Are Family Firms Financially Healthier Than Non-Family Firm?

Lious Agbor Tabot Ntoung; Helena Maria Santos de Oliveira; Benjamim Manuel Ferreira de Sousa; Liliana Marques Pimentel; Susana Adelina Moreira Carvalho Bastos

Journal of Risk and Financial Management · 2019-12-29
Research article · Version of record · CC BY 4.0 · 5,629 words

Original source: Volume 13 · Issue 1 · 5

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Title: Are Family Firms Financially Healthier Than Non-Family Firm?
Authors / creators: Lious Agbor Tabot Ntoung; Helena Maria Santos de Oliveira; Benjamim Manuel Ferreira de Sousa; Liliana Marques Pimentel; Susana Adelina Moreira Carvalho Bastos
Source: Complete manuscript edition 2026-11-06
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Original authors / creators: Lious Agbor Tabot Ntoung; Helena Maria Santos de Oliveira; Benjamim Manuel Ferreira de Sousa; Liliana Marques Pimentel; Susana Adelina Moreira Carvalho Bastos
Original publication: Journal of Risk and Financial Management · MDPI AG · 2019-12-29
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doi:10.3390/jrfm13010005
License & retained notices: CC BY 4.0
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Evidence limits: The panel covers Spanish unlisted small and medium firms during 2007–2014 and a separate bankruptcy-file robustness sample. It does not study family offices, holding companies, private funds, trusts or household liquidity. Observational group differences do not identify a causal effect of family ownership, and Altman Z-score inputs are not a complete family-office solvency model.
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