Parenting Journal · Volume 1 · Issue 1 · Licensed source edition
Harsh Physical Discipline and Externalizing Behaviors in Children: A Systematic Review
Originally published 2022-11-03 · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) · DOI 10.3390/ijerph192114385 ↗
Editorial reading guide · Respect
What does research show about physical punishment and children’s behavior?
This review places dignity and nonviolent guidance within the Respect theme, while distinguishing strong associations from evidence that can establish causal direction.
Who was studied?
Twenty-two studies of harsh physical discipline and child externalizing behavior
Age / stage: Children; ages vary across included studies
Read with three questions
- How did the reviewed studies define physical discipline and externalizing behavior?
- What was learned about cultural norms and parental warmth as moderators?
- Which designs and measurement limitations prevent simple causal conclusions?
Keep the limits in view
The underlying studies relied substantially on self-report and correlational analyses. Definitions and populations varied, and the review’s limited scope omitted some possible moderators.
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Marthe Wiggers; Fred Paas (2022). Harsh Physical Discipline and Externalizing Behaviors in Children: A Systematic Review International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114385
Permissions checked against the saved article notice; repository publication notices screened 2026-11-04. This is not a new peer-review decision. The source authors and publishers are not represented as endorsing this issue.