unpredictable maternal sensory signals demonstrated poorer early EF development. These findings build on and extend prior work by modeling unpredictability of maternal sensory signals longitudinally beyond toddlerhood and linking it to children's EF development, highlighting the prolonged sensitivity of EFs to caregiving behavior. Our results underscore that unpredictability in caregiving behavior is a unique and critical factor in shaping early cognitive development and self-regulation. The findings align with emerging cross-species research indicating that patterns of sensory signals are vital not only for sensory processing but also for the development of higher-order cognitive functions. Together, these findings highlight the importance of addressing caregiving unpredictability in early interventions aimed at supporting children’s EF development.\n\nHighlights•Unpredictability of maternal sensory signals decreased from infancy to preschool.•Unpredictable maternal sensory signals associated with poorer executive functions (EF).•First study to model caregiving unpredictability changes beyond toddlerhood.•First study linking maternal sensory unpredictability to early EF development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Fiia Takio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pilvi Peura","type":"Person"},{"name":"Akie Yada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anniina Karonen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Pauliina Juntunen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eeva Holmberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eeva Eskola","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elisabeth Nordenswan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater-Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eeva-Leena Kataja","type":"Person"},{"name":"Asko Tolvanen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Perasto","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elina Mainela-Arnold","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elysia Poggi Davis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hasse Karlsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Linnea Karlsson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saara Nolvi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Riikka Korja","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":42},{"pmcid":"PMC12924694","doi":"10.1177/21676968251407137","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Measurement and validation study","ageRange":"Emerging adulthood","population":"Emerging adults asked to evaluate questionnaire items meant to describe helicopter parenting.","rationale":"This article examines how different instruments define helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"Would different questionnaires describe the same parental help as overinvolvement?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how different instruments define helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood?","Which items capture the construct, and which aspects of daily life might they miss?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is emerging adults asked to evaluate questionnaire items meant to describe helicopter parenting."],"limitations":"Ratings of item meanings address whether instruments measure the same construct. They do not estimate outcomes for children receiving a particular kind of help.","id":"PMC12924694","title":"Construct Diversity in Measures of Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood","authors":"Andrea L Howard; Sydney Bota; Megan Lamb","journal":"Emerging Adulthood (Print)","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publishedDate":"2026-01-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968251407137","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12924694","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12924694/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12924694-d607c1db027280bb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d607c1db027280bb28fd7404e72a71c1867adbe9990cae5af342074fd84004e9","sourceTextSha256":"ac7332737e6b5bd6fd1e29e1f6be85741648268ca743ae0f306453c19c5365fe","sourceXmlSha256":"371c569f64b3c86f135e10d3445372a462a3923467988bb6ea171678bc332ff5","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d85a59a751d1bff9b16d6fc0d6b12cef896b833d61d36a493365209fd1e7b04e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50482,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractNumerous instruments assessing helicopter parenting exist, but items within and across scales are diverse and often describe behaviors that are incongruent with basic construct criteria. We recruited n = 1,222 emerging adults to rate how well 54 item stems conformed to a broad provided description of helicopter parenting (i.e., definitional correspondence), and answer follow-up questions related to item frequency, personal experience with the behavior, and perceived parent motivations. Correspondence ratings varied widely. For 12 items, emerging adults who directly experienced a behavior had lower definitional correspondence ratings compared to those with no direct experience. Close to half of items were seen as helicopter parenting only if the behaviors were frequently-occurring. Definitional correspondence was highly correlated with perceived control and fear of failure motives, and negatively correlated with perceived support motives. We offer a provisional definition of helicopter parenting and offer suggestions for item selection and refinement in ongoing construct validation research.Keywords: helicopter parenting, emerging adulthood, measurement, construct validity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andrea L Howard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sydney Bota","type":"Person"},{"name":"Megan Lamb","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F21676968251407137","publisherEvidenceSha256":"a380f594e4e76d228f9e0e515816a757fbda52fa63d69758dcffe827f7b6ca5b","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":43},{"pmcid":"PMC12926146","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1609303","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescent respondents reporting perceived parental autonomy support and future orientation.","rationale":"This article examines links between parental support for choice and adolescents’ ability to imagine their futures. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"How can I invite my teenager to describe a future they would choose for themselves?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about links between parental support for choice and adolescents’ ability to imagine their futures?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescent respondents reporting perceived parental autonomy support and future orientation."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12926146","title":"How parental autonomy support fosters adolescent future orientation: the mediating roles of growth mindset and hope, moderated by peer relationships","authors":"Xiaohui Li; Asad Ur Rehman Awan; Tianyong Chen","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-02-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1609303","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12926146","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12926146/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12926146-05f65102dfc7d48c.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"05f65102dfc7d48cc8e1ef7bf4c07bea005465b45d677f2f4301576c414f0878","sourceTextSha256":"8fbb140a3a8bc0f16af6c1a8d13b8d13adf7ef474475134c35e8d9ffbc8832d2","sourceXmlSha256":"daf62998c0ea2584351b65b8e32ce1e48917d1da210520c380b9cb60ff33be7a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d4a306c6779e4cf30009920f5f29f833345600d00fb067e9d7dcc232a078b32c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":48778,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractGrounded in positive youth development (PYD) perspective and the developmental assets framework (DAF), this study examined a moderated chain mediation model to investigate how perceived parental autonomy support (PAS) was associated with adolescent future orientation (AFO) through the sequential mediators of growth mindset and hope, and how peer relationships moderated these pathways. Data were collected from 604 middle school students in suburban Beijing using validated scales measuring PAS, AFO, growth mindset, hope, and peer relationships. The findings showed that: (1) PAS was significantly associated with more positive AFO. (2) Growth mindset and hope sequentially mediated the relationship between PAS and AFO, indicating that PAS was associated with a growth mindset, which in turn was linked to higher hope, ultimately correlating with a stronger future orientation. (3) Peer relationships moderated the initial link between PAS and growth mindset: the positive effect of PAS on growth mindset was stronger for adolescents reporting higher quality peer relationships. However, peer relationships did not moderate the association between PAS and hope. Conclusions: These findings suggest the mechanisms through which parental autonomy support facilitates adolescents’ future orientation, highlighting the crucial sequential roles of growth mindset and hope. The moderating effect of peer relationships explains the importance of the broader social context in shaping how parental autonomy support influences adolescents’ core beliefs about their abilities. This research contributes to understanding positive youth development and has implications for interventions aimed at fostering adolescents’ future planning and resilience.Keywords: parental autonomy support, future orientation, growth mindset, hope, peer relationships","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xiaohui Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Asad Ur Rehman Awan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tianyong Chen","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":44},{"pmcid":"PMC12950754","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1705133","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"School age","population":"Students at the Savelugu School for the Deaf in Ghana.","rationale":"This article examines how parental involvement, confidence and motivation relate for hearing-impaired students in Ghana. The research links support at home to the confidence or motivation a young person brings to their own activities.","parentQuestion":"What makes help at home accessible while still letting the learner take the lead?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how parental involvement, confidence and motivation relate for hearing-impaired students in Ghana?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is students at the Savelugu School for the Deaf in Ghana."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12950754","title":"Parental involvement, self-efficacy, and learning motivation of hearing-impaired students: insights from Savelugu, Ghana","authors":"Isaac Nyame; Mary Nyeyem Issah; Sampson Mante; Christiana Nyarko Adjei; Diana Baapeng","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-02-16","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1705133","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12950754","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12950754/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12950754-d5b19d58eb0cac3f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d5b19d58eb0cac3f11506e1d04251a965f102d136c157e771b36b101bd6d295e","sourceTextSha256":"89d502122234e98da3ed7f685575565ca510c372cb4720ecbfebaf4ae8386e65","sourceXmlSha256":"c49bd39125380b5bc227eec6571dc502c8025bc116035a5caed5b959bc461152","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ab68ed8a095c6acc9de901f3721d19f3c9c8af4bb6d8d9d238b25ac6de1ccf6d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":23882,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The educational development of learners with Hearing Impairment (HI) remains a significant concern within inclusive education systems, especially in low-resource countries. The influence of parental involvement and academic self-efficacy on motivation to learn is considered important, but their relationship has not been thoroughly examined in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of parental involvement and self-efficacy on the learning motivation of HI students at the Savelugu School for the Deaf in Ghana. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was used. A census approach was adopted to include all 141 students in junior high school. Data were collected using adapted scales measuring parental involvement, self-efficacy, and learning motivation. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The authors found that parental involvement (M = 3.30, SD = 0.9), self-efficacy (M = 3.9, SD = 1.0), and learning motivation (M = 3.8, SD = 0.9) were all high. Parental involvement and self-efficacy showed a strong and significant positive correlation (r = 0.633, p < 0.001), and both variables were significant predictors of learning motivation (R2 = 0.666, p < 0.001), with self-efficacy (r = 0.523) being a slightly stronger predictor than parental involvement (r = 0.428). This study highlights the vital roles of parental support and self-confidence fostering in enhancing the academic motivation of students with HI. It was recommended that educational interventions should target strategies that develop learners’ self-efficacy and support active parental involvement, thereby improving learning outcomes in special education settings.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Isaac Nyame","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mary Nyeyem Issah","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sampson Mante","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christiana Nyarko Adjei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Diana Baapeng","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":45},{"pmcid":"PMC12999551","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1780952","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"High school","population":"Three hundred and fifty-five high-school athletes in Korea across sixteen sports.","rationale":"This article examines how youth athletes experience parental support for choice and report moral behaviour. The family question centres on who owns a decision and how a young person experiences adult support.","parentQuestion":"Whose reasons guide the decisions my young athlete makes on and off the field?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how youth athletes experience parental support for choice and report moral behaviour?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is three hundred and fifty-five high-school athletes in Korea across sixteen sports."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC12999551","title":"Perceived parental autonomy support and moral behavior in youth athletes: applying the trans-contextual model","authors":"Yeonho Choi; Youngkyun Sim; Kisun Hwang; Junsu Bae","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-03-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1780952","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12999551","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12999551/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12999551-1b1e583e8c206afd.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1b1e583e8c206afd5e5318a0735555a783961d9a7f448c2cae0f57910372369e","sourceTextSha256":"7070f9ff99cd5ec59b8806928975faaec4e549b0ac8e208f2304f3c69c559d2c","sourceXmlSha256":"c4d7640476c87c9a2f4e2c21c4f50ecc186ff1982551c6e6968504a96459bd67","rightsEvidenceSha256":"740c0476ca1afca2e7144eca349b28e308a18bae3750f1a897474131725fb80e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44263,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionThis study empirically examined the role of perceived parental autonomy support in promoting moral behavior among student-athletes through the Trans-Contextual Model (TCM).MethodsUsing data from 355 Korean high school athletes across 16 sports, we investigated the effects of autonomy support on autonomous and controlled motivations in everyday and sport contexts, and their subsequent influence on moral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and prosocial and antisocial behaviors.ResultsStructural equation modeling revealed that parental autonomy support positively influenced both autonomous and controlled motivations in daily life, which then transferred to sport contexts. Autonomous motivation significantly predicted moral beliefs and intentions, leading to increased prosocial and decreased antisocial behaviors. Interestingly, controlled motivations also positively impacted subjective norms, suggesting complex motivational processes underlying moral conduct.ConclusionThese findings extend previous research by integrating Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, highlighting the importance of motivational quality and contextual transfer in shaping athletes’ moral actions. Practical implications for coaching, parental education, and athlete development programs are discussed, along with directions for future longitudinal and cross-cultural research.Keywords: antisocial behavior, intention, prosocial behavior, self-determination theory, youth sports","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yeonho Choi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Youngkyun Sim","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kisun Hwang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Junsu Bae","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":46},{"pmcid":"PMC13203246","doi":"10.3390/bs16050687","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Italian upper-secondary students followed for six months.","rationale":"This article examines whether parental monitoring and students’ motivation predict changes in engagement and dropout intentions. The research links support at home to the confidence or motivation a young person brings to their own activities.","parentQuestion":"Does knowing what my teenager is doing mean the same thing as supporting their own motivation?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether parental monitoring and students’ motivation predict changes in engagement and dropout intentions?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is italian upper-secondary students followed for six months."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC13203246","title":"The Role of Parental Monitoring in the Relationships Among Academic Motivation, School Engagement, and Dropout Intention: A Two-Wave Study of Italian Adolescents","authors":"Gaetana Affuso; Nicola Picone; Ugo Pace; Maddalena Pannone; Anna Zannone; Azzurra Giuseppa Maria Alù; Alda Troncone; Gaia Caldarelli; Stefania Cella; Daniele Abronzino; Arianna Vozza; Simona Angelini; Andrea De Matteis; Sara Murgia; Miriana Vicale; Alessia Passanisi; Lucia Di Martino; Dario Bacchini; Ruth Berkowitz","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-04-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16050687","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13203246","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13203246/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13203246-1c5af8c3c5264163.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"1c5af8c3c5264163910c66803f6280b38673f2ffb1244320ee9fdc47b544381b","sourceTextSha256":"428705b1a9eafc5e686672f0d4ab5966d6104f914a6c6544b6eb4e1323cbbaa8","sourceXmlSha256":"5910292f85c2c37ec8e50d1486809ccc0a08ad0d58727bd6aaa0600dd23326c0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43296,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSchool dropout is an issue that requires the attention of institutions. Related research indicates that both family (e.g., parental monitoring) and personal (e.g., academic motivation and school engagement) factors affect adolescents’ decision to quit school. As no studies have jointly examined these variables in Italian adolescents over time, this two-wave study aimed to investigate the role of parental monitoring in the relationships among academic motivation, school engagement, and dropout intention. This study enrolled 377 adolescents (boys = 178; Mage = 14.41, SDage = 0.72) from two public upper secondary schools in Italy, and followed them over 6 months from November 2024 (T0) to May 2025 (T1). They completed a questionnaire at T0 and T1 comprising the following measures: parental monitoring, academic motivation, school engagement, and dropout intention. Structural equation modelling showed a good fit to the data, χ2(54) = 84.589, p = 0.005, RMSEA = 0.04 [0.02–0.05], CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.02. At T0, parental monitoring was positively associated with academic motivation and school engagement and negatively associated with dropout intention. A positive reciprocal association was observed between academic motivation and school engagement at T0 and T1. Academic motivation and school engagement at T0 were negatively associated with dropout intention at T1. Parental monitoring at T0 had a significant indirect effect on dropout intention at T1 via academic motivation and school engagement at T0. These findings suggest that interventions targeting family and personal factors may reduce school dropout rates among adolescents.Keywords: school dropout, adolescents, parental monitoring, academic motivation, school engagement","authorEntries":[{"name":"Gaetana Affuso","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicola Picone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ugo Pace","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maddalena Pannone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Zannone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Azzurra Giuseppa Maria Alù","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alda Troncone","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gaia Caldarelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stefania Cella","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daniele Abronzino","type":"Person"},{"name":"Arianna Vozza","type":"Person"},{"name":"Simona Angelini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea De Matteis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Murgia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miriana Vicale","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessia Passanisi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucia Di Martino","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ruth Berkowitz","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":47},{"pmcid":"PMC13203432","doi":"10.3390/bs16050729","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents followed in a cross-lagged study of family conflict and short-video use.","rationale":"This article examines whether controlling help, family conflict and adolescents’ short-video use change together. The relevant distinction is whether parental assistance leaves the young person an opportunity to practise a decision.","parentQuestion":"What changes first when scrolling and disagreements about independence become intertwined?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about whether controlling help, family conflict and adolescents’ short-video use change together?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is chinese adolescents followed in a cross-lagged study of family conflict and short-video use."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC13203432","title":"A Cross-Lagged Study of Helicopter Parenting, Parent–Child Conflict, and Adolescents’ Short Video Addiction: The Moderating Role of Trait Autonomy","authors":"Hengzhe Wang; Xingchao Wang; Fanwei Meng; Haiying Wang; Alex J Holte","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-05-09","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16050729","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13203432","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13203432/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13203432-7769409c3e1b98e2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7769409c3e1b98e29818603a879dbb4c3e667b779171199d24686e498838d660","sourceTextSha256":"12ab8d91989a5c2d141335972fc8f7d00190dc7f9e9ffa483d3ed55ea6d8a3b6","sourceXmlSha256":"41384d2bcd6b2df67ffd04f00129e82abb66c47471c1f15c9afb3b79a4358947","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46992,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractShort video addiction has become an increasingly important problem among adolescents, yet its family antecedents remain understudied. The present study used a cross-lagged design to examine relations among adolescent-reported helicopter parenting, parent–child conflict, and short video addiction, as well as the moderating role of trait autonomy. Cross-lagged data were collected from Chinese adolescents (N = 1051; mean age at baseline = 16.42 years; standard deviation = 0.83). Results showed that helicopter parenting at Time 1 (T1) did not predict short video addiction at Time 2 (T2), whereas short video addiction at T1 positively predicted helicopter parenting at T2. Bidirectional associations were found between helicopter parenting and parent–child conflict, and between parent–child conflict and short video addiction. In addition, a small indirect association from T1 helicopter parenting to T2 short video addiction through parent–child conflict was observed. Compared with adolescents with high trait autonomy, helicopter parenting, parent–child conflict, and short video addiction showed greater stability from T1 to T2 among adolescents with low trait autonomy. These findings underscore the importance of considering both family relationship processes and adolescents’ self-regulatory characteristics in interventions for short video addiction.Keywords: helicopter parenting, short video addiction, parent–child conflict, trait autonomy","authorEntries":[{"name":"Hengzhe Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xingchao Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fanwei Meng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haiying Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alex J Holte","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":48},{"pmcid":"PMC13260391","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1856120","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Ages 4–6","population":"Children aged 48–72 months at Turkish public preschools and data on parental perceptions.","rationale":"This article examines parental perceptions of risky play and preschoolers’ opportunities for creative movement. Here independence concerns permission to take an actual journey or play without direct supervision, within the conditions of a particular place.","parentQuestion":"How does my response to challenging play make room for my child to invent a movement?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about parental perceptions of risky play and preschoolers’ opportunities for creative movement?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children aged 48–72 months at Turkish public preschools and data on parental perceptions."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13260391","title":"Parental perceptions of risky play and preschooler’s motor creativity: mastery motivation as mediator and gender as moderator","authors":"Nezahat Hamiden Karaca; Ali İbrahim Can Gözüm; Ümit Ünsal Kaya; Halil Uzun; Şermin Metin","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-05-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1856120","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13260391","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13260391/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13260391-57f557b546efcfb6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"57f557b546efcfb631c34c613ef903787a85d87ac899d61c170e3b35811e4df4","sourceTextSha256":"eb00fc6d45513ad567eab55ffddd1c4a4e2f6e75ee7a475ca6e5cc8cf2b6cd7b","sourceXmlSha256":"007be1a45770bee7365d72c937cf004898948b626bd121c1caefd30ade3a229a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"32068c47f0c5b0ae714b990b702a2081a6416284bc3d4b0d711909d1ddcf36bd","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":64333,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionRisky play, characterized by activities involving uncertainty, excitement, and moderate physical risk, is essential for children’s cognitive, emotional, and motor development. However, the precise pathways through which it impacts motor creativity, along with the underlying psychological mechanisms, remain insufficiently explored. This study investigates the direct relationship between parental perceptions of risky play and preschoolers’ motor creativity, examining the mediating role of mastery motivation and the moderating effect of gender.MethodsData were collected from 367 typically developing preschoolers (aged 48–72 months) across public preschools in Türkiye. The proposed moderated mediation framework was evaluated using path analysis within Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).ResultsStructural analysis demonstrates that children engaging in higher levels of risky play exhibit significantly greater motor creativity, confirming that physically and cognitively stimulating environments promote adaptive movement patterns and creative problem-solving. Furthermore, mastery motivation functions as a significant mediator, indicating that the sense of challenge and persistence inherent in risky play enhances children’s intrinsic drive to explore and refine motor skills, thereby boosting creative expression. Significant gender moderation was also observed, with boys displaying stronger associations between risky play, mastery motivation, and motor creativity compared to girls.DiscussionThe study underscores that risky play actively fosters early childhood motor creativity and embodied problem-solving. Crucially, the findings highlight that parental perceptions serve as vital environmental gatekeepers, shaping play contexts that can either constrain or dynamically support child autonomy, robust exploration, and safe risk-taking.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Nezahat Hamiden Karaca","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ali İbrahim Can Gözüm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ümit Ünsal Kaya","type":"Person"},{"name":"Halil Uzun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Şermin Metin","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":49},{"pmcid":"PMC13315996","doi":"10.2196/80481","element":"independence","evidenceType":"User-centred design study","ageRange":"Youth","population":"Young kidney transplant recipients and their caregivers taking part in user-centred design work.","rationale":"This article examines how young transplant recipients and caregivers want kidney function information presented. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"What kind of display would help my child explain their health information back to me?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how young transplant recipients and caregivers want kidney function information presented?","Whose feedback informed the prototypes, and what would need testing in everyday use?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is young kidney transplant recipients and their caregivers taking part in user-centred design work."],"limitations":"Participant feedback can guide design choices. It does not establish improved health outcomes or independent self-management after using the design.","id":"PMC13315996","title":"Designing Emotion-Integrated Visualizations for Kidney Function Self-Management: User-Centered Design Study With Youth Transplant Recipients and Caregivers","authors":"Chelsea Ng; Julia C Dunbar; Lily Jeffs; Sanaa Syed; Nathan Pan; Hyeyoung Ryu; Jodi Smith; Jaime Snyder; Wanda Pratt; Ari Pollack","journal":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2026-06-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/80481","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13315996","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13315996/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13315996-86a8146b59b6fa99.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"86a8146b59b6fa998bf7456a1601166990cdb06954ca62d659478daf012b031a","sourceTextSha256":"5396f04c0041bc196c5f5a4864dd78bf036debfebb46eb2e60a649afa89c8451","sourceXmlSha256":"6550099b2c3c3be27f1670c36800a152d3c7f5e4005e1577edbdc783bfdd963b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4c301db090426adf0b77b9ee4d8cad495be717c11779488564ec106666693b1e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":65890,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundUnderstanding complex health information, such as kidney function values (eg, creatinine), is important for youth kidney transplant recipients and caregivers to effectively engage and participate in their care. Information visualizations, such as visual analogies, highlight the similarities between 2 different ideas through visual means and can support understanding of abstract data to facilitate self-management. The study was motivated by the persistent challenge that youth and caregivers face in interpreting complex clinical data, which often remains unactionable and disconnected from their practical information needs.ObjectiveThis study aims to design and evaluate a novel visualization to support the information needs of youth kidney transplant recipients and caregivers, with the goal of increasing actionable and accessible knowledge for self-management.MethodsWe conducted 2 studies with youth kidney transplant recipients and their caregivers: study 1 identifies visualization elements that support patient and caregiver kidney function information needs, and study 2 evaluates a novel patient-facing kidney function visualization informed by results from study 1. In study 1, participants drew representations of their kidney function over time. These findings led to the development of the novel kidney bean visual. In study 2, participants interacted with the personalized (incorporating electronic health record data) kidney bean visual component for 1 week, then completed a feedback session exploring how the novel visual facilitated retrospective reflection of their health status and the specific behaviors influencing their renal function. We conducted qualitative content analysis on all interviews. All sessions and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis (study 1), thematic analysis, and affinity diagramming (study 2).ResultsIn study 1 (n=30), youth and caregivers consistently described the difficulty of understanding their creatinine results and related medical terminology, with the majority using emotions to represent their kidney function. Therefore, our kidney bean visual, a visual analogy, incorporated emotions and colors correlating with their creatinine levels and overall kidney function. In study 2 (n=23), we found that for many participants, the kidney bean visual (1) mirrored and validated their emotions, prompting reflections on their kidney function contextualized by their lived experiences; (2) served as a progress check; and (3) acted as a motivator for healthy kidney care habits.ConclusionsKidney function laboratory values, although seemingly straightforward in their intended purpose and use, are more complex from the patient and family perspective, as they also closely align with youth kidney transplant recipients’ and their families’ emotions. This study demonstrates the value of designing visualizations that capture these complexities, which can create opportunities for increased understanding of health information and self-reflection to support self-management.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Chelsea Ng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia C Dunbar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lily Jeffs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sanaa Syed","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nathan Pan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hyeyoung Ryu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jodi Smith","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jaime Snyder","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wanda Pratt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ari Pollack","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":50},{"pmcid":"PMC13401803","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70245","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational language-corpus analysis","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"Child–caregiver conversations from 40 language corpora covering more than 600 children.","rationale":"This article examines how caregivers time a response so a child can take a conversational turn. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"What happens if I make the next conversational turn easy for my child to take?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how caregivers time a response so a child can take a conversational turn?","How was a contingent conversational response identified across different transcripts?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is child–caregiver conversations from 40 language corpora covering more than 600 children."],"limitations":"Conversational transcripts capture verbal exchanges and may miss gestures or other supports. The sampled corpora cannot represent every language environment.","id":"PMC13401803","title":"Scaffolding Early Dialogue: A Unified Account of Response Contingency in Child–Caregiver Interaction","authors":"Abhishek Agrawal; Benoît Favre; Abdellah Fourtassi","journal":"Cognitive Science","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-07-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70245","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13401803","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13401803/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13401803-af3c7b9d80c24443.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"af3c7b9d80c24443c4a9f07660a1ef7022e08affb8a53f9bd2ced374d3c5eb8c","sourceTextSha256":"f180adac4030935def49f5d44a2c189df2d2f26ba4b6e25f9042ba21b5432f23","sourceXmlSha256":"23d562ccb1e06688b74cb79387172c81bb5c03ea14579b2d4825bac1a6b6d85c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"763fd78d893e6aa8d5d2b8a79a34d12ccf69d09677539e5c6b7b394fe62294a2","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":72161,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEarly verbal dialogue emerges during the second year of life, despite children's still‐developing linguistic, pragmatic, and cognitive abilities. This raises a puzzle: how can young children produce contingent responses under the real‐time demands of turn‐taking? In this study, we articulate a unified scaffolding account and test whether three caregiver‐side mechanisms help explain this early emergence: lexical specificity in initiating utterances, interactive routines that constrain next‐intent selection, and short caregiver realizations that can serve as models for children's own intent expression. Using recently developed automatic annotation tools for communicative intents and response contingency, we investigated this question in large‐scale naturalistic corpora of child–caregiver dialogue, spanning 40 corpora and involving more than 600 children across more than 2500 transcripts. Across corpora, each mechanism was associated with higher child contingency, and all three remained predictive in a joint model controlling for age, child utterance length, and frequency‐based factors. These findings are consistent with the view that early dialogue participation is supported not only by children's emerging capacities, but also by caregivers' structuring of interaction in ways that reduce processing demands at multiple steps of response formation. More broadly, the results provide quantitative support for a scaffolding‐based account of early dialogue emergence and help connect developmental evidence to broader theories of real‐time communication.Keywords: Dialogue, Communicative intent, Response contingency, Cognitive development, Language development, Computational modeling","authorEntries":[{"name":"Abhishek Agrawal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Benoît Favre","type":"Person"},{"name":"Abdellah Fourtassi","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fcogs.70245","publisherEvidenceSha256":"efd4115cb97f5c2c66a9673a5731595f9abc475d52d7c7348dadd0e430bee690","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":51},{"pmcid":"PMC13344146","doi":"10.2196/90708","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey study","ageRange":"Children and youth with disabilities","population":"Respondents to a French national survey on participation, activity limitations and assistive technology.","rationale":"This article examines how families describe technologies that help young people with disabilities to do things independently. The study makes room for the child’s own perspective or responsibility in a decision families can recognise.","parentQuestion":"Which everyday activity would my child most like to do with less help?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how families describe technologies that help young people with disabilities to do things independently?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is respondents to a French national survey on participation, activity limitations and assistive technology."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13344146","title":"“Do It by Myself” or Autonomy, Participation, and Assistive Devices and Technology Needs of Children and Youth With Disabilities: Text Mining Analysis of a National Survey in France","authors":"Johanne Mensah Gourmel; Maxime Bourgain; Maxime Galloy; Mario Veruete; Gwenaël Cornec; Sylvain Brochard; Christelle Pons; Arriel Benis; Ivan Steenstra; Tiffany Leung","journal":"JMIR Medical Informatics","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2026-07-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/90708","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13344146","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13344146/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13344146-962c55b9fe5b7339.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"962c55b9fe5b733948b997acb4aa31eff41978add9dbd7d8cadf4c8479f023a0","sourceTextSha256":"3af8cfb04a64c7d2dc3856933c7884daab5698e670a08efa0cfd904d1c1a8741","sourceXmlSha256":"f88c56e95e5bbf2ca9f98150c5b81a9217c11c33db1f6be620ec9f311e904fea","rightsEvidenceSha256":"445917d1ee55ff5a36035282385b80ab4e12db899cd3cbacc3437f9425cd3c48","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41866,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundA 2019 French national online survey explored activity limitations and participation restrictions among children and youth with disabilities for which innovative solutions could help.ObjectiveThe primary aim of this study was to use text mining analysis to complement previous human-led qualitative research and to uncover actionable additional knowledge related to difficult life situations that innovative solutions could help address and to compare the perspectives of children and youth with disabilities, relatives, and professionals.MethodsThis study was part of Innovation for Participation, a cross-sectional online survey, including (1) closed questions about sociodemographic characteristics, (2) closed questions about life situations that induced difficulties, and (3) open questions to explore these situations in greater depth. This study used a text mining approach designed for French data to analyze answers to open-ended questions about difficulties and desired innovative solutions. The analysis process included (1) data cleansing; (2) computing and analyzing the word frequency in the answers and their cooccurrence; (3) clustering answers using K-means algorithms; (4) analyzing the cluster words to define a title for each one and identify answers that are consistent with cluster titles, thereafter defined as well-classified; and (5) evaluating internal consistency defined as the ratio of well-classified answers to the total number of answers.ResultsIn total, 1055 responses were received, and 962 (91.2%) were included, representing 2018 open-ended answers to questions about difficult life situations for which innovative solutions could be useful. Frequency analysis highlighted the desire for action and autonomy by children and youth with disabilities and their relatives (“do” in first position, closely followed by “by themselves” in third position). “Disability” was frequently used by professionals (third position) but did not figure among the 20 most frequently used terms by other respondents. Cooccurrences with “do” revealed a deep interest in “doing sports.” Answers were gathered into 14 clusters, ranging in size from 9 to 681 answers; 5 underwent a second clustering step. Internal consistency ranged from 42% to 100%. Finally, 8 clusters were related to the difficulties linked to a desire for autonomy, and 4 highlighted difficulties related to actions within a group or community. Some clusters reinforced domains that emerged in the human-led analysis.ConclusionsAnalysis of 2018 open-ended answers using a text mining approach designed for French data revealed that solutions are required to facilitate autonomy and the ability to “do it by myself (or themselves),” as well as integration into group and community life. Complementary to previous human-led analysis, the results reinforced the need for solutions to facilitate mobility, transport, and sports. They additionally highlighted differences in vocabulary used between the 3 respondent groups, suggesting that professionals may need to consider the language they use when communicating with individuals and relatives.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Johanne Mensah Gourmel","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maxime Bourgain","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maxime Galloy","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mario Veruete","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gwenaël Cornec","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sylvain Brochard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Christelle Pons","type":"Person"},{"name":"Arriel Benis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ivan Steenstra","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tiffany Leung","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":52},{"pmcid":"PMC13403983","doi":"10.3390/bs16071145","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents completing three waves of measurement at six-month intervals.","rationale":"This article examines how psychological control relates over time to teens’ concerns about meeting very high standards. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"When my child sets a very high standard, whose expectations do they think they are meeting?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how psychological control relates over time to teens’ concerns about meeting very high standards?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescents completing three waves of measurement at six-month intervals."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC13403983","title":"Divergent Mechanisms Linking Parental Psychological Control to Perfectionism Among Adolescents: The Longitudinal Role of Need Frustration","authors":"Binxu Wang; Yan Liu","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-07-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071145","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13403983","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13403983/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13403983-3ae21c08dfa4b43f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3ae21c08dfa4b43fdd9445c91fdb8c2a99d1baf67e2683b0dfb249ac3f996cc5","sourceTextSha256":"24da9ec6afe64edf92d6fe7c83aec364e6d4f176e957a1e6e4a025edcda735e1","sourceXmlSha256":"dbcebbaa0edd63ead7cb3dd35581f6faee45ef2dd788e5dc3309c589efedd46b","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36713,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Parental psychological control is theoretically posited as a vital antecedent of perfectionism, yet empirical research connecting them remains limited, with the underlying mechanisms being particularly underexplored. Specifically, it remains unclear whether parental psychological control is associated with the maladaptive (evaluative concerns) and adaptive (personal striving) facets of perfectionism through convergent or divergent pathways. Three-wave longitudinal design (T1–T3) with six-month intervals was conducted with 1432 adolescents (Mage = 14.60, SD = 1.66, 54% girls) to investigate the direct and indirect effects. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, complemented by a random-intercept mediation model to disentangle trait versus state-level effects. Results revealed a distinct pathway linking parental psychological control to perfectionism dimensions via need frustration that is linked to both higher maladaptive and lower adaptive perfectionism. While T1 parental psychological control predicted frustration of all three basic needs in T2, the downstream pathways diverged. Relatedness and competence frustration mediated the link to increased T3 evaluative concerns, whereas autonomy frustration mediated the link to decreased T3 personal striving. Supplementary analysis using a random-intercept mediation model indicated that the overall mediation process was primarily influenced by stable trait-level differences rather than within-person deviations. Findings highlight that parental psychological control differentially predicted perfectionism facets through specific need frustration, with the overall indirect process reflecting primarily a stable, trait-level mechanism.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Binxu Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan Liu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":53},{"pmcid":"PMC13721317","doi":"10.1186/s11689-026-09703-2","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Autistic teenagers and parents rating executive function and self-determination.","rationale":"This article examines where autistic teenagers and parents agree or differ about independence and executive skills. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"When we rate my teenager’s independence differently, what task is each of us imagining?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about where autistic teenagers and parents agree or differ about independence and executive skills?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is autistic teenagers and parents rating executive function and self-determination."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13721317","title":"Self- and parent-reported executive function and self-determination in autistic teens: domain-specific relationships and cross-rater considerations","authors":"Jennifer R Bertollo; Lauren Baczewski; Hannah Behar; Elizabeth R Black; Tara Anderson; K Sharp; Andrea Lopez; Chloe C Neuman; Alyssa Verbalis; Cara E Pugliese; Lauren Kenworthy","journal":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-08-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-026-09703-2","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13721317","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13721317/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13721317-f077dd7dad7e0a91.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f077dd7dad7e0a9134479367038fb5d9d8782d5c483e3367111040965f70e273","sourceTextSha256":"ab57febba78095a28330dc076a1283bc335652c84398ec1984520479dbc868b7","sourceXmlSha256":"806f5ce2578a0cf8686f64a6adad0a1cfe98a7cbeef74a5bd51a9ba916d599a8","rightsEvidenceSha256":"c1fe691f6195e7579bc6db2f95706698b1d066acf14d74320cebbb8a05e719f3","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45703,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundSelf-determination, or the degree to which an individual perceives they have “causal agency” over their life plans, is an important predictor of quality of life, employment, and education for autistic people. However, little research has explored predictors of self-determination in autism. Limited research links executive function (EF) to self-determination, but tends to focus on EF globally and fails to address specific EF subdomains. Report of cross-rater links between EF and self-determination (e.g., parent-report EF and self-report self-determination) is also missing. As such, the current study evaluates the relation between real-world EF subdomains and self-determination, both within and between raters.Methods226 autistic teens ages 14–22 years (M = 16.17; 73% male, 75% white, 89% non-Hispanic) and their parent/caregiver completed rating scales about the teens’ EF and self-determination at enrollment for one of two EF intervention studies. Through a series of linear regressions, the relationship between EF subscales on the BRIEF-2 and Self-Determination capacity and opportunity at home (on the AIR Self-Determination Scale) were evaluated within each rater (self or parent). Exploratory analyses repeated these models across rater.ResultsWithin self-report, greater EF challenges with flexibility and planning predicted lower capacity for self-determination. Within parent-report, relationships with self-determination capacity were generalized across EF subdomains (e.g., self-monitoring, flexibility, initiation, working memory, planning/organizing). EF subdomains such as flexibility, planning, working memory, and emotion regulation demonstrated cross-rater relationships with self-determination. Skills such as organization of materials and inhibition appeared to be uniquely important for understanding opportunities provided for teens to be self-determined at home.ConclusionsThe current study replicates and extends prior findings linking EF to self-determination in autism, by highlighting possible EF subdomains that relate to self-determination capacity and opportunity, and demonstrating that some of these relations are robust enough to be seen across teen and parent raters. Findings suggest that supporting specific EF skills such as flexibility, planning, initiation, inhibition, and emotional control may be important for facilitating self-determination. Findings also underscore the importance of providing opportunities for teens to play a central role in developing and executing plans toward their goals.Clinical trial registration#NCT05131659, #NCT05017779.Keywords: Autism, Executive Function, Self-Determination Opportunities, Self-Determination Capacity, Self-Report, Adolescence, Young Adulthood","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jennifer R Bertollo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lauren Baczewski","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hannah Behar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth R Black","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tara Anderson","type":"Person"},{"name":"K Sharp","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrea Lopez","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chloe C Neuman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alyssa Verbalis","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cara E Pugliese","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lauren Kenworthy","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":54},{"pmcid":"PMC13509700","doi":"10.3390/bs16081415","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Ages 5–6","population":"Children from Yancheng, China, assessed three times at six-month intervals.","rationale":"This article examines how different aspects of the home environment track executive function between ages five and six. The independence lens asks which demands children can already manage and where practice or adult support still matters.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of the home routine let my child practise remembering and switching tasks?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how different aspects of the home environment track executive function between ages five and six?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is children from Yancheng, China, assessed three times at six-month intervals."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC13509700","title":"Home Parenting Environment and Executive Function Development in 5- to 6-Year-Old Children: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study Using Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling","authors":"Song Shi; Mengqi Guan; Mengyao Yu; Jiaman Wang","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-08-18","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081415","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13509700","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13509700/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13509700-49b327662f57fa32.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"49b327662f57fa324a248fea9a8dc9b1c2ee047bb919ca0da384a67f9627cb02","sourceTextSha256":"98615f888dfff6221e34d3bf3c997dc9c37cfc8af4dcd3195723178a35693200","sourceXmlSha256":"239afcab4b35939b8614fa51e9c4de929690b65a07860265a079ce811b7640d6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58844,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Executive function is important for children’s self-regulation and school readiness, and the home parenting environment is a key proximal context for its development. However, less is known about whether the overall home parenting environment is associated with children’s initial executive function and subsequent change. This study examined these associations among 265 children aged 5–6 years in Yancheng, China, using three-wave data collected at six-month intervals. At each wave, mothers rated children’s executive function using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and reported on the home parenting environment. Baseline language ability was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). Multivariate latent growth modeling was conducted, controlling for child sex and baseline language ability. Executive function increased significantly over one year, with individual differences in initial level and growth rate. The home parenting environment showed no significant mean-level change, although its initial level differed across families. Higher initial levels of the home parenting environment were associated with higher initial executive function, β = 0.446, p < 0.001, and faster executive function growth, β = 0.409, p = 0.004. These findings highlight the potential role of a supportive home parenting environment in children’s executive function development.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Song Shi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mengqi Guan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mengyao Yu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jiaman Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":55},{"pmcid":"PMC13603345","doi":"10.3390/bs16091493","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Grades 7–8","population":"Students from grades seven and eight at a public middle school.","rationale":"This article examines how pressure to achieve relates to adolescents’ confidence and sense of ownership of their work. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"Could an adult’s pressure to achieve make a child feel less ownership of their schoolwork?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how pressure to achieve relates to adolescents’ confidence and sense of ownership of their work?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is students from grades seven and eight at a public middle school."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13603345","title":"The Cost of Pushing Too Hard: Academic Self-Efficacy and Self-Alienation Link Achievement-Oriented Parental Psychological Control to Disruptive Behaviors","authors":"Lixia Wang; Zekun Zhang; Xiaobo Xu; Weiguo Pang; Xiaochun Xie","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-08-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16091493","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13603345","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13603345/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13603345-51e9e7dd5df5c830.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"51e9e7dd5df5c83035a4f994ef6127fbf8262c5a9ef3d94ab4286ac0fbe12ac1","sourceTextSha256":"de251bca554fe325810a35e3a8e838e68fcf2b64438dafc1954a007b7bfe5a12","sourceXmlSha256":"7085c1ba3642638d86997ee6d0a112886fd09ee17974fb51341d34c0d96cc97a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":29578,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractAlthough achievement-oriented parental psychological control (APPC) has been associated with several forms of adolescent maladjustment, little is known about its relationship to disruptive behavior at school. Drawing on self-determination and social cognitive theories, this study tested whether academic self-efficacy and self-alienation mediated this association. A sample of 544 middle school students in grades 7 and 8 (grade 7: n = 341, 62.68%; grade 8: n = 203, 37.32%; 48.35% female) across 20 classrooms at a public school in a mid-sized city in central China completed self-reported measures of APPC, academic self-efficacy, self-alienation, and disruptive behavior. Path analysis revealed that APPC was indirectly associated with disruptive behaviors via academic self-efficacy and self-alienation. The findings highlight the importance of self-perception as a key mechanism linking APPC to adolescent behavioral problems, offering valuable insights for future interventions.Keywords: achievement-oriented parental psychological control, academic self-efficacy, self-alienation, disruptive behavior, chain mediation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Lixia Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zekun Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaobo Xu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weiguo Pang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaochun Xie","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":56},{"pmcid":"PMC13332346","doi":"10.1111/jora.70226","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Around age 10","population":"Forty-five Black mother–daughter pairs discussing identity during puberty.","rationale":"This article examines mothers’ support for girls who are making sense of identity during puberty. It gives readers a concrete setting in which to distinguish adult guidance from opportunities for a child to initiate or persist.","parentQuestion":"What kind of question gives my daughter room to describe what an experience means to her?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about mothers’ support for girls who are making sense of identity during puberty?","Who supplied the account, and where did participants describe a different experience from one another?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is forty-five Black mother–daughter pairs discussing identity during puberty."],"limitations":"The accounts show how the participants understood these experiences. They do not estimate how common those experiences are among other families.","id":"PMC13332346","title":"Talking gender, ethnicity race, and change: How mothers scaffold girls' identity meaning‐making during puberty","authors":"Rona Carter; Jessica Pitts; Joonyoung Park; Ha Bui; Julia Cross","journal":"Journal of Research on Adolescence","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-09-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.70226","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13332346","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13332346/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13332346-86b4f81796b469ef.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"86b4f81796b469ef7883a0a7abdb8b907339bd15a648aa71b2b169d2561df2a5","sourceTextSha256":"4e19ae4264a75b0d8e4578fa07dfa69c70ecf83b63cc32a01d2484f76dcc60ae","sourceXmlSha256":"4c0a7f3affd74a566829e1ceb8a44e777752e3a3790068776f0de72cfce0889e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"27f89db4e376c7be28d06ac05916d583c535cb7191c89031a4ae0a489f53c651","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":62886,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractEarly adolescence is marked by intensified identity exploration, yet little research has examined how meanings of gender and ethnic‐racial identity are co‐constructed within family relationships during the pubertal transition. The present qualitative study investigated how mothers and daughters construct and negotiate meanings of gender, ethnic‐racial identity, and their intersection through dyadic conversation, and how these processes vary by daughters' pubertal status. Participants included mother–daughter dyads of Black girls (N = 45; M age = 9.93, SD = .97; 69% identified as Black, 31% Black biracial) who engaged in structured identity dialogue tasks. Using reflexive thematic analysis followed by dyadic synthesis, we identified interactional processes through which identity meanings were initiated, scaffolded, negotiated, and stabilized. Across dyads, puberty functioned as a contextual intensifier, heightening emotional salience and social comparison in identity talk. In the early puberty dyads, mothers more frequently guided and defined identity meanings, whereas in the advanced puberty dyads, daughters increasingly asserted interpretive authority. Mother–daughter scaffolding operated as a relational coping process, with mothers and daughters jointly shaping how embodied change and social positioning were interpreted. Moments of misalignment and repair revealed how identity meanings were negotiated rather than transmitted. Grounded in the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory, findings position identity development during puberty as a relational, phenomenological process embedded within sociocultural context. By foregrounding dyadic interaction, this study extends developmental theory and highlights family dialogue as a critical microsystem linking pubertal vulnerability to identity formation.Keywords: ethnic‐racial identity, gendered racial identity","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rona Carter","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica Pitts","type":"Person"},{"name":"Joonyoung Park","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ha Bui","type":"Person"},{"name":"Julia Cross","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjora.70226","publisherEvidenceSha256":"219723011c235e9b31e356306a6830ccdb2f9791a27c064f662f26284afb8081","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":57},{"pmcid":"PMC13701596","doi":"10.3390/bs16101893","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Observational survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents whose reports of psychological control and short-video use were examined using profiles and networks.","rationale":"This article examines how patterns of parental psychological control relate to teenagers’ short-video use. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"How would my teenager describe the rules around short videos?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how patterns of parental psychological control relate to teenagers’ short-video use?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is chinese adolescents whose reports of psychological control and short-video use were examined using profiles and networks."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13701596","title":"Joint Profiles and Dimension-Level Networks of Parental Psychological Control and Problematic Short-Video Use Among Chinese Adolescents","authors":"Yan Yang; Yuchi Zhang; Gengfeng Niu","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-10-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16101893","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701596","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13701596/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13701596-b75116de66540bc5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b75116de66540bc587694430d9d3707c68a4201e13441a97c05a09596ad35372","sourceTextSha256":"076f6e00a05a7d42cbacca09d78c5b04f4c400167d3f3ba3fbdde2d4e3f505bb","sourceXmlSha256":"66fd99a02ff8e9b92c0c57a511780e9cbe4dedc8113ab28457ea677c9ecf8f52","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":50171,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractProblematic short-video use (PSVU) is a pervasive public health concern among adolescents, yet its relationship with parental psychological control has typically been examined through variable-centered approaches that treat this relationship as uniform and combine paternal and maternal control. The present study therefore examined joint configurations of paternal and maternal psychological control and PSVU, along with their dimension-level interrelations. Using a two-stage design, latent profile and psychometric network analyses were applied to 2634 Chinese adolescents. Subgroups were first identified based on paternal psychological control, maternal psychological control, and PSVU; dimension-level network structures were then compared across profiles to examine differences in the associations between parental control and PSVU dimensions. The results revealed four distinct profiles: a High-Control/High-Dependence profile, a High-Control/Low-Dependence profile, a Low-Control/Low-Dependence profile, and an Average-Control/Moderate-Dependence profile. The high-control, low-dependence profile reported higher control but significantly lower PSVU. Network comparisons indicated that the high-control, high-dependence profile exhibited significantly stronger global network connectivity than the high-control, low-dependence profile, whereas direct bridge pathways linking parental control to PSVU dimensions did not differ significantly between the two profiles. These findings suggest that the parental control–PSVU relationship is neither uniform nor direct, underscoring the value of integrating person-centered and network approaches.Keywords: problematic short-video use, parent psychological control, latent profile analysis, network analysis","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yan Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuchi Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gengfeng Niu","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":58},{"pmcid":"PMC13701648","doi":"10.3390/bs16101898","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Adolescents in two waves of the China Education Panel Survey.","rationale":"This article examines how responsibility for homework fits into conversations with mothers and fathers. Taking part in one task and assuming responsibility for a whole routine are different milestones for families to discuss.","parentQuestion":"What is the difference between talking about homework and making it my responsibility?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how responsibility for homework fits into conversations with mothers and fathers?","Which measurements came first, and what changes between waves could also explain the pattern?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is adolescents in two waves of the China Education Panel Survey."],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish the order of measurements. Other changing experiences could still account for the associations.","id":"PMC13701648","title":"Homework Responsibility and Parent–Adolescent Communication: Maternal and Paternal Associations with Academic and Psychological Adjustment Among Chinese Adolescents","authors":"Siqi Zhang; Ziying Mei; Shuya Yan","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-10-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16101898","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701648","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13701648/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13701648-4f62c5d4fa3cf223.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4f62c5d4fa3cf22349589e8bb5e286a49cd8d35543a6b34aaac980ff39fe92c0","sourceTextSha256":"4c27f1b82f71eae55b600b49f621124d30a311809c5dcc422f9d986f0ea4bf72","sourceXmlSha256":"00c8f80fdff41539814e5127ab4284f474068c7b3b5e8cceee9a9f0992a53318","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":75713,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Responsibility for homework and parent–adolescent communication may have different associations with adolescent adjustment. Using two waves of the China Education Panel Survey (2013–2015), we examined these parent-specific behaviors in outcome-specific analytic samples ranging from 7457 to 7604 adolescents. Ordinary least squares models included the four parental measures jointly and adjusted for corresponding baseline outcomes, covariates, and class fixed effects. The principal predictors and outcomes were measured concurrently at follow-up. Maternal communication was positively associated with cognitive ability and academic achievement, whereas maternal homework responsibility had negative associations in the additive main models. Communication with either parent and paternal responsibility were associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Direct coefficient comparisons distinguished maternal responsibility from maternal communication across all three outcomes after multiple-testing adjustment. These associations were small and do not establish causal effects. The study adds a joint, parent-specific comparison across academic and psychological outcomes, distinguishing reported homework responsibility from communication frequency rather than treating involvement as a single behavior.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Siqi Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ziying Mei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuya Yan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":59},{"pmcid":"PMC13724605","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1910535","element":"independence","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey study","ageRange":"Adolescence","population":"Six hundred and twenty Chinese adolescents completing questionnaires about psychological control and school adjustment.","rationale":"This article examines how psychological control relates to adolescents’ academic adjustment. It offers a point of comparison for parents weighing useful structure against pressure that can crowd out a young person’s own judgement.","parentQuestion":"When does my interest in schoolwork start to feel like pressure?","readingPrompts":["What does the article establish about how psychological control relates to adolescents’ academic adjustment?","Whose perspective was recorded, and what might an independent observer have described differently?","How closely does the population described here match the family or setting you have in mind? The population to compare is six hundred and twenty Chinese adolescents completing questionnaires about psychological control and school adjustment."],"limitations":"The measures reflect what respondents reported. Associations alone cannot distinguish the direction of influence or exclude other explanations.","id":"PMC13724605","title":"Parental psychological control and adolescents’ academic adjustment: a moderated serial mediation model","authors":"Shangjie Meng; Xingnan Zhan; Chengzhe Guo","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-10-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1910535","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13724605","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13724605/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13724605-4b8d4e6259fad756.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4b8d4e6259fad75692a3c8a53636b558ddb508ec2c78919a63c7c005368cae29","sourceTextSha256":"28544c2d1caac6ec3ec88adb1e8378f85fd8f4f944aa9d272680ef4e6dc6ad4a","sourceXmlSha256":"d7659cfaf17648852e65b63d4d5951ec77df866dc838d3e378d09705defcb19a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"789de64c6ef72cd748df411a3a52df669de42e4af169ee72ef840da0e6a15677","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Independence"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44367,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParental psychological control has been associated with poorer academic adjustment among adolescents, yet the indirect associations and moderating factors involved remain insufficiently understood. Guided by self-determination theory, this study examined the association between parental psychological control and adolescents’ academic adjustment, the indirect associations involving academic buoyancy and learning engagement, and the moderating role of growth mindset.MethodsA total of 620 Chinese adolescents completed standardized questionnaires assessing parental psychological control, academic buoyancy, learning engagement, growth mindset, and academic adjustment. Data were analyzed using SPSS with the PROCESS macro to test a moderated serial mediation model.ResultsParental psychological control was negatively associated with adolescents’ academic adjustment (p < 0.001). Three significant statistical indirect associations were identified. The indirect association involving academic buoyancy accounted for 18.09% of the total indirect effect, and that involving learning engagement accounted for 22.94%. The indirect association involving academic buoyancy and learning engagement in the specified serial model accounted for 8.56% of the total indirect effect. Moderation analyses showed that the negative associations of parental psychological control with academic adjustment, academic buoyancy, and learning engagement were weaker at higher levels of growth mindset.ConclusionThe findings suggest that parental psychological control is associated with adolescents’ academic adjustment through statistical indirect associations involving academic buoyancy and learning engagement, with these associations varying across levels of growth mindset. The cross-sectional design precludes causal conclusions, and the proposed relationships require further examination using longitudinal and intervention designs.Keywords: academic adjustment, academic buoyancy, growth mindset, learning engagement, parental psychological control","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shangjie Meng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xingnan Zhan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chengzhe Guo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":60},{"pmcid":"PMC13114743","doi":"10.3390/children13040471","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Program evaluation with follow-up","ageRange":"Families receiving pediatric palliative care","population":"105 participants from 29 families contributed to the Family Talk intervention evaluation.","rationale":"The intervention creates structured opportunities to talk across generations during pediatric palliative care. The evaluation collects family members' views at three points.","parentQuestion":"How can a family make room for different questions about a child's serious illness?","readingPrompts":["Who in the family answered each questionnaire?","How did the outcome measure change between baseline and follow-up?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"Changes after a program can reflect ordinary development, other care or measurement effects. The comparison and duration of follow-up determine what can be attributed to participation.","id":"PMC13114743","title":"The Family Talk Intervention Improves Family Communication and Psychosocial Health Among Families in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Pre-Post Evaluation Study","authors":"Kerstin Ivéus; Maja Holm; Kristofer Årestedt; Ulrika Kreicbergs; Lena Anmyr; Camilla Udo; Malin Lövgren","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13040471","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13114743","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13114743/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13114743-6029965e8a369462.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6029965e8a369462c31345edf33e644f6dacf72c0bc506176e90983987d5bd38","sourceTextSha256":"8187c3930f2ffbb905936a17855ed5b306d26b2edcad5b5d1f65a3bc48b63284","sourceXmlSha256":"afe9bf990bd16ed01744ed350ac6577da83faaf718474367514e034b6158848a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33198,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Highlights What are the main findings? FTI improved family communication, family satisfaction, parenting skills, and anxiety levels among family members;FTI showed reductions in children’s mental health problems. What are the implications of the main findings? FTI contributes to pediatric palliative care by providing evidence-based practice that can improve psychosocial outcomes for all family members;FTI enhances family communication and psychosocial health. This supports the integration of structured, family-based interventions into pediatric palliative care.AbstractBackground: The psychosocial needs of families involving a child with a life-limiting or life-threatening condition are well recognized. However, evidence-based interventions that address the needs of the entire family remain scarce, even though family health can be maintained and supported if interventions encompass each individual family member, as well as the family as a unit. The aim was to evaluate the family talk intervention (FTI), regarding family communication, and psychosocial health, for families involving a child with a life-limiting or life-threatening condition. Methods: This pre-post study without a control group involved families of children with a life-limiting or life-threatening condition receiving FTI at a pediatric hospital and a hospice in Sweden. The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (ID NCT05020158, date of registration: 23 August 2021). FTI is a family-based intervention with the goal of facilitating family communication about illness-related topics, e.g., prognosis, support parenting, and making all children’s needs visible. In total, 105 participants from 29 families were included. Surveys measuring self-assessed family communication and satisfaction, anxiety, resilience, parenting skills, and children’s mental problems were answered at three time points: baseline (before intervention), at the end of the intervention, and six months later. Changes over time were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Significant improvements were reported in family communication, family satisfaction, parenting skills, and levels of anxiety over time. Children’s mental health problems were reduced over time regarding emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer relationship difficulties, and hyperactivity. No changes were found regarding resilience. Conclusion: The results suggest that FTI contributes to improved family communication and psychosocial health for families involving a child with a life-limiting or life-threatening condition. This highlights the value of a systemic approach that actively involves all family members.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Kerstin Ivéus","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maja Holm","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kristofer Årestedt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ulrika Kreicbergs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lena Anmyr","type":"Person"},{"name":"Camilla Udo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Malin Lövgren","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":61},{"pmcid":"PMC13113983","doi":"10.3390/bs16040581","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Research review or evidence synthesis","ageRange":"Children in parent–child reading studies","population":"Chinese- and English-language research indexed in CNKI and Web of Science between 2005 and 2024.","rationale":"The authors map themes in two bodies of literature about reading together, providing a view of which adult and child contributions researchers have chosen to study.","parentQuestion":"Which parts of reading together have researchers in different languages emphasized?","readingPrompts":["What does a map of research topics tell us about evidence for a particular routine?","What criteria determined which studies and settings entered the synthesis?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Coverage depends on the databases, languages and inclusion rules used by the review. Differences among the underlying study designs limit conclusions about effects.","id":"PMC13113983","title":"Revealing the Unique Themes in Parent–Child Shared Book Reading Behaviors: A Systematic Review of Chinese and English Research 2005–2024","authors":"Junnan Zhou; Jingyi Lei; Shuang Chao; Chenyi Zhang","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-04-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16040581","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13113983","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13113983/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13113983-48a6166327527c75.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"48a6166327527c75d988786e6d0015514eb88bcabb8924d606126b305c47fe3f","sourceTextSha256":"66e40718f9fd2f1fa949de0fa92257b6c7ef72c58cb46bac425ce48f190eca66","sourceXmlSha256":"b34a3cbc06fd2d74108d098b4efebc5746ed0b47e88f6c6aafaf5482a0cf5cd4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":57366,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This study provides a systematic review of research hotspots and trends in the field of parent–child reading, covering the period from 2005 to 2024, based on data retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Web of Science (WOS). The results indicate that both Chinese- and English-context research on parent–child reading focus on the family literacy environment, the impact of parent–child reading on child development, social support systems, and educational equity. Chinese research places greater emphasis on family reading, family–kindergarten collaboration, and father involvement. This research mainly examines parental guidance strategies and pays particular attention to current practices, especially in rural areas. It highlights the role of fathers in reading, with picture books being the most commonly used reading materials. In contrast, English-context research focuses more on language development and early literacy, with particular emphasis on the development of children’s literacy skills and school readiness. Greater attention is also given to multicultural and minority groups, the role of mothers in reading is more frequently emphasized, and the reading materials are predominantly storybooks and wordless books. Research in both Chinese and English contexts reveals that parent–child reading interactions serve as a channel for the transmission of cultural values, leading to distinct developmental priorities for children. These differences profoundly reflect the systematic influence of sociocultural logics on parental reading behaviors and related research. This analysis provides an empirical foundation for future international collaboration in cross-cultural research.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Junnan Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jingyi Lei","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuang Chao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chenyi Zhang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":62},{"pmcid":"PMC13143646","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1770798","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Quasi-experimental intervention study","ageRange":"Newborns and early infancy","population":"120 mothers separated from their newborns at a tertiary maternity hospital, in two matched groups.","rationale":"Coparenting support was delivered as part of a bundled breastfeeding intervention during mother–infant separation. A family reading should distinguish that support from the other treatment components.","parentQuestion":"How can another caregiver participate when mother and newborn are physically separated?","readingPrompts":["Can the design isolate the contribution of coparenting from breast massage?","How were participants assigned, and what differed between the comparison conditions?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"Group comparisons can be affected by baseline differences or concurrent support. Effects of a multicomponent program may not identify a single active ingredient.","id":"PMC13143646","title":"The effect of breast massage combined with co-parenting interventions on breastfeeding in mother-infant separated mothers: a quasi-experimental study","authors":"Rong Li Zhang; Yi Jing Wang; Ying Yin; Ying Liu; Ping Cui; Zhang Yi Lu; Li Jun Deng; Hui Jiang; Rong Huang","journal":"Frontiers in Nutrition","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1770798","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13143646","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13143646/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13143646-05f98c614830383b.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"05f98c614830383b08a0cc8680a320fbb7f8f98da5dae60c03110d20f58b17bd","sourceTextSha256":"d358555773fcc81bd00a5a7191783ec8be6db82e533217523a1f811767dc28e0","sourceXmlSha256":"64204d23d7e03ec215cad861ab1edbad45be5209e21f5a114758bc4ca2349115","rightsEvidenceSha256":"afebd922d49f03c7f69519d0d5c14bb6f03bac8f3af67182463fe9b59eff87a6","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44575,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundExclusive breastfeeding is the optimal source of infant nutrition. Mother-infant separation poses a critical barrier to establishing and sustaining lactation, increasing the risk of early breastfeeding cessation. While breast massage supports milk production, the role of partner involvement in this context remains underexplored as a strategy to improve both nutritional and psychosocial outcomes.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of a co-parenting intervention on exclusive breastfeeding rates and related maternal outcomes among postpartum mothers separated from newborns, in which fathers were taught and performed structured breast massage.MethodsA quasi-experimental study was carried out on 120 mother-infant separated dyads in a tertiary maternity hospital. Participants were assigned to an intervention group (n = 60) and a control group (n = 60) via consecutive sampling plus baseline characteristic matching (maternal age, mode of delivery, and newborn birth weight). The intervention group received father-performed integrated breast massage training and practice; the control group received routine care. The primary outcome was the exclusive breastfeeding rate, and the secondary outcomes included the scores of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), breastfeeding knowledge, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). All indicators were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention.ResultsAt both follow-ups, the intervention group demonstrated significantly higher exclusive breastfeeding rates compared to the control group (1-month, 64.9% vs. 22.4%, 3-months, 64.3% vs. 16.7%, both p < 0.05). The intervention group also showed significantly greater improvements in breastfeeding self-efficacy and knowledge scores, and a more significant reduction in EPDS scores over time (all p < 0.05). In contrast, the control group exhibited no significant changes in these secondary outcomes across the three time points. No significant inter-group difference was detected in perceived social support.ConclusionIntegrating fathers into a structured breast massage protocol is an effective, sustainable nutritional support strategy. Structured breast massage significantly enhances exclusive breastfeeding rates, maternal confidence, and mental well-being among separated mothers. These findings advocate for the inclusion of partners in clinical lactation support programs to safeguard optimal infant nutrition and postpartum recovery.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rong Li Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yi Jing Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Yin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ping Cui","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhang Yi Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Li Jun Deng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hui Jiang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rong Huang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":63},{"pmcid":"PMC13143887","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1748675","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Families with children","population":"710 parents in China, including 426 who reported active grandparent involvement in raising children.","rationale":"The study distinguishes support from conflict when grandparents join the caregiving team and relates these experiences to the wider family environment.","parentQuestion":"Which arrangements help parents and grandparents share care without undermining one another?","readingPrompts":["Whose report describes the grandparent's role?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC13143887","title":"Intergenerational relational dynamics in co-parenting families: a cross-sectional analysis through a systemic theoretical lens","authors":"Ziran Li; Mohd Najmi Daud; Mohamad Salleh Bin Abdul Ghani; Asmidawati Ashari","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1748675","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13143887","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13143887/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13143887-ad3c1da443e09812.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"ad3c1da443e0981288c95dec0d2b688d2a27918bf9f6b81018d662a71ed1d94c","sourceTextSha256":"0f32036364d26728fd5c85d2da6fdf45fe26309677c266eda549cacf82ab48e1","sourceXmlSha256":"0910069866d66b1fb7c16c2bc13650a1dde393f46e8d0faa176d19ba01106596","rightsEvidenceSha256":"defb0af85c4e472d87f4b3988cd48b67f2f9aa8b0bd779546b97cbfb46b9c10b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":33037,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"IntroductionIntergenerational co-parenting, where parents and grandparents share child-rearing responsibilities, is prevalent in Chinese families. Despite its cultural significance, few studies have examined how grandparent parent co-parenting relationship dimensions relate to broader family functioning using a systemic theoretical framework.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 710 Chinese parents (303 fathers, 407 mothers), of whom 426 reported active grandparent involvement in child-rearing. The Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (CRS) and Family Environment Scale (FES) were administered. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrap mediation analysis (PROCESS macro, Model 4, 5,000 resamples).ResultsNegative co-parenting dimensions (particularly undermining, M = 4.61) scored higher than positive dimensions. Co-parenting support significantly predicted overall family environment quality (β = 0.243, p < 0.05). Co-parenting debasement negatively predicted family cohesion (β = –0.275, p < 0.01), while division of labor positively predicted cohesion (β = 0.224, p < 0.05). Bootstrap mediation analysis revealed that family environment partially mediated the relationship between co-parenting conflict and child behavioral difficulties (indirect effect = 0.038, 95% CI [0.011, 0.074])DiscussionFindings support systemic theoretical propositions regarding relational interdependence, structural boundaries, and circular causality within co-parenting families. Co-parenting relationship quality is significantly associated with family environment, which serves as a pathway influencing child outcomes. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report measures.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ziran Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mohd Najmi Daud","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mohamad Salleh Bin Abdul Ghani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Asmidawati Ashari","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":64},{"pmcid":"PMC13298985","doi":"10.3390/diseases14060193","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Pilot or feasibility study","ageRange":"Children younger than three years","population":"Infants and toddlers hospitalized in a pediatric hemato-oncology unit.","rationale":"The authors examine language stimulation through shared reading during hospitalization. The setting matters for understanding which activities were feasible for families.","parentQuestion":"What opportunities to share a book are available during a child's hospital stay?","readingPrompts":["What else might change a child's language performance during follow-up?","Which outcomes address feasibility and which would need a larger comparative trial?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Preliminary work is informative about acceptability and delivery. Small or selected samples and limited follow-up restrict conclusions about effectiveness for other families.","id":"PMC13298985","title":"Early Language Development in Infants and Toddlers with Hemato-Oncological Diseases: Preliminary Outcomes of a Shared Reading Intervention","authors":"Giusy Melcarne; Roberta Maria Incardona; Giulia Marangon; Silvia Sorbara; Alessandra Biffi; Marta Tremolada; Omar Cauli","journal":"Diseases","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-05-29","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14060193","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13298985","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13298985/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13298985-18c6293e8754af28.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"18c6293e8754af28602b84b4187898d88a97eaabb17d42d6421d716710747266","sourceTextSha256":"253c4aaac299cf2058d4ab81ed8c97830956bd2059aafa01120e496cfdda41b8","sourceXmlSha256":"3efca3d9acde9da37c975528542ed20739049ac76bae3f0ead5da09daf08975c","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34590,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroduction: Children diagnosed with hemato-oncological cancers need intensive medical treatments and prolonged hospitalizations, which are associated with increased risk of impairment across multiple neurodevelopmental domains, particularly when exposure occurs within the first three years of life. Objective: This pilot study aimed to explore early language performance in children under 36 months of age hospitalized in a pediatric hemato-oncology unit and to preliminarily investigate changes over time and potential associations with an early speech–language stimulation intervention based on shared reading. Specifically, the study investigated differences between language comprehension and production, as well as variations in linguistic outcomes according to gender and pathology type (liquid vs. solid). Methods: The study employed a sample of 29 children aged 2 to 36 months (M = 20.76, SD = 9.52). Baseline linguistic assessment was conducted using observational measures across multiple language domains, including lexical development (PinG), morphosyntactic abilities (PCGO, GALS), and articulatory skills (BAMF), together with an evaluation of general cognitive functioning (Griffiths). The intervention consisted of in-person shared reading sessions combined with concurrent parental counseling. Exploratory analyses were performed to examine changes over time and group-related differences. Results: Among the sample, lexical comprehension exceeded production (p < 0.001). Sex differences emerged only for lexical comprehension, with males performing worse than females (p = 0.048). Comparisons by diagnosis showed that children with solid tumors had significantly better articulation than those with hematologic malignancies (p = 0.018), with a trend toward higher morphosyntactic production. Longitudinal analyses on 13 children re-evaluated after six months of weekly shared reading intervention showed potential improvements in articulation, lexical production, and morphosyntactic production (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that children in pediatric hemato-oncology settings may be vulnerable to expressive language difficulties. Shared reading interventions may represent a promising supportive approach for early language stimulation; however, further studies with larger samples and controlled designs are needed to better understand their potential contribution and effectiveness.Keywords: language, development, communication, cancer, infants, toddlers","authorEntries":[{"name":"Giusy Melcarne","type":"Person"},{"name":"Roberta Maria Incardona","type":"Person"},{"name":"Giulia Marangon","type":"Person"},{"name":"Silvia Sorbara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Alessandra Biffi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marta Tremolada","type":"Person"},{"name":"Omar Cauli","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":65},{"pmcid":"PMC13268133","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0351177","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Ages two and five","population":"Children with measures of parent–child dialogic reading at age two and frontal responses at age five.","rationale":"An early interactive reading measure is related to a later neuroimaging measure of executive function. Timing of measurements does not establish a neural effect of reading.","parentQuestion":"How is a back-and-forth reading experience measured at age two?","readingPrompts":["What does the later brain measure represent, and what competing factors could matter?","Were the same families observed at each time point, and how were missing observations handled?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish temporal order. Baseline differences, changes outside the study and loss to follow-up can still influence associations.","id":"PMC13268133","title":"Dialogic reading at age 2 is linked to frontal activation related to executive function at age 5: An fNIRS study","authors":"Ming Yean Sia; Chia-Feng Lu; Ovid J L Tzeng; Shinmin Wang; Signe Bray","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2026-06-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0351177","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13268133","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13268133/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13268133-6bc0815df423813f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6bc0815df423813f795f44f46111daaefd0cc504508023d0f6de3ed007507365","sourceTextSha256":"2ac8926b6f766f9516e74d4981656b02527c03574eea09390e3f90aae1468eac","sourceXmlSha256":"b6206b601de76c9ceedd9a1e278fc096a24ec23bcc9b6d6bc626d8777e13b1e4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a95aed12405a1956660fde9bbddc00f47930dff6292b07d2316998310d611dd7","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41546,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between children’s dialogic reading (DR) experiences with parents at age 2 and their frontal neural responses related to executive function (EF) at age 5. To assess how the intensity of DR influences brain development, we quantitatively measured parental engagement in DR when children are at 2 years of age. Neural activations in frontal regions associated with EF were evaluated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy when children reached age 5. Our results reveal a significant positive correlation between parental dialogic interaction during shared book reading at age 2 and the activation of key brain regions related to EF – the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus – during a Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task at age 5. This correlation persisted even after controlling for maternal education and children’s expressive vocabulary, indicating a robust relationship between early DR experiences and subsequent neural correlates of EF. The results suggest that early DR may help cultivate the neural infrastructure necessary for EF development. By focusing on DR at a young age and assessing neural activity during a classic EF task, the DCCS, our findings contribute additional evidence regarding the role of DR in shaping neural development associated with EF. These results highlight the importance of encouraging interactive DR practices in early childhood, as they not only support language development but also strengthen the neural pathways crucial for cognitive skills essential for academic success.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ming Yean Sia","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chia-Feng Lu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ovid J L Tzeng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shinmin Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Signe Bray","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":66},{"pmcid":"PMC13328469","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1795918","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Randomized intervention study","ageRange":"Young autistic children","population":"Forty-five families from low-resource households took part in a randomized study of a culturally adapted intervention.","rationale":"The ASPEN program combines caregiver information and coaching and makes cultural adaptation part of the intervention design.","parentQuestion":"Which aspects of coaching can be adapted to a family's own routines and circumstances?","readingPrompts":["How do the authors describe the adaptation and the comparison condition?","Which outcomes and follow-up periods were specified for the comparison?","How much time or support did families need to sustain their participation?"],"limitations":"Random assignment supports a comparison under the trial conditions. Sample selection, delivery, outcome choice and follow-up limit extension to other households.","id":"PMC13328469","title":"Outcomes from the ASPEN intervention program: a randomized clinical trial of a culturally adapted parent-mediated intervention program in low-resource settings","authors":"Sandra B. Vanegas; Sandy Magaña","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-06-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1795918","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13328469","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13328469/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13328469-3445659dd8c4cbfa.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3445659dd8c4cbfa3d0d40a8e33c367bd0c7f78ef4d9c7578532dd2c00d6228a","sourceTextSha256":"b8488a2f24ee52c19b6842607afd49a6726093f86f76dc4a6df188f038fcf099","sourceXmlSha256":"2185df1d606d918a51bc241e863e344383aa9424ae07d0bd2ef43ade660326ab","rightsEvidenceSha256":"baf83b75498b172acaf7c910ef7dc1ad951e6f397f65097f59d581089b19ae7d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53914,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"This randomized controlled study examined the efficacy of a culturally adapted parent-mediated intervention for parents and young children with autism (n = 45) from low-resource households (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04505488). Families from these settings are often left out of autism intervention studies and arguably have unique needs not considered in autism intervention work. Parent/child dyads were randomized to the intervention group, which received 12 weekly sessions that included psychoeducation and coaching of evidence-based (EB) strategies with their children, or the comparison group who received all materials and 4 triweekly check-in sessions. We found that parents in the intervention group showed improvement in their self-efficacy (confidence) in using EB strategies, compared to the comparison group, and both groups improved in the use of EB strategies. Parents in the comparison group also improved in feeling more empowered and their children improved in social communication skills. These findings suggest that less intense parent interventions may be just as efficacious as those that require more regular participation for families from low-resource households. More research is needed to find the right balance and active ingredients to benefit these families.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04505488, identifier NCT04505488.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sandra B. Vanegas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sandy Magaña","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":67},{"pmcid":"PMC13341906","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1858077","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"21,366 parent–child pairs recruited through 189 kindergartens in western China.","rationale":"The researchers examined shared reading alongside parent-reported behavioral and prosocial measures. The breadth of the sample and its observational design answer different questions.","parentQuestion":"Which aspects of reading together were captured besides the number of books?","readingPrompts":["Could a child's prior behavior also influence how often a family reads together?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","How did the authors distinguish the adult’s participation from the child’s engagement?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC13341906","title":"Shared reading is associated with fewer emotional/behavioral problems and better prosocial behavior in preschool children: a cross-sectional study in western China","authors":"Hongli Sun; Huifang Zhang; Huiping Zhang; Yudan Zhang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-06-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1858077","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13341906","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13341906/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13341906-7524b68cfe0f8e36.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7524b68cfe0f8e360880145a6eead874ca485bb1f5276ae24bd4603b6e3d69ea","sourceTextSha256":"1661aa1a702f2c9344b9f334471c15036a36d9c6c880ac82e5912877e6553610","sourceXmlSha256":"0c4b5efe1bd2e37f738295bf8c136b8a4e91a7b3c7ca268c8a0f7f259658285f","rightsEvidenceSha256":"a09fec2beeff2f6294d6664fede9e4d0889121cfb171ed0c2eb16f0246732f92","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38662,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThe home literacy environment, particularly shared reading, plays a critical role in preschool children’s cognitive and socioemotional development. However, its associations with emotional and behavioral problems remain underexplored in large-scale studies. This study examined the relationship between shared reading and emotional/behavioral problems as well as prosocial behavior in preschool children.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using stratified cluster sampling across 189 kindergartens in a major city in western China. A total of 21,366 parent-child pairs were included. Shared reading was assessed with the reading subscale of the StimQ-P (score range 0–22), which evaluates quantity, diversity of concepts and content, and interactivity quality. Emotional and behavioral problems were measured using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multivariate logistic regression and generalized additive models were employed to examine associations, adjusting for child age, gender, parental socioeconomic factors, lifestyle variables, and parental mental health (CES-D).ResultsHigher shared reading scores were significantly associated with lower odds of emotional/behavioral problems (adjusted OR = 0.96 per point increase, 95% CI: 0.95–0.97, P < 0.0001) and higher odds of adequate prosocial behavior (adjusted OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.08–1.10, P < 0.0001) in fully adjusted models. All four dimensions of shared reading showed independent associations. Nonlinear analyses revealed threshold effects, with associations becoming stronger above approximately 18 points for total difficulties and 15 points for prosocial behavior. These associations were largely consistent across subgroups after correction for multiple testing.ConclusionIn this large cross-sectional study conducted in western China, higher levels of shared reading were associated with lower odds of emotional/behavioral problems and higher odds of prosocial behaviors among preschool children. The results suggest possible threshold patterns in these associations. However, given the cross-sectional nature of the study, causality cannot be established.Keywords: emotional/behavioral problems, home literacy environment, preschool children, prosocial behavior, shared reading, StimQ-P, strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ)","authorEntries":[{"name":"Hongli Sun","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huifang Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Huiping Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yudan Zhang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":68},{"pmcid":"PMC13345829","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1798098","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Kindergarten years","population":"1,312 kindergarten teachers recruited through convenience sampling in China.","rationale":"Teachers' accounts connect organizational support and their experience of collaborating with families. A parent–school partnership can depend on conditions at work as well as individual willingness.","parentQuestion":"What support do teachers need to make collaboration with families possible?","readingPrompts":["Did families also assess the quality of the partnership?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC13345829","title":"Perceived organizational support and family–school collaboration among kindergarten teachers: job satisfaction as a mediator and occupational commitment as a moderator","authors":"Tengteng Li; Yantao Shi; Lianhai Shi","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-06-25","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1798098","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13345829","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13345829/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13345829-d37d1d60429b15d2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"d37d1d60429b15d26326c413f01cf0645949a9b1c7046fd9f2b8919107dc5dfb","sourceTextSha256":"28aa9f1a36f462b76ae12d20ca740a4aa5078f62717b59e1889a63792518d25b","sourceXmlSha256":"7042778fb5ec32359f21dee10e59cbeec402587de5c885b7df296512bc721e42","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e72fd35256ba6656b0339639c197cfca3d733ab087378a184be69d06570fd358","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":38613,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Perceived organizational support has been found to correlate with family–school collaboration, yet the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association—particularly under different levels of occupational commitment—remain insufficiently understood. The present study examined whether job satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and family–school collaboration, and whether kindergarten teachers’ occupational commitment moderates the direct and indirect pathways linking perceived organizational support to family–school collaboration via job satisfaction. Participants were 1,312 kindergarten teachers in China, recruited through convenience sampling. They completed self-report measures of perceived organizational support, family–school collaboration, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment. Results indicated that perceived organizational support was positively associated with family–school collaboration, and that job satisfaction partially mediated this association. Moderated mediation analyses further showed that occupational commitment moderated the path from perceived organizational support to job satisfaction. Specifically, the positive association between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction was stronger among teachers with higher occupational commitment. These findings elucidate the mechanisms through which perceived organizational support relates to family–school collaboration and advance understanding of the mediating process and its conditional effects, thereby providing empirical evidence on when and why teachers are more likely to sustain high-quality family–school collaboration.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Tengteng Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yantao Shi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lianhai Shi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":69},{"pmcid":"PMC13318052","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0352677","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"Adolescents aged twelve to eighteen","population":"Adolescents, parents and physical therapists taking part in focus groups about children's physical therapy.","rationale":"Three groups of participants identify when young people, caregivers and therapists should collaborate on decisions. The paper examines practical barriers to including each voice.","parentQuestion":"How can a teenager participate when a parent and therapist are discussing a plan?","readingPrompts":["Where do adolescents' priorities differ from those identified by adults?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC13318052","title":"Shared decision-making in pediatric physical therapy: A qualitative study among adolescents, parents, and physical therapists","authors":"Selina Limmen; Dorinde L Korteling; Manon A T Bloemen; Michiel A J Luijten; Marjolijn Ketelaar; Raoul H H Engelbert; Dirk T Ubbink; Marij A Hillen; Eugene A A Rameckers; Hedy A van Oers; Lotte Haverman; Ali Wagdy Mohamed","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2026-06-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352677","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13318052","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318052/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13318052-c4253a04b9bf0195.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c4253a04b9bf0195a9d1893fd2dd69502f132598d2341ea92824a1ccb492ebed","sourceTextSha256":"c5edac16b270962dfa5456d7099e3686e0a422ea9e17e03e3cb13d57ad2dd962","sourceXmlSha256":"45e2512e01eb4a0a0b1c916073e0dd497e2764fe68c40d6bb9469293d5dda0f6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"62867d210c509e09b6fcf2e7c30ab1f0fb75ec6f9607e5e6ec12e7bf1cd3d667","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39547,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractObjectiveShared Decision Making (SDM) is a collaborative process between patients and clinicians. A structured approach for SDM in pediatric physical therapy is lacking. This two-phase study aimed to 1) explore how and when to apply SDM in pediatric physical therapy in primary healthcare, and to identify barriers and facilitators influencing its use, and 2) adapt an SDM model for use in pediatric physical therapy and propose strategies for implementation.MethodsThe study consisted of two phases. In Phase 1, six focus groups were conducted, two per participant group: adolescents (12-18y, n = 11), parents of children (4-18y, n = 9), and pediatric physical therapists (n = 6). A qualitative survey among 46 pediatric physical therapists validated focus group results. An inductive analysis explored how and when SDM should be applied, and a deductive analysis identified barriers and facilitators by linking codes to Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) domains. In Phase 2, the research team integrated results into an existing goal-based SDM-model, and implementation strategies were selected using the CFIR-Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change tool.ResultsSDM can begin at intake and goal setting, with ongoing, individualized involvement of children and parents throughout therapy. When comparing therapy options, treatment frequency, duration, homework, expectations, and possibilities at home can be discussed. Barriers included time constraints and the challenge of balancing multiple perspectives, while facilitators were the possibility to adapt SDM conversations per family and a supportive practice culture. A goal-based SDM-model was adapted for pediatric physical therapy. Implementation strategies identified were professional training, use of SDM tools, sufficient contact with parents, time to learn SDM, a supportive team culture, and empowering parents and children.DiscussionThis study provides guidelines for implementing SDM in pediatric physical therapy in primary care. A multifaceted implementation approach, guided by this study’s implementation strategies, may enhance SDM integration into clinical practice.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Selina Limmen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dorinde L Korteling","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manon A T Bloemen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Michiel A J Luijten","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marjolijn Ketelaar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Raoul H H Engelbert","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dirk T Ubbink","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marij A Hillen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eugene A A Rameckers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hedy A van Oers","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lotte Haverman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ali Wagdy Mohamed","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":70},{"pmcid":"PMC13712443","doi":"10.1111/fcre.70085","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Multiple-baseline experiment and post-program survey","ageRange":"Children of separated parents","population":"Divorced or separated parents experiencing substantial interparental conflict; 102 completed the survey and 11 supplied repeated daily reports.","rationale":"A community program is evaluated both after completion and across repeated observations of coparenting. The two designs answer different questions about how adults manage conflict.","parentQuestion":"How could we tell whether a change in how we coordinate lasts beyond a program session?","readingPrompts":["What does the daily record add to parents' end-of-program impressions?","Did outcomes shift at the point when each participant began the intervention?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"Repeated observations strengthen the single-case component, while a post-program survey measures retrospective perceptions. Neither sample establishes average effects in all separated families.","id":"PMC13712443","title":"Preliminary evaluation of the BeH20 co-parenting program using a multiple baseline experimental design","authors":"Rebecca Hoppe; Disha Kotecha; Karey L O’Hara; Trina Nudson","journal":"Family court review","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-07-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.70085","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13712443","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13712443/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13712443-3b79b05c32530bf5.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3b79b05c32530bf55506a2d501d8e9c9aac94110b9a95749a3cfdf5ed18d43b2","sourceTextSha256":"3de274666bb2b0f3e68e5db5cb06d90f927f0a408261b94ffc0a8657272cdc5d","sourceXmlSha256":"6da0af8b0998e9db0d73163bb0e91a1a1c0d1aed7178d93b0bb321248d3f3fc1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8028cdd25d6d3518f5546a6ff750b8b21f10e47d5bdaa3ea0fa23c6e16fdf28e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":51595,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractThis study evaluated BeH20, a community-embedded co-parenting program for divorced and separated parents experiencing high interparental conflict, using two complementary designs. In Study 1, 102 parents completed a one-time post-only survey, rating perceived changes in their co-parenting quality, program components, overall satisfaction, and likelihood of recommending BeH20. Results showed a large, significant improvement in perceived co-parenting quality, strong agreement that the program offered practical communication strategies, businesslike conflict-resolution techniques, guidance on separating marital vs. co-parenting roles, and support for a child’s relationship with both parents, as well as high overall satisfaction and recommendation likelihood. In Study 2, 11 parents participated in a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental design, providing 462 daily observations of co-parenting (respect, animosity) and nonreactivity, and 519 observations of conflict tactics (constructive vs. destructive) across baseline, intervention, and follow-up. Findings revealed a significant reduction in animosity during the intervention phase. Together, these results offer preliminary evidence that BeH20 is both highly acceptable and effective at targeting a key mechanism of change—reducing animosity between co-parents—and demonstrate the feasibility of conducting rigorous, university–community evaluations of community-embedded programs. Future work should extend these partnerships to explore additional mechanisms of change and streamline data collection processes for scalable implementation.Keywords: co-parenting, divorce, high conflict parents","authorEntries":[{"name":"Rebecca Hoppe","type":"Person"},{"name":"Disha Kotecha","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karey L O’Hara","type":"Person"},{"name":"Trina Nudson","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Ffcre.70085","publisherEvidenceSha256":"4c4f65a5c963d1df650b5f9c58ac759862f76d668df4f36c92a6b9c9a3b69de7","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":71},{"pmcid":"PMC13476358","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70345","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Observational research","ageRange":"Ages one to fifty-nine months","population":"Forty young children in two hunter-gatherer populations, observed across more than 500 hours of caregiving interactions.","rationale":"Researchers directly observed care offered by mothers and other people. The comparison broadens the discussion beyond a two-parent household.","parentQuestion":"Who shares the work of comforting, watching and engaging a young child in this setting?","readingPrompts":["What activities counted as care in the observation scheme?","What did the researchers observe directly and what did they infer from a rating?","How could the setting change which contributions from children or caregivers an observer sees?"],"limitations":"The measured differences or patterns are observational. Family selection, reporting and other features of the setting can affect their interpretation.","id":"PMC13476358","title":"Reframing Mother–Child Closeness and Cooperative Caregiving: A Comparative Study of Two Hunter‐Gatherer Populations","authors":"Ayana Tanaka; Haneul Jang; Shun Hongo; Akira Takada","journal":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2026-08-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70345","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13476358","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13476358/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13476358-e86312aa9fe2f80e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e86312aa9fe2f80efd7cffb2ed5671a7a87b4ad8154946d2c5b8d8a3e8fefd20","sourceTextSha256":"b7bff223cbd672d7b54bb945ae02bf5874f29a80cec1a90bf77854e7afcc62ef","sourceXmlSha256":"5b02337bab663eb38cb423c31873f6600e060a7da12ca4c7c78a8d46472bc363","rightsEvidenceSha256":"55aafadd0e24260288a15b19ee913ce8aa9f9fd56a2e8d0fbf8c938de199eefc","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32432,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTObjectivesCaregiving during early childhood emerges from a dynamic interplay between maternal and allomaternal contributions. This study aimed to challenge polarized portrayals of hunter‐gatherer childcare as either “mother‐centered” or “cooperative” and provide empirical evidence for an integrative cross‐cultural approach.Materials and MethodsWe compared caregiving structures in two hunter‐gatherer populations positioned at contrasting ends of a continuum of child‐rearing strategies: the !Xun in southern Africa, portrayed as emphasizing mother–child closeness, and the Baka in central Africa, described as exemplifying cooperative caregiving. Over 500 h of caregiving interactions involving 40 children (1–59 months) were recorded using a standardized focal‐follow protocol with 30‐s interval coding. Rates of maternal, allomaternal, and peer‐based caregiving behaviors were analyzed using generalized additive mixed models.ResultsMaternal holding did not differ between the !Xun and the Baka, underscoring the central role of mothers during infancy. However, breastfeeding was less frequent among the !Xun than among the Baka. Allomaternal holding was less frequent among the !Xun than among the Baka. When focusing on child and adolescent allomaternal caregivers, child‐holding was more frequent among the !Xun than among the Baka during a period that included the likely !Xun weaning period. Care by young allomaternal caregivers may have played a supportive role during the earlier weaning period associated with sedentarization.DiscussionHuman caregiving systems should not be understood as either “mother‐centered” or “cooperative”. Rather, they should be understood as flexible combinations of interrelated components—including maternal, allomaternal, and peer‐based care—shaped by ecological, social, and developmental factors.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Ayana Tanaka","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haneul Jang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shun Hongo","type":"Person"},{"name":"Akira Takada","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fajpa.70345","publisherEvidenceSha256":"7496c89a84372a9280feae4b0fd1d350c596d69c00e917b56c8a5c71a2ecca7d","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":72},{"pmcid":"PMC13543404","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1877257","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"International school community","population":"A teacher's insider account from a Chinese international school.","rationale":"The researcher examines how institutional pressures shape boundaries between parents and teachers, using the experience of working within one school.","parentQuestion":"How do teachers and parents decide which issues should be negotiated together?","readingPrompts":["What is gained and what is limited by the researcher's insider position?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC13543404","title":"Boundary work in marketized parent–school relations: an insider autoethnography of teacher emotional labor in a Chinese international school","authors":"Zhang Yue; Zhang Shikun","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-08-19","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1877257","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13543404","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13543404/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13543404-368765384544fbda.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"368765384544fbda6a0c6f02fc87ff774bfcddfc9979291aae8c4ce93bb2c109","sourceTextSha256":"4f3b792fc29268d9f97d957a38ea2c38ff115bf0b69346017c5a9237d6af69bc","sourceXmlSha256":"83393ce067ee27d4f51c19b50b5f65e7932834453c7afa65d4c1564abe114cac","rightsEvidenceSha256":"cb2496c60c84cf9f02aab7222b67990e6694efc30efcaddc4fb59a129b536159","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":54605,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundThe marketization of international schools embeds teachers’ work within family choice, service commitments, expectations for educational advancement, and satisfaction-based evaluation.ObjectiveThis study examines how parent-as-client logic enters teachers’ everyday parent–school communication in a Chinese international school, how it shapes teachers’ emotional labor and perceived professional autonomy, and how teachers engage in boundary work to negotiate professional identity and occupational wellbeing.MethodsThe study adopts an analytic insider/practitioner autoethnographic approach. The data comprise systematic reflective teacher logs, synthesized critical incident narratives, teacher-generated professional materials, de-identified institutional discourse materials, and reflexive analytic memos. The analysis combined thematic analysis with theory-driven coding.ResultsParent–school relations partly shifted from an educational partnership toward a client-service logic; teachers undertook invisible emotional labor in parent–school communication; parental expectations and school service commitments exerted soft pressure on professional autonomy; teachers maintained professional judgment and psychological resources through communicative, pedagogical, evidentiary, and identity boundary work; and teachers experienced identity tensions among the roles of educator, service provider, school representative, and professional decision-maker, while reconstructing professionalism through boundary work.ConclusionThis study extends research on teacher emotional labor beyond classroom interaction to marketized parent–school relations and advances research on educational marketization by foregrounding teachers’ micro-level psychological experiences. The findings suggest that boundary work is an important mechanism through which teachers sustain professional autonomy, occupational wellbeing, and professional identity. In marketized school contexts, teacher stress emerges as a psychological process jointly produced by emotional rules, organizational relations, and negotiations of professional identity.Keywords: boundary work, Chinese international school, insider autoethnography, marketized parent–school relations, professional autonomy, teacher emotional labor","authorEntries":[{"name":"Zhang Yue","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhang Shikun","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":73},{"pmcid":"PMC13572707","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1738349","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"High school students","population":"729 adolescents from five Chinese high schools, surveyed twice over six months.","rationale":"Family conversation patterns and pressure to conform are considered alongside emotional experience over time. These are different ways of organizing a conversation at home.","parentQuestion":"Does our family invite a teenager to offer a different view?","readingPrompts":["Which parts of the proposed pathway were measured six months apart?","Were the same families observed at each time point, and how were missing observations handled?","How does the study distinguish one family member’s report from a shared account?"],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish temporal order. Baseline differences, changes outside the study and loss to follow-up can still influence associations.","id":"PMC13572707","title":"Family communication patterns and adolescent depressive symptoms: sequential mediating effects of hedonic capacity and anger expression","authors":"Feng Huang; Ning Hao; Wen-yi Xiao; Chi-son Kuan; Xin-li Chi; Chao Yan","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-08-31","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1738349","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13572707","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13572707/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13572707-2b3e7aba7b8ae2e3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"2b3e7aba7b8ae2e328fbb3a82111f185c0bec85e3ba700fba6a8495b7b31d88c","sourceTextSha256":"41573e69d9552e3beb9cba960669d20583278e67f3c872fc7302d3c29bac414e","sourceXmlSha256":"bc03dcfd34efff5c659a8cec278b06b7823caebc47728ff927e99bff15512fce","rightsEvidenceSha256":"4e2a700bf30a1521e19f545d8d4e9720b312410990a95fc3545f9ba67ad9b233","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37318,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ObjectiveDepression is increasingly prevalent among adolescents, highlighting the need to explore its underlying developmental mechanisms to inform effective prevention. This study examined how different family communication patterns longitudinally impact adolescent depressive symptoms, with a focus on the mediating roles of diminished hedonic capacity and anger expression.MethodA total of 729 Chinese adolescents from five high schools participated in this two-wave longitudinal study over a six-month period. Participants completed the Family Communication Patterns Scale (FCPS), the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), the Anhedonia Scale for Adolescents (ASA), and the Children’s Inventory of Anger (ChIA). Mediation analyses were conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro, alongside cross-lagged panel analyses to explore longitudinal effect.ResultsCross-sectional analyses indicated that diminished hedonic capacity and anger experience sequentially mediated the relationship between family communication patterns and adolescent depressive symptoms. Specifically, this mediating effect existed for conversation orientation in junior high school students and female senior high school students, as well as for conformity orientation among female junior and senior high school students. In addition, longitudinal analyses revealed that diminished hedonic capacity mediated the associations at Wave 2.ConclusionOur findings suggest that enhanced hedonic capacity and reduced anger expression may play a key role in the relationship between family communication patterns and adolescent depression, and hedonic capacity should be prioritized in practical interventions. These results support the potential value of interventions that promote positive family communication patterns as a means of mitigating adolescent depression, particularly for families with daughters.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Feng Huang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ning Hao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wen-yi Xiao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chi-son Kuan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin-li Chi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chao Yan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":74},{"pmcid":"PMC13583497","doi":"10.2196/90729","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Participatory development or co-design study","ageRange":"Childhood vaccination decisions","population":"Parents interviewed about information needs, with a prototype refined through repeated development cycles.","rationale":"This study follows how a parent-facing decision aid was developed. The design process is the evidence, distinct from whether the tool changes vaccination decisions.","parentQuestion":"Which questions would parents want a decision aid to make room for?","readingPrompts":["Which design revisions came from parents during testing?","How did participant input translate into a change in the design?","Where in the decision process could the child, the parent and the clinician express different priorities?"],"limitations":"Participation in designing a tool does not prove that using it changes decisions or outcomes. Findings depend on which stakeholders took part in development and testing.","id":"PMC13583497","title":"A Parent-Facing Decision Aid About Childhood Vaccination: Co-development Study Adapting a Shared Decision-Making Approach to Support Evidence-Guided Decision-Making","authors":"Daphne Bussink-Voorend; Lisa Vandeberg; Jeannine LA Hautvast; Glyn Elwyn; Marlies EJL Hulscher; Stephanie Law; Amy Price; Yulia Gendler","journal":"Journal of Participatory Medicine","publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","publishedDate":"2026-09-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/90729","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13583497","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13583497/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13583497-c6b0ade24314f3f4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"c6b0ade24314f3f488c1692669f30bbefcccdcfa3fe6ea70eefb67801f2d9e64","sourceTextSha256":"874f005bb82dd2854eb3e08ebdac9e9644e7f8e020001f9f5b769e4cf37e9b9f","sourceXmlSha256":"e737e41a473616c50f1179a1b2cdd7a50439bcf0298230dc09977916cb4f8cef","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b99483ad47095cb14699224c88842cbeed21984205f760e24845fedad9ef1edd","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":32558,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundChildhood vaccination rates are declining, and more parents are becoming hesitant about vaccinating their children. Higher levels of vaccine hesitancy occur among parents with lower levels of educational attainment, who are also likely to have lower levels of health literacy.ObjectiveWe aimed to develop a web-based decision aid, considered a shared decision-making (SDM) approach, to inform and support Dutch parents in their decision-making about routine childhood vaccination, prioritizing the needs of hesitant parents and those with lower health literacy. We adapted the traditional SDM approach by balancing the ethical tension between the collective responsibility for public health and individual autonomy in vaccination decisions and focused the decision aid on evidence-guided (rather than preference-sensitive) decision-making.MethodsThe development process involved content development and web application development. We adopted a user-centered approach by actively engaging stakeholders, including parents, health professionals, and other experts. Participating stakeholders were purposefully selected and engaged through different routes to include a variety of perspectives. The general concept of vaccination as an evidence-based intervention to promote health at the individual and societal levels remained central throughout the development process.ResultsWe conducted this project in the Netherlands from early 2023 through the end of 2024. We identified parental needs through interviews with 18 parents and a literature assessment. Parental needs, evidence-based information about vaccination, and how to communicate about vaccination informed the initial content of the decision aid. After feedback from the advisory group and subject matter experts, we refined the draft. At this stage, the textual content was inserted into a prototype web application. We subjected this prototype to 3 iterative cycles of testing, review, and adaptation. We analyzed and discussed the issues identified during testing and recommended adaptations to improve the design, structure, and content of the decision aid. These adaptations were subsequently discussed with the advisory group before being implemented. In response to the issues raised, we shortened the text blocks, replaced written information with visual elements, and restructured the layout to improve navigation. The final prototype consisted of the modules “Information” and “Decision Support.”ConclusionsWe co-developed a parent-facing decision aid (PDA) for childhood vaccination tailored to the needs of hesitant parents and those with lower health literacy. Through this intervention, we adapted an SDM approach to evidence-guided decision-making, creating space for individual concerns and deliberations without compromising evidence-based recommendations. Future research should focus on the timing of the intervention and the optimal window for offering the PDA in relation to the parents’ decision-making process.Keywords: routine childhood vaccination, decision-making, vaccine hesitancy, user-centered design, decision aid","authorEntries":[{"name":"Daphne Bussink-Voorend","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lisa Vandeberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeannine LA Hautvast","type":"Person"},{"name":"Glyn Elwyn","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marlies EJL Hulscher","type":"Person"},{"name":"Stephanie Law","type":"Person"},{"name":"Amy Price","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yulia Gendler","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":75},{"pmcid":"PMC13593731","doi":"10.1007/s10826-026-03356-4","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Longitudinal observational study","ageRange":"Infancy to approximately seven years","population":"314 families from a transition-to-parenthood trial, analyzed prospectively for parenting and child health measures.","rationale":"The sequence of measurements separates infant-period parenting stress, later coparenting and school-age metabolic assessments. It does not make coparenting an experimentally assigned exposure.","parentQuestion":"What can a long follow-up tell us about early family teamwork and later health?","readingPrompts":["Which variables came from caregivers, and which were measured directly in children?","Were the same families observed at each time point, and how were missing observations handled?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"Following families over time helps establish temporal order. Baseline differences, changes outside the study and loss to follow-up can still influence associations.","id":"PMC13593731","title":"Parenting Stress, Parental Self-Efficacy, and Coparenting: Prospective Associations with Child Metabolic Health","authors":"Alp Aytuglu; Jennifer E Graham-Engeland; Mark E Feinberg; Damon E Jones; Caesar Liu; Hannah M C Schreier","journal":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2026-09-08","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-026-03356-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13593731","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13593731/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13593731-8660e5d1444b44e4.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8660e5d1444b44e45926c2b0ddedbcf84c93e96850f167abf282958fa2228a41","sourceTextSha256":"a9b35bf3304b3b63aab98813a44789fb378047ba0317d535b6fdfbcb1679c491","sourceXmlSha256":"bc3000dedb216b7bcc501e090c73e6c788093ff169030d1425e51d4936d07575","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":53818,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractRising rates of childhood obesity are a serious public health concern, and the family environment plays a central role in shaping early health trajectories. Less is known, however, about how early parenting adjustment and coparenting—both of which help lay the foundation for a nurturing environment—relate to children’s metabolic health. We examined the associations between first-time fathers’ and mothers’ parenting stress and parental self-efficacy during infancy and children’s metabolic health in middle childhood, and tested whether coparenting quality in toddlerhood mediated these associations. Participants were 314 families from the [masked], a randomized controlled trial on the transition to parenthood (identifier: [masked]). Parenting stress and parental self-efficacy were assessed at 10 months, coparenting quality at 24 months, and child metabolic outcomes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference) at ~ 7 years. Greater maternal stress and lower efficacy were associated with lower mother-reported coparenting, which in turn predicted greater child HbA1c and BMI. Although paternal stress and efficacy were associated with father-reported coparenting, no significant pathways to child outcomes emerged for fathers. Findings highlight that maternal perceptions of parenting and coparenting relate to children’s metabolic health and point to the need for continued research on fathers’ roles. Programs and interventions supporting parenting adjustment among first-time parents, especially those that strengthen coparenting, may promote healthier long-term outcomes for children.Keywords: Parenting Stress, Parental Self-efficacy, Coparenting, Child Metabolic Health, Child Adiposity\n\nHighlightsFirst-time fathers’ and mothers’ parenting stress and parental self-efficacy in infancy were associated with coparenting quality in toddlerhood.Mother-reported coparenting quality in toddlerhood was associated with child HbA1c (glycated blood glucose) and body mass index (BMI) in middle childhood.Mother-reported coparenting quality in toddlerhood mediated associations between early parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, and child metabolic health in middle childhood.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alp Aytuglu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E Graham-Engeland","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mark E Feinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Damon E Jones","type":"Person"},{"name":"Caesar Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hannah M C Schreier","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10826-026-03356-4","publisherEvidenceSha256":"6eea65c9c93d8f149ec9c1ca2b20200ff773b14b00c1c04f1bc02fe52ac4bbbe","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":76},{"pmcid":"PMC13702951","doi":"10.3390/children13101329","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Measurement development or validation study","ageRange":"Pregnancy to 12 weeks postpartum","population":"First-time mothers and their partners recruited in Karachi; 120 mothers and 102 partners contributed postpartum data.","rationale":"The authors test whether a coparenting questionnaire captures related dimensions in mothers and partners in this setting. That is relevant when two adults use the same words for different experiences.","parentQuestion":"Do both caregivers mean the same thing when they describe support?","readingPrompts":["Which parts of the questionnaire were examined separately for the two groups?","Which results address validity and which address repeatability or consistency?","How might the division of care in a different household affect how the findings apply?"],"limitations":"Evidence about a measure in one population does not establish how it performs across languages and settings, or that a particular practice improves child outcomes.","id":"PMC13702951","title":"Psychometric Properties of the Coparenting Relationship Scale in Primiparous Mothers and Partners in Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"Salima Sulaiman; Aliyah Dosani; Ntonghanwah Forcheh","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-09-30","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13101329","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13702951","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13702951/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13702951-da3ca71d7fded148.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"da3ca71d7fded148d50e50ab3ef6cc2c125eb82454cf8d665dbf6436703b53ab","sourceTextSha256":"29e75cd376126a87550144a2a2176abd1891bbe9d0c71520767785b732ab68d0","sourceXmlSha256":"2ba0260f5d900cf4af48cd4da09825e979255817a387221b22e89709b7e112c1","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":49163,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Highlights What are the main findings? The CRS supported a seven-factor structure among mothers.A preliminary six-factor structure emerged for partners, combining Coparenting Closeness and Endorsement of Partner’s Parenting. What are the implications of the main findings? The CRS factor structure may require further evaluation among partners in this cultural context.The low reliability of the Division of Labor subscale highlights the need for further psychometric assessment among both mothers and partners. AbstractBackground: The coparenting relationship plays an important role in raising a child. The Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) is widely used to assess the multidimensional nature of coparenting; however, its psychometric properties have not been examined separately among mothers and partners, particularly in low- and middle-income country settings. This study evaluated the factor structure of the CRS among first-time mothers and partners in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: The full study recruited primiparous mothers and their partners during the first or second trimester from a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. The analysis utilized data from 120 mothers and 102 partners who consented to participate at 12 weeks postpartum. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed separately for mothers and partners using the WLSMV estimator. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach alpha coefficients for each CRS subscale. Results: The seven-factor model demonstrated good model fit among mothers, with latent factor correlations within the admissible range and standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.49 to 0.92. Among partners, preliminary findings indicated that a six-factor model in which Coparenting Closeness and Endorsement of Partner’s Parenting were combined provided a more appropriate representation of the data. Most CRS subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency; however, the Division of Labor subscale demonstrated low reliability among both mothers and partners. Conclusions: The findings provide preliminary evidence regarding the factor structure of the CRS among Pakistani mothers and partners.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Salima Sulaiman","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aliyah Dosani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ntonghanwah Forcheh","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":77},{"pmcid":"PMC13677551","doi":"10.3389/fdmed.2026.1926113","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Program evaluation with follow-up","ageRange":"Preschool years","population":"Preschool children and families participating in an oral-health program linking families, schools and a hospital.","rationale":"The program connects home routines with school and clinical support. Its single-arm follow-up shows how the collaboration was organized and what could be measured over time.","parentQuestion":"Which part of a shared health routine belongs at home and which needs support from school or clinicians?","readingPrompts":["What could a comparison group have shown beyond a pre–post change?","How did the outcome measure change between baseline and follow-up?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"Changes after a program can reflect ordinary development, other care or measurement effects. The comparison and duration of follow-up determine what can be attributed to participation.","id":"PMC13677551","title":"A “family-school-hospital” collaborative oral health management model for preschool children: a prospective single-arm pre-post intervention study","authors":"Yi Zhang; Yiting Li; Yi Liu; Yuan Zhou; Wei Yin; Liwei Zheng","journal":"Frontiers in Dental Medicine","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-10-05","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2026.1926113","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677551","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13677551/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13677551-e985b56fd12754d1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e985b56fd12754d187818bdc20ff5b80b208969f75ef8c23eaaff6b87edfdf6e","sourceTextSha256":"24159afa715b892a7a0942191b344aee691295a4359422c51d943eea08fc650a","sourceXmlSha256":"f214ad0baf0ed8d323d2d97ba9e037a1c8df5ab8381d7b21af434552a3eeb88e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"cd3afdba9a915c5e8b4bea11b78f5f40089fdaf118c1330965ff9d37e7b68495","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39162,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) remains a global public health challenge, yet preschool children lack autonomy in health management and depend heavily on family and school environments. Population-based oral health management models have proven effective in other fields but are rarely implemented in Chinese preschool settings. This study aimed to establish and evaluate a “family-school-hospital” collaborative oral health management model for preschool children in Chengdu, China.MethodsThe oral health management model for preschool children was established through population screening, baseline surveys, personalized oral health guidance, provision of diagnostic and treatment pathways, and the use of health behavior formation tools. The preliminary effects of promoting active health behavior formation were observed through oral health follow-up examinations and oral health-related questionnaire surveys conducted at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups.ResultsAfter establishing the oral health management model for preschool children, a total of 421 children completed the six-month follow-up, with a loss to follow-up rate of 11.4%. The increase in the number of teeth restored, the decrease in plaque index, the increase in the number of children participating in fluoride application or pit and fissure sealing, the improvement in the number of children using fluoride toothpaste, the improvement in oral health-related quality of life scores, and the improvement in parental knowledge and attitude were all statistically significant.ConclusionThis collaborative model was associated with improved parental knowledge and attitudes, enhanced children's oral hygiene and restorative care, and better oral health-related quality of life. It offers a reference framework for preschool oral health management. Future randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up are warranted to confirm its preventive efficacy.Keywords: cooperative behavior, early childhood caries, health education, oral health, preschool","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yi Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yiting Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yi Liu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuan Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wei Yin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liwei Zheng","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":78},{"pmcid":"PMC13701697","doi":"10.3390/bs16101830","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Cross-sectional survey","ageRange":"Ages ten to fourteen","population":"465 Greek students and 51 teachers from 26 schools, including students with special educational needs.","rationale":"The authors model parent–teacher relationships alongside emotional reactivity and students' depressive symptoms. Relationship data sit alongside, rather than substitute for, student experience.","parentQuestion":"What can a home–school relationship contribute to a conversation about how a student is doing?","readingPrompts":["How did the researchers identify students with special educational needs?","Which measures came from the same participant, and which had an independent source?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"A cross-sectional account measures variables in the same period. It cannot establish which came first; participants reporting more than one measure may also introduce shared reporting bias.","id":"PMC13701697","title":"Differential Pathways to Depressive Symptoms in Students With and Without Special Educational Needs: The Role of Emotional Reactivity and Parent–Teacher Relationships","authors":"Andriani A. Papadaki; Antonios I. Christou; Elias Kourkoutas; Ariadni Argatzopoulou","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-10-07","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16101830","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701697","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13701697/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13701697-28ccc6c4c7c75aaa.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"28ccc6c4c7c75aaad77a168d102894e4ad567cf6fe154319fe631e85f7984b82","sourceTextSha256":"af2109133cab2730e3f4aaf88877c68b4815b4fc1ed3f44b56680130170d367e","sourceXmlSha256":"f7e5e35e3ae703db48755c0cf1ad24a6dbf43e40ee4a4b13dfe97f1005ca0a02","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":58035,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Social and emotional competence (SEC) is a core target of school-based social and emotional learning (SEL), yet learner variability may alter how relational experiences and emotion-regulation difficulties are associated with mental-health outcomes. Depressive symptoms were treated as clinically meaningful indicators of psychological distress and, within an SEL-oriented framework, as downstream correlates of difficulties in emotional self-management; they were not treated as interchangeable with low SEC. Participants were 465 Greek students aged 10–14 years (160 in the combined SEN group—94 with documented status and 66 identified by teacher screening—and 305 without SEN) and 51 teachers from 26 schools. Students completed measures of emotional reactivity, perceived parental and teacher acceptance–rejection, and depressive symptoms. Cluster-adjusted path models, bootstrap tests of indirect effects, covariate-adjusted sensitivity analyses, and formal multigroup equality constraints were used. In students without SEN, paternal rejection showed a direct association with depressive symptoms (β = 0.15), whereas maternal rejection showed indirect associations through Recovery (standardized β = 0.011) and Impairment (standardized β = 0.022). In the combined SEN group, teacher rejection (β = 0.18) and emotional impairment (β = 0.38) were directly associated with depressive symptoms, and paternal rejection showed indirect statistical associations through emotional reactivity. In an analysis restricted to the 94 students with documented SEN, the teacher-rejection and Impairment associations persisted, whereas the paternal rejection–Recovery estimate was similar but less statistically certain. Formal multigroup tests supported differences only for maternal rejection—Recovery, maternal rejection—Impairment, and teacher rejection—depressive symptoms; other between-group contrasts were descriptive or inconclusive. The findings illustrate how relational and regulatory correlates may vary across heterogeneous learner groups, without establishing causal or temporal mechanisms. The teacher-rejection finding warrants further study in students with documented SEN, while the paternal pathways require particular caution because the Recovery association was less statistically certain in the smaller documented-only analysis.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Andriani A. Papadaki","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antonios I. Christou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elias Kourkoutas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ariadni Argatzopoulou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":79},{"pmcid":"PMC13701809","doi":"10.3390/bs16101871","element":"collaboration","evidenceType":"Qualitative study","ageRange":"School-age students","population":"Thirteen educators working in Arab education in Israel.","rationale":"The interviews focus on how educators interpret what families know about a student's difficulties and use that knowledge in decisions.","parentQuestion":"How is information from home interpreted when a school develops a plan?","readingPrompts":["Which perspectives would direct interviews with students and families add?","How did the researchers move from individual accounts to their interpretation?","Where do children, families and educators each have a voice in the evidence?"],"limitations":"The accounts document experiences in the circumstances studied. They cannot establish how common an experience is in the wider population or measure an intervention effect.","id":"PMC13701809","title":"Family–School Partnership as Interpretive Practice: Educator Accounts of Attribution, Communication, and Decision-Making in Arab Education in Israel","authors":"Sawsan Awwad-Tabry","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-10-10","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16101871","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701809","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13701809/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13701809-37f4d6fd21e5650a.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"37f4d6fd21e5650ae068e8b5328f100ced6d3393bb6614e364834c32285a34de","sourceTextSha256":"600888f011ee1270f9289d3ac3b8a1605b65d83ab2aee8299d2b05a0c9efe14c","sourceXmlSha256":"29fc76dfd6ed279027133b0ac7a1572dad733b9913680b14b7ba6967aa688117","rightsEvidenceSha256":"b7d47bdfa2486d76aff4b44abc6962e5659205d0f33daf4031815d66fa23658d","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Collaboration"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":55250,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Family–school partnership is often discussed in relation to student support, yet adult interviews primarily illuminate how educators interpret family knowledge and organize professional action. This interpretivist qualitative study examined how 13 educators in Arab education in Israel constructed partnership when interpreting students’ learning, emotional, social, or behavioral difficulties. The educator interviews were analyzed using topic-focused reflexive thematic analysis. Four unmatched mother interviews, collected to explore school communication, transparency, and decision inclusion, received a separate, bounded contextual reading; they neither generated themes nor triangulated educator accounts. Three educator-derived themes concerned changing the terms of engagement before crisis, treating family knowledge as capable of revising professional attributions and informing response, and attributing participation- and belonging-related meanings to coordinated adult support. A descriptive cross-case display showed how reattribution-and-response accounts were distributed across the educator interviews, including partial, ambiguous, and negative cases; these counts describe this dataset rather than estimate prevalence. The mother accounts complicated school-centered constructions by describing contact that could remain delayed, one-directional, or without influence over decisions. The findings support an adult-centered account of contact, epistemic authority, communicative accessibility, and decision inclusion; they do not demonstrate a causal pathway or student outcomes.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Sawsan Awwad-Tabry","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":80},{"pmcid":"PMC12222833","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06846-5","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"3–10 years","population":"2,341 children participating in the ELISA longitudinal project","rationale":"The focus here is the interplay of family warmth and children’s emotional regulation over time.","parentQuestion":"What changes in my response when a child’s feelings become intense?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate the interplay of family warmth and children’s emotional regulation over time?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","Were warmth and emotion regulation tracked across all ages or compared between different-aged groups?"],"limitations":"The ELISA cohort spans ages three to ten. Interpret each association in light of when that child and parent were assessed.","id":"PMC12222833","title":"Unraveling the dynamics of emotional regulation and parental warmth across early childhood: prediction of later behavioral problems","authors":"Aimé Isdahl-Troye; Paula Villar; María Álvarez-Voces; Estrella Romero","journal":"Scientific Reports","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publishedDate":"2025-07-02","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06846-5","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12222833","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12222833/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12222833-a125089a44d464ae.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"a125089a44d464aeb28513f9fdff2b435343e8564eeb7ceeee0dc5463ff209f6","sourceTextSha256":"52519cb00aa7b91baa16b7805b808d74ad1f0920275727efa4a5bdecd5ada36d","sourceXmlSha256":"b20b393d7ba72f1bc4b91e0f1c935d68ec84b4e62495b32b243d33a1f7b6f5c2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7ad9c8bf440c676f9f1576891434b48107d2d6edb5a514f92209c78a2aea5693","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":45363,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"The impact of behavioral problems on children’s psychosocial health underscores the importance of identifying early predictors. Research in developmental psychopathology highlights emotion regulation (ER) and parenting as critical processes for fostering childhood adjustment, though their transactional dynamics remain underexplored. This study examines the bidirectional relationship between child ER and parental warmth during early childhood and investigates how their interconnected development predicts behavioral problems by school age. The sample, drawn from the longitudinal ELISA project, comprised 2,341 children (48.2% girls; ages 3–10). A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) was employed to distinguish individual-level differences from within-person changes, providing a more nuanced perspective. Results indicated stable individual differences in ER and parental warmth over time, even accounting for sociodemographic and temperamental factors. At the within-person level, bidirectional relations emerged: children’s emotional competencies influenced parental warmth, while parental warmth fostered children’s emotional skills. These reciprocal cycles predicted later behavioral outcomes. Specifically, carry-over changes in ER significantly predicted both conduct and emotional problems, whereas carry-over changes in parental warmth predicted only emotional problems. Findings are discussed in terms of the relevance of the interplay between ER and warmth in preventing internalizing and externalizing behaviors during childhood.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-06846-5.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Aimé Isdahl-Troye","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paula Villar","type":"Person"},{"name":"María Álvarez-Voces","type":"Person"},{"name":"Estrella Romero","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":81},{"pmcid":"PMC12520845","doi":"10.1002/pchj.70040","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"College-age youth and parents","population":"1,058 parent-youth pairs recruited through one college","rationale":"The focus here is how difficulties identifying feelings relate to empathy across generations.","parentQuestion":"Which feelings do we find easiest to name when we talk together?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate how difficulties identifying feelings relate to empathy across generations?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Can parent and young adult each report on how well they identify emotions without sharing the same reporting bias?"],"limitations":"The parent-youth pairs were recruited through one college. Their accounts may differ from those of younger adolescents or youth who do not attend college.","id":"PMC12520845","title":"Alexithymia and Empathy in Parent‐Youth Dyads: An Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model Analysis","authors":"Jia‐yi Zhou; Gui‐xiang Tian; Hai‐yue Li; Zi‐yu Wen; Ming‐yu Hu; Tong Yang; Neng‐zhi Jiang; Yi Wang; Yan‐yu Wang","journal":"PsyCh Journal","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-07-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.70040","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12520845","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12520845/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12520845-e49a559a0578aed3.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e49a559a0578aed3e0fd2aa53b809cdc61de72e929870dfc26736e7b3ec4f5b2","sourceTextSha256":"4f3a03b24ba4696fd222d60d3f2b8c79d6e9b62505fdcc4e0de3ae62096adad9","sourceXmlSha256":"2b6c5817b506673e2c7634675c3b5e84fb8cfdbbfcd8c416f9e216caaedf1517","rightsEvidenceSha256":"e3b45086bd050345a6ee589f043fe3e70e079fc1a5f933de7eab5e5ba058fe48","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":24300,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"ABSTRACTParent–child interaction plays a key role in the development and maintenance of individual social emotional ability. Although studies have found that parents' alexithymia affects their offspring's social–emotional abilities, it is unclear how parents' and children's alexithymia affect each other and their empathic abilities. This study examined the relationship between college students' and their parents' alexithymia and empathy, focusing on both actor effects (individual‐level associations) and partner effects (dyadic‐level associations). A total of 1058 parent‐youth dyads from a single college participated in the study, completing self‐report measures of alexithymia and empathy. Using an actor‐partner interdependence model analysis, the results revealed significant actor effects of alexithymia on cognitive empathy across all parent‐youth dyads, though no such effects were found for affective empathy. Additionally, significant partner effects were observed, with sons' alexithymia linked to their fathers' cognitive empathy and mothers' affective empathy. These findings emphasize the complex dynamics of social‐affective abilities within parent‐youth relationships among college students and provide important implications for future research, intervention, and prevention efforts.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jia‐yi Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gui‐xiang Tian","type":"Person"},{"name":"Hai‐yue Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zi‐yu Wen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ming‐yu Hu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tong Yang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Neng‐zhi Jiang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yi Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yan‐yu Wang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":82},{"pmcid":"PMC12345738","doi":"10.3390/healthcare13151889","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Children under 3 years","population":"514 Israeli mothers with children under three years of age","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine maternal self-care and self-compassion alongside different sources of support.","parentQuestion":"What could make it easier to accept help during the early years?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate maternal self-care and self-compassion alongside different sources of support?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the study distinguish time for self-care from access to practical or social support?"],"limitations":"The online sample comprised Israeli mothers of children under three. The demands of this age and context can shape responses.","id":"PMC12345738","title":"The Pivotal Role of Social Support, Self-Compassion and Self-Care in Predicting Physical and Mental Health Among Mothers of Young Children","authors":"Shiran Bord; Liron Inchi; Yuval Paldi; Ravit Baruch; Miriam Schwartz Shpiro; Shani Ronen; Limor Eizenberg; Ilana Gens; Maya Yaari; Manoj Sharma","journal":"Healthcare","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-08-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151889","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12345738","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12345738/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12345738-fb005da16eaada79.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"fb005da16eaada797909bff31676d5c961a890e44f67d0c3fb12b89fea831f83","sourceTextSha256":"02f9a3ec49b2fc28639281ef11daf4cdd16ba461adde9965fe3dcf34ece7072c","sourceXmlSha256":"5e7b285e62a55aad32412506d9a64a5745f4c2f0d999b442e9567d9641457d88","rightsEvidenceSha256":"39dd24c36b4c4c757085920ecd5e14caf5a0ff437b8ee8ae481291feaec96c2e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":31641,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackground: Mothers’ health significantly affects their well-being and that of their families. The early years of motherhood can be tough and impact mental health. This study examined the associations between mothers’ self-compassion, social support, and self-care behaviors and their physical and mental well-being. Methods: In August 2023, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 514 Israeli mothers with children under three. Mothers’ physical and mental health was assessed using SF12. Self-compassion was measured by the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Social support was evaluated through the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and self-care was assessed via the Pittsburgh Enjoyable Activities Test (PEAT). Results: Respondents’ average age was 31.5 years. Their self-reported physical health was relatively high, with a mean of 78.36 (SD = 21) on a 0–100 scale (n = 442). Mental health scores were lower, with a mean of 65.88 (SD = 20.28, n = 401). Perceived physical health was higher among Jewish mothers, younger mothers, and those with higher income levels. Additionally, greater social support and self-compassion correlated with better perceived physical health (Adj R2 = 0.11, p < 0.001). For mental health, higher scores were observed among Jewish mothers, younger mothers, and full-time employed mothers. Furthermore, higher social support, self-compassion, and self-care practices were associated with improved perceptions of mental health (Adj R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Promoting the well-being of mothers is crucial for their health, their children’s well-being, and the family unit. Health professionals working with mothers of young children should emphasize and help promote social support, self-compassion, and self-care activities.Keywords: well-being, social support, self-compassion, self-care, motherhood, health promotion","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shiran Bord","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liron Inchi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yuval Paldi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ravit Baruch","type":"Person"},{"name":"Miriam Schwartz Shpiro","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shani Ronen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Limor Eizenberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ilana Gens","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maya Yaari","type":"Person"},{"name":"Manoj Sharma","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":83},{"pmcid":"PMC12699114","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70020","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Age 10 through adolescence","population":"Families in the British Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine differences in maternal warmth and negativity experienced by twins.","parentQuestion":"How might two siblings experience the same household differently?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate differences in maternal warmth and negativity experienced by twins?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","What influences are better controlled by comparing identical twins and what influences still differ between them?"],"limitations":"Within-twin comparisons address some shared family and genetic influences, while experiences specific to one twin can still shape the findings.","id":"PMC12699114","title":"Maternal expressions of warmth and negativity and adolescent mental health: using longitudinal monozygotic twin‐difference analyses to approach causal inference","authors":"Alice Wickersham; Avshalom Caspi; Louise Arseneault; Terrie E. Moffitt; Johnny Downs; Antony Ambler; Rachel M. Latham; Nicholas Cummins; Zoë Firth; Jasmin Wertz; Helen L. Fisher","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-08-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70020","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12699114","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12699114/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12699114-4029a633940f7413.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4029a633940f7413198c3555f0d500e0f3dd71beea9ba2e7c4493c8152257ffa","sourceTextSha256":"d752fe7585ba34e93cf9c651daadbb35a7a8749221642a4c21c70e1f8a378164","sourceXmlSha256":"20e1e1b2fad3eb5ab3a65da539383259f0067d7610df96f54f0afcad8c8cc5c4","rightsEvidenceSha256":"08d03fc09924960e09edaf4b85bc4a433c9816fe8822dfc04f5ce6fd44e97f0a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37622,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"BackgroundEmotions that mothers express about their offspring are associated with offspring mental health during childhood, but little research has explored whether this extends into adolescence. We investigated associations between maternal warmth and negativity towards twin offspring at age 10, and subsequent mental health outcomes in early and late adolescence.MethodsThe Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study is a population‐based cohort of 2,232 same‐sex twins born in 1994–1995 across England and Wales. Maternal warmth and negativity were assessed from Five‐Minute Speech Samples obtained when twins were aged 10. Continuous mental health outcomes were assessed in interviews with twins at ages 12 (depression, anxiety, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) and 18 (general psychopathology, internalising, externalising and thought disorder). Linear regressions were conducted on 1906 participants with available data and adjusted for sex, family socioeconomic status, and age‐5 emotional and behavioural problems. We then conducted a monozygotic twin‐difference analysis to control for unmeasured shared environmental and genetic factors.ResultsLower maternal warmth and higher maternal negativity were associated with worse mental health outcomes at ages 12 and 18. For example, when comparing differences in mothers' expressed emotions and mental health outcomes within monozygotic twin pairs, higher negativity remained associated with externalising symptoms (b = 1.77, 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.86, β = .14) and poorer general psychopathology (b = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.63 to 3.01, β = .13), and lower warmth with externalising symptoms (b = −1.96, 95% CI = −3.54 to −0.37, β = −.11). These associations remained after adjusting for twin‐differences in age‐5 emotional and behavioural problems and birth weight. Null findings were more frequently observed for maternal warmth and internalising outcomes.ConclusionsUsing a genetically sensitive design to approach causal inference, we found evidence for associations between maternal warmth/negativity and adolescent mental health outcomes. Maternal expressed emotion ratings might provide an early opportunity to identify families who would benefit from interventions and mental health disorder prevention programmes.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Alice Wickersham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Avshalom Caspi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Louise Arseneault","type":"Person"},{"name":"Terrie E. Moffitt","type":"Person"},{"name":"Johnny Downs","type":"Person"},{"name":"Antony Ambler","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rachel M. Latham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicholas Cummins","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zoë Firth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jasmin Wertz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Helen L. Fisher","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjcpp.70020","publisherEvidenceSha256":"159a37ad690c24f314312916e957fd41ed6070f3ab97a97084ea5cf7b55a754b","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":84},{"pmcid":"PMC12390817","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1595515","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"12–18 years","population":"348 parent-adolescent pairs in a family distress study","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine family climate and a teenager’s self-compassion in research on distress across generations.","parentQuestion":"How do family members make room for one another on stressful days?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate family climate and a teenager’s self-compassion in research on distress across generations?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Were family climate, distress and self-compassion measured at different times or by different reporters?"],"limitations":"Parent-teen reports of family distress can be interdependent. An intergenerational association does not identify the direction of transmission.","id":"PMC12390817","title":"Parent-adolescent intergenerational transmission of distress: the roles of family climate, adolescents’ self-compassion and mindfulness","authors":"Shuying Zhou; Chi Kin Kwan; Yueyue Ai; Ying Ma","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2025-08-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1595515","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12390817","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY (version not stated)","licenseUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12390817/#copyrightAndLicense","licenseVersionKnown":false,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12390817/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12390817-444565140ef1c642.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"444565140ef1c6420a913290e452752aa6f0fc908bf859d79c9e7a04b2a6487b","sourceTextSha256":"b98962422559370053c6041ab58f4b11d73f76e975ca8397cf09230bb4f84e7e","sourceXmlSha256":"bd6a977aaf8e387be2ec87909387326b75ec645ebb3608ebee44d3e28e1b5f94","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ba92a1f7c26ca136f6793ae329dcf6766f700c859c8255b2bcc43c4f0382296c","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":39329,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundExisting research indicates that parental psychological distress correlates with adverse psychological outcomes in adolescents. Nevertheless, limited studies have delved into the mechanisms underpinning this relationship.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine whether the link between parental psychological distress and adolescent psychological distress is mediated by the family emotional climate, as well as adolescents’ mindfulness and self-compassion.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 348 parent-adolescent dyads. Adolescents (57.5% female) had a mean age of 14.21 years (SD = 1.74, age range: 12–18 years). Parents reported their psychological distress, while adolescents completed measures of family emotional climate, mindfulness, self-compassion, and psychological distress.ResultsThe results indicated that parents’ psychological distress was indirectly linked to adolescents’ psychological distress via the family emotional climate, adolescent mindfulness, and self-compassion. Furthermore, the path models were found to be invariant across different age stages and sexes of adolescents.ConclusionMindfulness and self-compassion appear to develop within a family emotional environment marked by care and harmony. These two personal resources, in conjunction with parents’ psychological distress, are associated with adolescents’ psychological distress.Keywords: psychological distress, family emotional climate, mindfulness, self-compassion, adolescence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Shuying Zhou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Chi Kin Kwan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yueyue Ai","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ying Ma","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":85},{"pmcid":"PMC12650983","doi":"10.3390/children12111456","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Mixed-methods study","ageRange":"Parents of children","population":"Greek parents of children with language and speech disorders, including 150 survey respondents","rationale":"This article addresses compassion toward oneself in families navigating speech and language needs.","parentQuestion":"What do parents say they need when progress feels slow?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate compassion toward oneself in families navigating speech and language needs?","Where do the qualitative accounts support, qualify or add to the quantitative results?","What did the Greek parents’ qualitative accounts explain that the questionnaire scores could not?"],"limitations":"Interview themes and distress scores capture different kinds of information and do not estimate the effect of a treatment.","id":"PMC12650983","title":"Parental Self-Compassion and Psychological Distress in Families of Children with Language and Speech Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study in the Greek Context","authors":"Eirini Karakasidou; Anna Papadimitriou; Lida Triantafyllou","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2025-10-26","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111456","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12650983","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12650983/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12650983-9568be0474fc3bcb.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"9568be0474fc3bcb8284d8deea7c23abc0d6f169b1c53333d0a7c2a75efc6d12","sourceTextSha256":"a149efdd3ffab32304dbb2b8f7a0f35e89be47df3aa1956442ef495b8cfb38fa","sourceXmlSha256":"39e43eedeea264e8aa7e9b3c98fb2a9c176e8dfa557c5cae55305e5f0712de29","rightsEvidenceSha256":"9021ef8ca2d700e8cde1efb97167b51782a0616b463e2c5722d5bbca424eaff5","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":46817,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Background/Objectives: Parents of children with language and speech disorders frequently face elevated psychological distress, which may hinder their caregiving capacity and overall well-being. In the Greek context, where research in this area remains limited, this study aimed to explore the relationship between parental self-compassion and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) among families of children diagnosed with such disorders. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 150 parents (aged 27–55) using the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Additionally, qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews to gain deeper insight into parents’ emotional experiences, coping strategies, and support needs. Results: Quantitative analyses demonstrated a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The qualitative findings revealed themes of emotional burden, adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms, and the need for structured emotional support systems. Conclusions: The findings underscore the protective role of self-compassion in mitigating psychological distress among parents of children with communication disorders. Integrating self-compassion training and emotional support into family-centered intervention programs may enhance both parental well-being and child developmental outcomes.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Eirini Karakasidou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Anna Papadimitriou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lida Triantafyllou","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":86},{"pmcid":"PMC12576307","doi":"10.1111/jora.70093","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Longitudinal study","ageRange":"Late childhood to adolescence","population":"1,219 parent-adolescent pairs across 12 cultural groups in nine countries","rationale":"This article addresses cultural variation in parents’ and children’s accounts of family warmth.","parentQuestion":"How does my child recognize care in the ways our family expresses it?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate cultural variation in parents’ and children’s accounts of family warmth?","Was the proposed family influence measured before the outcome, and who remained at follow-up?","Did agreement about warmth play the same role at all three ages and across the 12 cultural groups?"],"limitations":"The meaning of a warmth rating can vary across cultural groups and raters. A five-year pattern cannot fix that meaning for each family.","id":"PMC12576307","title":"Parent–adolescent discrepancies in perceptions of parental warmth: Cross‐cultural differences and longitudinal associations with internalizing symptoms","authors":"Concetta Esposito; Maria Concetta Miranda; W Andrew Rothenberg; Ann T Skinner; Jennifer E Lansford; Sevtap Gurdal; Daranee Junla; Paul Oburu; Concetta Pastorelli; Emma Sorbring; Laurence Steinberg; Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado; Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong; Liane P Alampay; Suha M Al‐Hassan; Marc H Bornstein; Lei Chang; Kirby Deater‐Deckard; Laura Di Giunta; Kenneth A Dodge; Dario Bacchini","journal":"Journal of Research on Adolescence","publisher":"Wiley","publishedDate":"2025-12-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.70093","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12576307","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12576307/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12576307-62b5793872ea7cd6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"62b5793872ea7cd67daa79fb853efb9081d9f8af8a350f945d74372f1bbf66a4","sourceTextSha256":"bef3264eba76c413dc9185ecba48837e33396c5a5e02f86aff2ca81b6aabca36","sourceXmlSha256":"4e3daa81f27f4ad91774049d75bdcdbe4e141a474a8c940b61635e730f1b4d0a","rightsEvidenceSha256":"38b6bb5cd14dcf8babcf0d5ac193b3229a342dd75e89fe60b915912472070fd4","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":94074,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractResearch suggests that adolescents often perceive parental behaviors—such as expressions of warmth and affection—differently than their parents do. These parent–adolescent discrepancies offer meaningful insight into family functioning during adolescence and adolescent mental health, though existing findings remain mixed. Grounded in interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory (IPARTheory), this study investigates longitudinal, bidirectional associations between parent–adolescent discrepancies in perceived parental warmth and adolescent internalizing symptoms. The sample included 1219 parent–adolescent dyads (both mothers and fathers) from 12 cultural groups across 9countries, followed across three time points spanning 5 years, with children's mean age being 10.72 years (SD = 0.67) at Wave 1, 13.19 years (SD = 0.90) at Wave 2, and 15.60 years (SD = 0.94) at Wave 3. The results of latent congruence models showed that mothers reported higher warmth than adolescents, whereas no significant discrepancies emerged between fathers and adolescents. The cross‐sectional analyses indicated that a higher parent–adolescent discrepancy in parental warmth perceptions was linked to increased internalizing symptoms in adolescents and lower overall warmth perceived by parents and adolescents in the dyad. However, over the long term, marginal effects were observed only between greater internalizing symptoms in adolescents and lower overall warmth experienced, and vice versa. Additionally, some cross‐cultural differences in the discrepancies between parents and adolescents were identified. These findings highlight the importance of congruence between parents' and adolescents' perceptions of parental warmth, which may play a critical role in reducing adolescent internalizing symptoms, at least in the short term. Future research should deepen these dynamics across different cultures and developmental stages to improve intervention strategies and strengthen family‐based mental health support.Keywords: cross‐cultural, internalizing symptoms, parent–adolescent discrepancy, parental warmth","authorEntries":[{"name":"Concetta Esposito","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maria Concetta Miranda","type":"Person"},{"name":"W Andrew Rothenberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ann T Skinner","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jennifer E Lansford","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sevtap Gurdal","type":"Person"},{"name":"Daranee Junla","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul Oburu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Concetta Pastorelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Emma Sorbring","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laurence Steinberg","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado","type":"Person"},{"name":"Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong","type":"Person"},{"name":"Liane P Alampay","type":"Person"},{"name":"Suha M Al‐Hassan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Marc H Bornstein","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Chang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kirby Deater‐Deckard","type":"Person"},{"name":"Laura Di Giunta","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kenneth A Dodge","type":"Person"},{"name":"Dario Bacchini","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111%2Fjora.70093","publisherEvidenceSha256":"cdaeed713e384970023d68aeb6fe03ebc358897491322411ec45a5f0d2358203","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":87},{"pmcid":"PMC13076425","doi":"10.1007/s10964-025-02300-x","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Repeated-measures diary study","ageRange":"Early adolescence","population":"Chinese adolescents completing a 25-day diary study of parenting and feelings","rationale":"This article addresses day-to-day parenting experiences and a young person’s self-compassion.","parentQuestion":"When I make a mistake, what kind of self-talk does my child hear?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate day-to-day parenting experiences and a young person’s self-compassion?","Do the analyses distinguish changes within one family from differences between families?","Did the estimated association describe a more supportive day for one teenager or generally more supportive families?"],"limitations":"A 25-day diary captures a limited period; concurrent mood may influence teenagers’ ratings of parenting and self-compassion.","id":"PMC13076425","title":"Unraveling Daily Linkages between Parenting Behaviors and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms in Chinese Families: The Mediating Role of Adolescent Self-Compassion","authors":"Han Chen; Kaiwen Bi; Paul S F Yip; Eddie S K Chong","journal":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publishedDate":"2025-12-06","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02300-x","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13076425","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13076425/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13076425-e644a333a311b487.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"e644a333a311b487382a94298bbff9768097725045d39b00b2c6955457509c40","sourceTextSha256":"6299a30a5bd9f8e8ccd3ea8689ad262ecbc9d0eb259df0bc9c4b633c5cbcce12","sourceXmlSha256":"2c9b505cd4960a35f1fdcf5041b90020cadc86af53e7583f235a25cac0df033d","rightsEvidenceSha256":"13de48f19bdab183fdcf63a9c36e74784f1797faf0f4e1ce729b4e0efc6fcdcf","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":52718,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractParenting behaviors fluctuate within families in daily life, contributing to variations in adolescent psychological adjustment outcomes. While adolescent self-compassion may help explain this link, emerging studies have primarily focused on stable differences between families and examined self-compassion as a mediator at the between-family level. How these mediating processes operate within families, however, remains unknown. To address this gap, this 25-day daily diary study examined within-family level mediation effects of self-compassion on the links between supportive and negative controlling parenting behaviors and adolescent internalizing symptoms. The sample included adolescents (Mage = 10.85, SD = 0.54; 48.59% boys) and their parents from 155 Chinese families. Positive (self-warmth) and negative (self-coldness) facets of self-compassion were examined as separate constructs. Concurrent mediation results (same-day) generally revealed that adolescents endorsed greater self-warmth on days when they perceived more supportive parenting behaviors, which in turn predicted lower internalizing symptoms. Daily negative controlling parenting behaviors were associated to heightened internalizing symptoms through higher self-coldness on a given day. Lagged indirect effects (next-day) yielded different findings: daily adolescent-perceived supportive parenting behaviors prospectively predicted higher internalizing symptoms two days later via higher next-day self-coldness. Findings highlight the dynamic parenting processes and demonstrate that daily changes in parenting behaviors contribute to adolescent internalizing symptoms via daily shifts in self-compassion.Keywords: Parenting, Self-compassion, Internalizing symptoms, Adolescent, Daily diary study, Dynamic structural equation modeling","authorEntries":[{"name":"Han Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Kaiwen Bi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Paul S F Yip","type":"Person"},{"name":"Eddie S K Chong","type":"Person"}],"publisherEvidenceUrl":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs10964-025-02300-x","publisherEvidenceSha256":"60b50754c9a06437a9217fece29934955696a656371c77ddac0c4194c0c00cd8","volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":88},{"pmcid":"PMC12837674","doi":"10.3390/bs16010155","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Early childhood","population":"869 parents responding to an online questionnaire about young children","rationale":"This article addresses connections between parenting style, emotional intelligence and helping behavior.","parentQuestion":"How do we help a child recognize a feeling before deciding how to help?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate connections between parenting style, emotional intelligence and helping behavior?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did parents describe emotional intelligence separately from prosocial conduct?"],"limitations":"The online survey relied on parents’ ratings of multiple constructs, so associations can reflect shared perceptions.","id":"PMC12837674","title":"The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Children’s Emotional Intelligence","authors":"Siqi Zhang; Ping Wang; Weichen Wang; Heng Su; Xianbing Zhang; Wan Ding","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-01-22","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010155","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12837674","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12837674/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12837674-7ad49673790fa7f1.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"7ad49673790fa7f17262c692d72e56fcba95bc7e9db17e9c1902cfede7e59c27","sourceTextSha256":"e2b5f6be78b1a0190dfd42670398fc73ab4a65a0bf8ed3d186be254058c7bc36","sourceXmlSha256":"d4f0270d677c6d106c741d5a09ec218462ca454344a0733247e100449409a452","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41990,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractProsocial behavior is an important manifestation of socialization in young children. As the primary setting for socialization of young children, the family bears the significant responsibility of fostering prosocial behavior in young children. Drawing on family systems theory and Goleman’s emotional intelligence theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and children’s prosocial behavior and the mediating role of children’s emotional intelligence in it. In this study, an online questionnaire was distributed to 869 young children’s parents using the Parenting Style Questionnaire, Children’s Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire, and Children’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. The results indicated that democratic parenting style positively influenced children’s prosocial behavior, while indulgent parenting style, permissive parenting style and inconsistent parenting style negatively impacted it. Authoritarian parenting style had no significant effect on children’s prosocial behavior. Children’s emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between parenting styles and prosocial behavior. This study explored factors influencing children’s prosocial behavior from both external family systems and internal individual perspectives and revealed their underlying mechanisms, providing theoretical support for research and educational practice on children’s prosocial behavior.Keywords: parenting styles, prosocial behavior, emotional intelligence","authorEntries":[{"name":"Siqi Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ping Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weichen Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Heng Su","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xianbing Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Wan Ding","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":89},{"pmcid":"PMC12939249","doi":"10.3390/ejihpe16020020","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Parents of autistic children","population":"600 caregivers of autistic children recruited through special-education institutes in Lahore","rationale":"The authors examine siblings’ prosocial behavior in research on family caregiving and emotional regulation.","parentQuestion":"How do we recognize a sibling’s kindness without making them responsible for care?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate siblings’ prosocial behavior in research on family caregiving and emotional regulation?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Were sibling actions directly observed or inferred from the participating caregiver’s account?"],"limitations":"The purposive sample came from special-education institutes in Lahore and consisted overwhelmingly of mothers. Findings need context when applied elsewhere.","id":"PMC12939249","title":"Parenting Practices and Emotional Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mediated Moderation Model of Sibling Prosocial Behavior and Gender","authors":"Muhammad Imran; Umaira Iftikhar; Arooj Arshad; Komal Hassan; Norah Almusharraf; Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","journal":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-02-03","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16020020","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12939249","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12939249/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12939249-6f32632a9cf721f6.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"6f32632a9cf721f6c2125321087ade4fca7251cba67c8ab69d1ea061516ce3af","sourceTextSha256":"8b9df43ad3d6499f4af9ac0567b717070cecac79d4f570c9ad078b0cde265e89","sourceXmlSha256":"a1d23f24a4b7f943e8f64c129fd1c738953201b45815e2bc15b87de7e2e2c102","rightsEvidenceSha256":"8bafbe0a5dba7075ba1153d804c0fdfb0b124d330008361f29471e13428b1764","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":43824,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently struggle with emotion regulation, which can be influenced by parental practices and the supportive role of siblings in encouraging emotional and social development. The study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting practices and emotional regulation of children with ASD and to explore the mediating role of the prosocial behavior of siblings between parenting practices and emotional regulation in children with ASD. Additionally, this study investigated the moderating role of sibling gender in the relationship between prosocial behavior and emotional regulation. A total of 600 parents/caregivers aged 25–40 years (M = 32.91, SD = 4.23) of children with ASD were selected from special education institutes in Lahore, Pakistan, using a non-probability, purposive sampling method. Although the majority of respondents were mothers (94.5%), the term parenting practices is used to reflect a family-level caregiving construct rather than exclusively maternal behavior. Data were interpreted through IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and PROCESS macros, revealing that authoritative parenting had a significant positive relation with emotional regulation in children with ASD. Results also indicated that the prosocial behavior of siblings partially mediated the relationship between authoritative parenting and emotional regulation in children with ASD. Furthermore, sibling gender significantly moderated the indirect effect, with female siblings showing stronger facilitation of emotional regulation through prosocial behaviors compared to male siblings.Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, parenting styles, pro-social behavior, caregivers, emotional regulation","authorEntries":[{"name":"Muhammad Imran","type":"Person"},{"name":"Umaira Iftikhar","type":"Person"},{"name":"Arooj Arshad","type":"Person"},{"name":"Komal Hassan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Norah Almusharraf","type":"Person"},{"name":"Inmaculada Méndez Mateo","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":90},{"pmcid":"PMC12936995","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1703808","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Preschool","population":"Families reporting on Chinese preschoolers and their home relationships","rationale":"This article addresses preschool prosocial behavior alongside mindfulness and family relationships.","parentQuestion":"When do adults in our home model noticing another person’s needs?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate preschool prosocial behavior alongside mindfulness and family relationships?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How were preschoolers’ prosocial behavior and the adults’ relationship quality assessed?"],"limitations":"The proposed pathways through marital quality and parenting are statistical relationships. They do not establish the sequence by which mindfulness affects a child.","id":"PMC12936995","title":"The effects of parental mindfulness on preschoolers’ prosocial behavior: the chain mediating model of marital quality, authoritative parenting, and the sex difference","authors":"Mengmeng Zhang; Lei Qiao; Yijing Zhang; Li Li; Shangning Zhao; Tosin Yinka Akintunde; Xiantong Yang","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-02-12","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1703808","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12936995","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12936995/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC12936995-24c63bf974502332.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"24c63bf974502332d8d256631ab6b2e03f900c2cfb3b8179f381bb810993af00","sourceTextSha256":"6b7d33791bdd712bdb9c6e706868d504682f8a1e2a94be76d8559e90943d9df8","sourceXmlSha256":"5a6d5ca9ce7602f34eb3d7741afac8a086f822ad909a6e9586bdd2a0ef0a97c2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"0ebffda3f107003de426602a4c1dbcf3e78cb0d98aab1cc2dadfb68975672020","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":37953,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Family system factors have been consistently linked to children’s prosocial behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Drawing on family system theory, attachment theory, and social learning theory, the present study examined the associations between parental mindfulness and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior, as well as the mediating roles of marital quality and authoritative parenting, using data from 754 Chinese parents of preschool children. Results indicated that parental mindfulness was positively associated with marital quality, authoritative parenting, and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior. In addition, parental mindfulness was indirectly associated with prosocial behavior through marital quality and authoritative parenting, both independently and sequentially. Multigroup comparison revealed all paths were significant in the boy group. However, in the girl group, only the independent mediating effect of authoritative parenting and the chain mediation effect of marital quality and authoritative parenting were significant. Notably, the effect size was larger in the girl group for both the independent mediating path of authoritative parenting and the chain mediation path of marital quality and authoritative parenting. Overall, these findings clarify the relational and parenting processes linking parental mindfulness with preschoolers’ prosocial behavior.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Mengmeng Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Lei Qiao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Yijing Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Li Li","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shangning Zhao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Tosin Yinka Akintunde","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiantong Yang","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":91},{"pmcid":"PMC13023637","doi":"10.3390/bs16030347","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Preschool","population":"Families surveyed about prosocial behavior in Chinese preschoolers","rationale":"The focus here is preschool helping alongside family cohesion and caregivers’ confidence.","parentQuestion":"How does our child see family members work together to help someone?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate preschool helping alongside family cohesion and caregivers’ confidence?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Were preschool helping and family cohesion measured by the same respondent?"],"limitations":"Family cohesion and parenting confidence are related concepts, and a questionnaire-based mediation estimate does not settle their timing.","id":"PMC13023637","title":"Family Cohesion and Preschool Children’s Prosocial Behaviour in China: The Mediating Effects of Parent–Child Relationships and Parenting Sense of Competence","authors":"Xu Chen; Jing Chen; Xin Gao; Xiaochun Xie","journal":"Behavioral Sciences","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-02-28","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030347","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13023637","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13023637/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13023637-faebb82416c48717.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"faebb82416c487170dde674fc061cb854d62e0bd4adfd8f27d83805a1a87d6bc","sourceTextSha256":"6bde647e6fcb219ac8a8581af904b8fc9950a0d2d2a962671629084db8d0f6fc","sourceXmlSha256":"f1dd9cbb99e7d82e31f646fe4234fbe49687dfdd517437809501a9471fdd667e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":34625,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Abstract(1) Background: Prosocial behaviour serves as a crucial indicator of mental health development among preschool children. This study aimed to reveal the path through which family cohesion affects prosocial behaviour in Chinese preschoolers, while exploring the potential roles of parent–child relationships and parenting sense of competence in this relationship; (2) Methods: The questionnaire method was used, with 515 parents of preschool children from Southwest China participating in this survey (115 fathers, 400 mothers; Mage = 34.37, SD = 5.31). (3) Results: The key findings of the study are as follows: 1. Family cohesion exerted a direct and positive significant effect on the prosocial behaviour of preschoolers such that strong family cohesion effectively promoted children’s prosocial behaviour; 2. Parent–child relationships and a sense of competence in terms of parenting played a joint mediating role in the relationship between family cohesion and preschooler’s prosocial behaviour. Specifically, strong family cohesion enhanced the quality of parent–child relationships, which in turn improved parents’ parenting sense of competence, ultimately facilitating the development of prosocial behaviour in preschool children; 3. Further propensity score-matching analysis revealed that the influence of family cohesion on the prosocial behaviour of preschoolers varies by parent, with parenting sense of competence being significant among fathers and parent–child relationships being significant among mothers. (4) Conclusions: In educational practice, greater attention should be paid to the role of fathers in Chinese family education, especially regarding their parenting capabilities and experiences. Additionally, it is essential to encourage Chinese fathers to actively fulfil their parenting duties and responsibilities.Keywords: family cohesion, prosocial behaviour, parent–child relationship, parenting sense of competence, preschool children","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xu Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jing Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Gao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaochun Xie","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":92},{"pmcid":"PMC13026829","doi":"10.3390/ijerph23030367","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Late primary school","population":"660 Greek primary-school students, including 107 with identified special educational needs","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine children’s accounts of paternal acceptance alongside experiences of peer victimization.","parentQuestion":"How can I convey acceptance when my child tells me about peer difficulties?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate children’s accounts of paternal acceptance alongside experiences of peer victimization?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Did perceptions of paternal acceptance differ for students with and without identified special educational needs?"],"limitations":"Self-reported victimization, self-perception and acceptance can influence each other. The groups also differed in size.","id":"PMC13026829","title":"Perceived Paternal Acceptance–Rejection, Self-Perception, and Peer Victimization in Preadolescents with and Without Special Educational Needs","authors":"Antonios I Christou; Zacharenia Karampini; Elias Kourkoutas; Flora Bacopoulou; Claudio Longobardi","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-03-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23030367","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13026829","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13026829/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13026829-8fb6bea59beb3490.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"8fb6bea59beb349083c73bddcaae6c83aecbbd9e94bab647c33849cb03a99f1c","sourceTextSha256":"c6d9f558f87736da8686ec8effa332a980297bca93aa7359e466225332683b70","sourceXmlSha256":"34768dc4ec3be909628710efe384e20a9a8848954be876562bcf11bb2c95aed6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"7855cf808fdb693ed59bfdf784cad8aeaf6cfed13b49a107aad2038f4b2f2e7a","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":36158,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractHighlights Public health relevance—How does this work relate to a public health issue? Peer victimization in preadolescence is a significant public mental health concern, particularly for children with special educational needs (SEN).Perceived paternal acceptance–rejection emerges as a key family-level determinant of children’s vulnerability to peer victimization. Public health significance—Why is this work of significance to public health? The study identifies distinct paternal relational pathways to victimization for children with and without SEN, highlighting differential risk mechanisms.Findings extend parental acceptance–rejection theory into school-based victimization research, informing family-focused prevention models. Public health implications—What are the key implications for practitioners, policy makers, and researchers? Prevention strategies should incorporate father-focused parenting support to reduce victimization risk, especially for children with SEN.Public health and educational policies should promote early family-based interventions alongside school anti-bullying programs.AbstractPeer victimization during preadolescence constitutes a significant public mental health concern, particularly for children with special educational needs (SEN). Family relational factors, and especially paternal acceptance–rejection, may influence children’s psychosocial adjustment and vulnerability to victimization. The present study examined the associations between perceived paternal acceptance–rejection, multidimensional self-perception, and peer victimization among preadolescents with and without SEN. A total of 660 students attending the final grades of Greek primary schools (553 without SEN; 107 with formally identified SEN) completed standardized self-report measures of peer victimization, perceived paternal acceptance–rejection, and self-perception domains. Separate path analyses were conducted for each group to examine direct and indirect relational pathways. Among children without SEN, perceived paternal hostility/aggression was directly associated with peer victimization and indirectly associated through behavioral conduct problems and lower school competence. In contrast, among children with SEN, the absence of paternal warmth and perceived paternal indifference/rejection were directly associated with victimization, whereas paternal hostility was not significantly associated, and self-perception did not function as a mediator. Model fit indices indicated excellent fit in both groups. These findings suggest distinct paternal relational mechanisms underlying peer victimization depending on SEN status. Interventions aimed at preventing victimization may benefit from incorporating father-focused family components alongside school-based strategies, with particular emphasis on emotional warmth and support for children with SEN.Keywords: peer victimization, paternal acceptance–rejection, child mental health, family risk factors, special educational needs, preadolescents, bullying prevention, psychosocial adjustment","authorEntries":[{"name":"Antonios I Christou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zacharenia Karampini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elias Kourkoutas","type":"Person"},{"name":"Flora Bacopoulou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Claudio Longobardi","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":93},{"pmcid":"PMC13132684","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1761742","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Intervention evaluation","ageRange":"Mothers of infants","population":"Mothers of infants completing an online course, including mothers who also had an autistic child","rationale":"The focus here is caregiver self-compassion during an online mindfulness course.","parentQuestion":"Which course activities seem realistic for a parent managing daily care?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate caregiver self-compassion during an online mindfulness course?","Which participants completed follow-up, and was there a comparison condition?","How many mothers provided follow-up responses for each questionnaire and how were groups compared?"],"limitations":"The number of mothers with paired pre/post assessments differed by measure, so results may reflect changing respondent groups.","id":"PMC13132684","title":"Evaluating an online self-compassion-based mindfulness course for mothers of autistic children","authors":"Jacob Barnum; Maddie Blackham; Maya Hollingshead; Matthew Hatch; Sarah Wilkinson; Madeline Gillies; Rebecca A Lundwall","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-04-17","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1761742","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13132684","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13132684/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13132684-28fab7b467360206.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"28fab7b46736020621fcef1ef2cb720dea3299d07a2161ac5aa741de8874eb25","sourceTextSha256":"d5d4252a43bb86dd3333d1eebe92fbcd6a6615b4ca2e2e54e9a91a988b883a66","sourceXmlSha256":"60788502239e61d458eeeb6b1e5b69f7580fdcd94222ef7e413ce8023599b1f6","rightsEvidenceSha256":"de961795621fcae41549d26e2d30f2ecf5ff5520d4f45645aa5054b54a859442","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":28918,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractSelf-compassion-based mindfulness training has been associated with improved psychological well-being. This study examined whether an established online self-compassion course was associated with changes in self-compassion, flourishing, parenting stress, parenting daily hassles, and family quality of life among mothers of infants, including mothers of autistic children. Mothers were grouped based on whether they had an autistic child or not. We assessed baseline differences prior to course enrollment, pre–post changes among participants who completed the course, and whether changes differed by group. At baseline, 67 mothers completed at least three questionnaires. Between 27 and 44 mothers (depending on the measure) completed both pre- and post-course assessments. At baseline, mothers of autistic children reported lower family quality of life and higher parenting stress and daily hassles than comparison mothers. Among course completers, self-compassion and flourishing increased from pre- to post-course. No significant group × time interactions were observed. Parenting stress, daily hassles, and family quality of life did not show detectable changes over time. Findings are preliminary and non-causal due to the absence of a control group. Results are consistent with prior research indicating lower baseline well-being among mothers of autistic children and suggest that online self-compassion training may support internal coping processes regardless of autism status. However, some caregiving demands appear stable despite improvements in self-compassion.Keywords: autism, mindfulness, parenting daily hassles, parenting stress, self-compassion","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jacob Barnum","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maddie Blackham","type":"Person"},{"name":"Maya Hollingshead","type":"Person"},{"name":"Matthew Hatch","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sarah Wilkinson","type":"Person"},{"name":"Madeline Gillies","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rebecca A Lundwall","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":94},{"pmcid":"PMC13277165","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-04658-4","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"9–10 years at baseline","population":"Japanese fourth-grade students and caregivers in the A-CHILD cohort","rationale":"The authors examine everyday caregiving through cooking and later child prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"Who benefits when a child helps prepare food for the family?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate everyday caregiving through cooking and later child prosocial behavior?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","Which features of shared meals or family circumstances could travel together with cooking skills?"],"limitations":"Cooking skills can reflect resources, time and food access. A longitudinal association does not isolate cooking as the source of a change.","id":"PMC13277165","title":"Do caregiver cooking skills boost adolescent resilience and prosocial behavior? Results from a population-based longitudinal study in Japan","authors":"Yukako Tani; Aya Isumi; Takeo Fujiwara","journal":"BMC Psychology","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-05-01","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04658-4","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13277165","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13277165/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13277165-85194c767c3de9e2.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"85194c767c3de9e26c495fc324b7707ff5f36296d4b9191c639b6bfb38bcb25b","sourceTextSha256":"1860968501a1c2a6c041f87c270f37d175878c0af3e4d89ca89db41d315b109f","sourceXmlSha256":"0a87a8b6a118a993fcb2e03fe6d6c289c33aecffc78885cc6d1a954dd87c36a0","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":44467,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPurposePromoting positive mental health in adolescence is important for life-course well-being. We sought to examine whether caregivers’ cooking skills are associated with the promotion of adolescents’ resilience and prosocial behavior in Japan.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from 2018 to 2020 from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study. The baseline survey was administered to all fourth-grade elementary school students (9–10 years old) and their caregivers, and a follow-up survey was administered 2 years later (n = 3,641, follow-up rate = 87%). Caregiver cooking skills were assessed at baseline using a cooking skills scale modified for use in Japan. Child resilience and prosocial behavior in fourth and sixth grade were assessed by caregivers using the Children’s Resilient Coping Scale and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively, and scores were rescaled to a 0–100 metric to facilitate interpretation. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between caregiver cooking skills and child outcomes after adjustment for potential confounders. Mediation analyses estimated indirect effects through food-related household routines, caregiver-child interactions, and family cohesion.ResultsIn multivariable linear regression analyses, higher baseline caregiver cooking skills were associated with higher resilience and prosocial behavior scores at follow-up. Compared with children in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile had resilience scores that were 8.75 points higher (95% CI: 7.38 to 10.1) and prosocial behavior scores that were 9.51 points higher (95% CI: 7.68 to 11.3) in the model adjusted for potential confounders. These associations were partially mediated by food-related household routines, caregiver-child interactions, and family cohesion.ConclusionsFor early adolescents in Japan, caregivers’ cooking skills were associated with children’s positive mental health. An educational program that allows caregivers to learn cooking skills may be important in promoting adolescent positive mental health.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-026-04658-4.Keywords: Cooking skills, Adolescent, Resilience, Prosocial behavior, Japan","authorEntries":[{"name":"Yukako Tani","type":"Person"},{"name":"Aya Isumi","type":"Person"},{"name":"Takeo Fujiwara","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":95},{"pmcid":"PMC13173933","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27712-7","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Cohort analysis","ageRange":"Late adolescence to young adulthood","population":"2,697 participants in two waves of the Swedish Futura01 cohort","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine parental warmth measured at age 18 and later emotional wellbeing.","parentQuestion":"What communicates warmth to someone preparing to leave home?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate parental warmth measured at age 18 and later emotional wellbeing?","At what ages were each of the family measures and child outcomes actually collected?","How much detail about a family’s warmth can two questions at age eighteen capture?"],"limitations":"Warmth and parental knowledge were each measured with two items at age 18. They represent a narrow developmental window.","id":"PMC13173933","title":"Prospective associations between parental warmth and knowledge in late adolescence and depression and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood: a Swedish cohort study","authors":"Maria Granvik Saminathen; Andreas Lundin; Jonas Raninen; Sara Brolin Låftman","journal":"BMC Public Health","publisher":"BMC","publishedDate":"2026-05-14","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27712-7","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13173933","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13173933/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13173933-4bee4451134a8295.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4bee4451134a8295a3eea0012f28e66fb58b12703b9f351897379904df191fe1","sourceTextSha256":"c08cd378bf320298b62cc0ce7c00079744b1b034114082b893ab540c5ab7fd4d","sourceXmlSha256":"0d0e79f8c10750c6643609e77d756ff02f0f986f2c1dc4f481982483cd0a7d68","rightsEvidenceSha256":"f106d048cbe88ee4a78b106615ca35e1048e56c8637f0e8f3b7a430299a14c9b","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":41007,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractBackgroundParenting practices, such as emotional support and warmth, are key determinants of adolescent mental health, whereas the role of parental knowledge is less well understood. Parental warmth is thought to foster openness and disclosure, raising the question of whether parental knowledge independently predicts mental health outcomes or primarily reflects the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship. The present study used prospective data to test whether parental knowledge in late adolescence contributes independently to depression and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood after accounting for parental warmth and relevant covariates.MethodsData from two waves of the national Swedish cohort study Futura01 were used (n = 2,697). Parental warmth and parental knowledge were measured at age 18, each using two items. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured at age 21 with the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Covariates included participant sex, parental education, immigration background, living arrangements at age 18, and indicators of mental health problems at age 18. Linear probability models were performed.ResultsIn unadjusted analyses, higher parental warmth and parental knowledge during late adolescence were both associated with a lower probability of reporting depressive and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood. However, when mutually adjusting for parental warmth and parental knowledge, the effect of parental knowledge was no longer statistically significant, indicating that its association with mental health outcomes was confounded by parental warmth. In contrast, parental warmth remained significantly associated with lower probabilities of both depression and anxiety symptoms, even after accounting for parental knowledge, sociodemographic characteristics, and earlier mental health problems. There were no significant interactions between parental warmth and parental knowledge, and participant sex did not moderate the associations.ConclusionThis study highlights the protective role of parental warmth during late adolescence for depression and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood, with warmth showing a consistent association with lower probabilities of these outcomes. However, parental knowledge did not demonstrate an independent effect on mental health after accounting for warmth and covariates. The findings underscore the importance of fostering warm, supportive parent–adolescent relationships during late adolescence, as these relationships appear to have lasting benefits into young adulthood.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-026-27712-7.Keywords: Adolescents, Parents, Support, Knowledge, Monitoring, Depression, Anxiety, Longitudinal","authorEntries":[{"name":"Maria Granvik Saminathen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Andreas Lundin","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonas Raninen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara Brolin Låftman","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":96},{"pmcid":"PMC13402919","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1804412","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"Primary school","population":"810 primary-school students reporting family relationships and social responsibility","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine children’s own accounts of family closeness, household participation and prosocial behavior.","parentQuestion":"Which household responsibilities feel like a contribution to someone else?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate children’s own accounts of family closeness, household participation and prosocial behavior?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","How did the questionnaires separate a child’s household participation from their sense of social responsibility?"],"limitations":"Children reported the main variables, which can inflate associations among family closeness, responsibilities and prosocial tendencies.","id":"PMC13402919","title":"The relationship between parent-child relationship and prosocial behavior among Chinese children: the mediating roles of labor participation and sense of social responsibility","authors":"Xurui Zhang; Weiwei Tang; Qingqing Miao; Haitian Lan; Fangqi Wang; Shiqi Wang; Jing Tao; Shuiping Deng; Rui Wang; Jinhua Gu; Cheng Chen; Zinan Zhang; Xin Cao","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-07-13","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1804412","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13402919","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13402919/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13402919-f804752f75a2ed5e.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"f804752f75a2ed5eb2ff744e6a354a7ee1100d198fdf2f126cb51d81fa758ac2","sourceTextSha256":"db338ad310d446384e2f46e2a7fa680693b5db0eaff607e2bcc350647e2ade13","sourceXmlSha256":"05d9a829448ee2d646edf24d83db4ade67396e430590d9a72d944563a783fda9","rightsEvidenceSha256":"235ea30af89168f0f99f72d338ca15e09a7a494469c7ecc41e6c625d603ff217","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[{"type":"Preprint in","identifier":"PPR1050573","identifierType":"PPR"}],"sourceCharacters":46192,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractPurposeBased on ecosystem theory, this study explores the relationship between parent-child relationships and prosocial behavior among primary students, as well as the mediating effect of labor participation and sense of social responsibility.MethodsA total of 810 primary students completed a self-report questionnaire including the Chinese Parent Intimacy Questionnaire-child (PIQ-C), Labor Participation Questionnaire (LPQ), Social Responsibility Status Questionnaire (SRSQ), and Chinese Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM-C). For mediation exploration, a serial mediation model was utilized, and the Bootstrap method was employed to test the significance of these mediation effects.ResultsParent-child relationship demonstrates a positive correlation with prosocial behavior. Through the father-child relationship, three significant mediation pathways were identified that directly affect prosocial behavior: (1) labor participation (2) sense of social responsibility (3) labor participation and sense of social responsibility. Research finds that father-child relationships tend to directly influence children’s behavioral patterns, while mother-child relationships may have a more structural effect on children’s social-emotional functioning.ConclusionLabor participation and sense of social responsibility were identified as serial mediators in the relationship between parent-child relationships and prosocial behaviors.Keywords: Chinese children, labor participation, parent-child relationship, prosocial behavior, sense of social responsibility","authorEntries":[{"name":"Xurui Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Weiwei Tang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Qingqing Miao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Haitian Lan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Fangqi Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shiqi Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jing Tao","type":"Person"},{"name":"Shuiping Deng","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rui Wang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jinhua Gu","type":"Person"},{"name":"Cheng Chen","type":"Person"},{"name":"Zinan Zhang","type":"Person"},{"name":"Xin Cao","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":97},{"pmcid":"PMC13510423","doi":"10.3390/children13081113","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Questionnaire study","ageRange":"13–19 years","population":"523 adolescents reporting on parents, teachers and school belonging","rationale":"For the Kindness section, this study offers a way to examine young people’s accounts of helping others across family and school contexts.","parentQuestion":"When does my teenager feel they belong enough to help a classmate?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate young people’s accounts of helping others across family and school contexts?","Whose report describes the parent, the child and the outcome, and where might those reports differ?","Did students distinguish the support they receive at home from support they receive from teachers?"],"limitations":"The proposed sequence through belonging and helping was evaluated in cross-sectional data. Temporal order remains uncertain.","id":"PMC13510423","title":"My Teacher and Parents Make Me More Helpful Toward Others: The Sequential Mediating Roles of School Belonging and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescents’ Academic Achievement","authors":"Gözde Gümüşçağlayan; Gülşah Kıymık; Gökmen Arslan","journal":"Children","publisher":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","publishedDate":"2026-08-20","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13081113","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13510423","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13510423/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13510423-4b4f7b7477955d6f.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"4b4f7b7477955d6f243427f6f18384205706cdb8ec82f824fe21f69f6141e180","sourceTextSha256":"77bb0886611a28c280a33dcb483bbb4293580037cad8912bba26ec4b9e62fca6","sourceXmlSha256":"8b0d951fb034ef589d2d561f1202cd5f9e1ab51ff8789b8d2d1ded4c69de8ee2","rightsEvidenceSha256":"d908dbaf3d5479753781abac3851112a1a5bfb5d3fe90aee5f2c5a6a21357753","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":69457,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Highlights What are the main findings? Both parent–adolescent and teacher–student relationship significantly predicted adolescents’ school belonging, and prosocial behavior significantly predicted academic achievement. The relational predictors showed a differentiated pattern with respect to academic achievement: the parent–adolescent relationship had a significant direct association, whereas the teacher–student relationship showed no significant direct association.School belonging was related to academic achievement mainly indirectly—through prosocial behavior—rather than directly, indicating a primarily socio-emotional pathway. When tested directly, the full sequential pathway (relationship → school belonging → prosocial behavior → academic achievement) was statistically significant for teacher–student relationships but not for parent–adolescent relationships, indicating that this specific serial mechanism was supported only for the teacher–student pathway. What are the implication of the main findings? Strengthening supportive relationships with parents and teachers may enhance students’ sense of school belonging and prosocial engagement.Because the full sequential pathway to academic achievement was supported only for the teacher–student relationship, and even then the effect was small and imprecisely estimated, supporting adolescents’ socio-emotional processes should be regarded as a plausible complementary direction rather than a firmly established route for improving academic outcomes; it is likely to be most meaningful alongside, rather than in place of, direct academic interventions. AbstractBackground/Objectives: This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the sequential mediating roles of school belonging and prosocial behavior in the effects of parent–adolescent and teacher–student relationships on adolescents’ academic achievement. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the study included 523 adolescents (61.6% female, 38.4% male) aged 13 to 19. Data were collected with the Mother–Adolescent Relationship Quality Scale, the Teacher–Student Relationship Quality Index, the School Belongingness Scale, and the Student Prosocial Behavior Scale, together with subjective (perceived achievement) and objective (school grades) indicators of academic achievement. Results: Both parent–adolescent (β = 0.25) and teacher–student (β = 0.44) relationships significantly predicted school belonging; school belonging significantly predicted prosocial behavior (β = 0.22); and prosocial behavior, in turn, significantly predicted academic achievement (β = 0.22). The direct effect of parent–adolescent relationships on academic achievement was significant (β = 0.26), whereas neither the direct effect of teacher–student relationships (β = 0.13) nor the direct effect of school belonging on academic achievement was significant. The indirect effects of both relational contexts on prosocial behavior via school belonging were significant, and school belonging predicted academic achievement indirectly through prosocial behavior; however, neither the total indirect effect of parent–adolescent relationships on academic achievement, nor its specific serial indirect effect through school belonging and prosocial behavior, reached statistical significance. The corresponding specific serial indirect effect for teacher–student relationships was statistically significant, although small in magnitude and not accompanied by a significant total indirect effect. Conclusions: These findings indicate that school belonging is more closely tied to socio-emotional processes than to academic achievement directly, and that the associations between relational contexts and academic achievement followed a differentiated rather than a uniform pattern: parent–adolescent relationships were linked to achievement primarily through a direct association, and their hypothesized distal indirect pathway to achievement via school belonging and prosocial behavior was not statistically supported. Teacher–student relationships, by contrast, showed no significant direct association with achievement, but the corresponding distal indirect pathway was statistically supported, although the effect was small and imprecisely estimated, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation of these relational mechanisms.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Gözde Gümüşçağlayan","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gülşah Kıymık","type":"Person"},{"name":"Gökmen Arslan","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":98},{"pmcid":"PMC13502691","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0355199","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Intervention evaluation","ageRange":"Mothers participating in a pilot study","population":"Mothers participating in a virtual-reality pilot on parenting and empathy","rationale":"The focus here is a simulated setting designed to help parents take a child’s perspective.","parentQuestion":"What can a simulation teach me about a child’s perspective, and what can it miss?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate a simulated setting designed to help parents take a child’s perspective?","Which participants completed follow-up, and was there a comparison condition?","Did mothers report a change in empathy, parenting style, or both following the simulated experience?"],"limitations":"A pilot with nineteen British mothers offers limited precision, and self-reported changes may not transfer to behavior outside virtual reality.","id":"PMC13502691","title":"Exploring the moderating role of maternal attachment style on the impact of a virtual reality environment on parental empathy and style: A pilot study","authors":"Jac Neirin Airdrie; Domna Banakou; Crescent Jicol; Karin Petrini; Mel Slater; Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis","journal":"PLOS One","publisher":"PLOS","publishedDate":"2026-08-24","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355199","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13502691","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13502691/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13502691-3a55b525f5c29c88.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"3a55b525f5c29c88da80d347deaa588bff3f4eee21c677d63cbdc6640a13c280","sourceTextSha256":"04d23447ed096a5717e6bcfac3cbe7252c83a12924cbdc0482b32e4689dffd62","sourceXmlSha256":"87657e64e6edd34631f33c1f279cbe70cd161d59e5d907eab0ef71db9fc25f5e","rightsEvidenceSha256":"ce8f17d019e6e664856e6e686e19cede5638eadf443a18f00d8d431f1e0d4b0f","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":66543,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"Research has demonstrated that parental empathy, a factor implicated in risk of child maltreatment, could be enhanced using Virtual Reality (VR) by helping mothers to take a child perspective. However, whether parental attachment style could affect the efficacy of this approach is unclear. In this pilot study, a sample of nineteen British mothers participated in a VR study where they were embodied in a child avatar and interacted with a virtual mother adopting a harsh and critical (negative) or warm and supportive (positive) parenting style. Participants completed the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory, a measure of risk of child maltreatment, including an empathy subscale, before and after exposure to both conditions. They completed the Parenting Scale, a self-report measure of parenting style, and the Mind in the Eyes task (cognitive empathy) before and after exposure to each individual condition. Participants’ attachment style was measured using the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. Mothers’ scores for empathy did not change from before to after the exposure, and the extent of change did not relate to attachment style. However, there was a significant increase in attitudes relating to effective parenting practices (lower laxness, overreactivity and verbosity), with some preliminary evidence this change was moderated by attachment style. Thematic Analysis of participants’ qualitative reports of the experience suggested the VR evoked cognitive and emotional responses congruent with each condition, led to child perspective-taking, meta-cognitive awareness of their communication styles, and self-reported changes in parenting behaviours. It also highlighted areas for further development of the VR paradigm to enhance immersion. The lack of replication of a change in empathy requires further investigation with more robustly validated measures of both cognitive and emotional empathy. Increases in self-reported effective parenting style, which appeared to be moderated by parental attachment style requires further investigation with a larger sample and better representation of the full distribution of attachment styles and socioeconomic, cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Whilst not replicating previous findings of changes in empathy, an increase in self-reported effective parenting style provides some preliminary support for the potential future utility of VR in reducing child maltreatment.","authorEntries":[{"name":"Jac Neirin Airdrie","type":"Person"},{"name":"Domna Banakou","type":"Person"},{"name":"Crescent Jicol","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karin Petrini","type":"Person"},{"name":"Mel Slater","type":"Person"},{"name":"Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":99},{"pmcid":"PMC13716759","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1933287","element":"kindness","evidenceType":"Intervention evaluation","ageRange":"School age","population":"23 caregiver-child pairs attending a remotely delivered six-week program","rationale":"The authors examine a joint mindfulness and self-compassion program and changes in the caregiving relationship.","parentQuestion":"What did families actually practice together in the sessions?","readingPrompts":["How did the authors investigate a joint mindfulness and self-compassion program and changes in the caregiving relationship?","Which participants completed follow-up, and was there a comparison condition?","Which outcomes changed among the 23 participating pairs and how many completed the remote program?"],"limitations":"A six-week program with a small sample can inform feasibility. Estimates of change need comparison with an appropriate control group.","id":"PMC13716759","title":"Examining child stress response, parenting and relationship-related changes associated with a dyadic mindfulness and self-compassion program","authors":"Christine R Lathren; Jessica L Borelli; Rosemary Ellsworth; Elondra Harr; Samantha DiMaio; Jamie Lynn Tatera; Veronica Diaz; Karen Bluth; Ryan J Herringa; Sara A Heyn","journal":"Frontiers in Psychology","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","publishedDate":"2026-10-15","dateLabel":"First published","canonicalUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1933287","repositoryUrl":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13716759","repository":"Europe PMC","licenseName":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","licenseVersionKnown":true,"sourceUrl":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13716759/fullTextXML","sourceAssetPath":"/open-research/sources/PMC13716759-b0a74fa770276c13.json.gz","sourceAssetSha256":"b0a74fa770276c13ad607cb9b924800efa9e1cb4ae1603967c98e66c1fd63666","sourceTextSha256":"3ccf246c994192a06dc7c486d8ed2127a4655bb8f95a54a504460d9dab40758c","sourceXmlSha256":"3e47680b4af9328830774df974648d466e82adac6d0c64536253f03a03d8b040","rightsEvidenceSha256":"bb3dc105fa4437db61464e46cf5717c53f0661f30d1707c46bcb7ddee725a50e","sourceVersion":"Europe PMC JATS repository article","publicationType":"journal-article","topicTags":["Parenting","Kindness"],"topicEvidenceField":"abstract","verifiedAt":"2026-11-04","noticeCheckedAt":"2026-11-04","relatedNotices":[],"sourceCharacters":63324,"truncated":false,"rightsStatus":"verified-cc","agentStatus":"source-search-ready","abstract":"AbstractIntroductionInterventions that dyadically equip families with self-compassion skills represent a promising approach for addressing mental health challenges, particularly during the key transitional period of middle childhood. This study examines changes and candidate processes associated with participation in the Mindfulness and Self-Compassion for Children and Caregivers (MSC-CC) course.MethodsTwenty-three caregiver-child dyads (Child, Mage=8.78; Caregiver, Mage=41.2) participated in MSC-CC, delivered remotely over six weekly group sessions. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included self-report measures of parenting and relational closeness outcomes during a dyadic stressor task (behavior, reflective functioning[RF], and physiology). Analyses investigated pre-post change in primary outcomes and linear mixed-effects models estimated time-related changes and baseline moderators of physiological change. Significance tests identify pre-post increases in parenting and emotion-supportive beliefs.Results and DiscussionPhysiologically, we detected significant decreases in child physiological arousal. Exploratory moderation analyses suggest, among others, low levels of mindfulness and high RF at baseline predict the largest reductions in child stress physiology. While uncontrolled, the MSC-CC participation was associated with increases in mindful parenting and the caregiver-child relationship and lower child physiological arousal during a dyadic challenge, most prominently in families with lower emotion-supportive beliefs at baseline. Altogether, this highlights candidate processes and moderators of efficacy to be confirmed in a fully powered randomized controlled trial.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, Self-Compassion for Children and Caregivers (SCCC), NCT05818397, registration and study start on 2023-10-16.Keywords: dyadic, mindfulness, parent–child, school-aged, self-compassion, stress","authorEntries":[{"name":"Christine R Lathren","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jessica L Borelli","type":"Person"},{"name":"Rosemary Ellsworth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Elondra Harr","type":"Person"},{"name":"Samantha DiMaio","type":"Person"},{"name":"Jamie Lynn Tatera","type":"Person"},{"name":"Veronica Diaz","type":"Person"},{"name":"Karen Bluth","type":"Person"},{"name":"Ryan J Herringa","type":"Person"},{"name":"Sara A Heyn","type":"Person"}],"volume":2,"issue":4,"issueOrder":100}]